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Decreased Ebola Transmission after Rapid Response to Outbreaks in Remote Areas, Liberia, 2014 2015
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Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Emerging infectious diseases
Periodical, Abbrev.
Emerg.Infect.Dis.
Pub Date Free Form
Oct
Volume
21
Issue
10
Start Page
1800
Other Pages
1807
Notes
LR: 20151006; JID: 9508155; OID: NLM: PMC4593457; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1080-6059; 1080-6040
Accession Number
PMID: 26402477
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM
DOI
10.3201/eid2110.150912 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26402477
Abstract
We measured the reproduction number before and after interventions were implemented to reduce Ebola transmission in 9 outbreaks in Liberia during 2014. We evaluated risk factors for secondary cases and the association between patient admission to an Ebola treatment unit (ETU) and survival. The reproduction number declined 94% from 1.7 (95% CI 1.1-2.6) to 0.1 (95% CI 0.02-0.6) after interventions began. The risk for secondary infections was 90% lower for patients admitted to an ETU (risk ratio 0.1, 95% CI 0.04-0.3) than for those who died in the community. The case-fatality rate was 68% (95% CI 60-74), and ETU admission was associated with a 50% reduction in death (hazard ratio 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.8). Isolation and treatment of Ebola patients had the dual benefit of interrupting community transmission and improving survival.
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Authors
Lindblade,K.A., Kateh,F., Nagbe,T.K., Neatherlin,J.C., Pillai,S.K., Attfield,K.R., Dweh,E., Barradas,D.T., Williams,S.G., Blackley,D.J., Kirking,H.L., Patel,M.R., Dea,M., Massoudi,M.S., Wannemuehler,K., Barskey,A.E., Zarecki,S.L., Fomba,M., Grube,S., Belcher,L., Broyles,L.N., Maxwell,T.N., Hagan,J.E., Yeoman,K., Westercamp,M., Forrester,J., Mott,J., Mahoney,F., Slutsker,L., DeCock,K.M., Nyenswah,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC4593457
Editors
Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize 2007 Earleywine, M., Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Harm Reduction Journal
Periodical, Abbrev.
Harm Reduct.J.
Pub Date Free Form
2007/04
Volume
4
Issue
Start Page
Other Pages
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1477-7517
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Cannabis smoking can create respiratory problems. Vaporizers heat cannabis to release active cannabinoids, but remain cool enough to avoid the smoke and toxins associated with combustion. Vaporized cannabis should create fewer respiratory symptoms than smoked cannabis. We examined self-reported respiratory symptoms in participants who ranged in cigarette and cannabis use. Data from a large Internet sample revealed that the use of a vaporizer predicted fewer respiratory symptoms even when age, sex, cigarette smoking, and amount of cannabis used were taken into account. Age, sex, cigarettes, and amount of cannabis also had significant effects. The number of cigarettes smoked and amount of cannabis used interacted to create worse respiratory problems. A significant interaction revealed that the impact of a vaporizer was larger as the amount of cannabis used increased. These data suggest that the safety of cannabis can increase with the use of a vaporizer. Regular users of joints, blunts, pipes, and water pipes might decrease respiratory symptoms by switching to a vaporizer. © 2007 Earleywine and Barnwell; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Descriptors
cannabis, adult, age distribution, aged, article, cannabis smoking, chi square test, smoking, controlled study, drug delivery system, drug safety, female, human, Internet, logistic regression analysis, major clinical study, male, prediction, respiratory tract disease, self report, sex ratio, vaporizer
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Earleywine,M., Barnwell,S. S.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Defense of Ovid: annotations on Metamorphoses IV 119-123) 2004 Moog, F.P., Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin - Universität zu Köln.
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Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Würzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen / im Auftrage der Würzburger medizinhistorischen Gesellschaft und in Verbindung mit dem Institut für Geschichte der Medizin der Universität Würzburg
Periodical, Abbrev.
Wurzbg Medizinhist Mitt
Pub Date Free Form
/
Volume
23
Issue
Start Page
7
Other Pages
18
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
0177-5227
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
The description of Pyramus' suicide in the Metamorphoses has been commented on by many scholars. There has been particular criticism of the comparison between the unfortunate lover's wound, squirting out blood, and a burst water-main. This has been supposed to show yet again how Ovid, in spite of his undoubtedly great talent, is capable of ruining a story by exaggeration. Nevertheless, a medical look at his wording leads to quite a different judgement. In his simile of the burst water-main Ovid obviously had in mind the haemorrhage from a damaged femoral artery, which can shoot blood to a considerable distance, sometimes over several yards. Only in this way can the fruits of the mulberry tree, hanging high over the wounded Pyramus, be moistened with blood and painted dark. This is, after all, the metamorphosis which justifies the inclusion of the story in the whole corpus. As it is possible for a person fatally wounded in this way to survive for some hours, the poet has to guarantee that Pyramus dies within minutes of turning his sword against himself. Only so can Thisbe, returning quickly, confess her love for Pyramus in such a heartfelt way and follow him at once. The haemorrhage from a femoral artery my indeed kill a person within a few minutes. Therefore Ovid's description is neither gruesome nor tasteless but simply natural and dramatically conclusive. The comparison with the water-main is one which would easily have occurred to the poet. From Ovid' point of view and that of his contemporaries, who had no knowledge of the circulation of the blood, no better comparison can be imagined than that between the blood vessels of the human body and urban water-pipes, a technical achievement of which the Romans were particularly proud.
Descriptors
article, bleeding, circulation, femoral artery, history, human, injury, Italy, literature
Links
Book Title
Eine lanze für Ovid - Anmerkungen zu 'Metamorphosen' IV 119-124.
Database
MEDLINE
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Moog,F. P.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Deficiencies in public understanding about tobacco harm reduction: results from a United States national survey 2015 Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, School of Public Health and Health Professions, 3425 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA. mtk8@buffalo.edu.; Department of Community Health and Healt
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Harm reduction journal
Periodical, Abbrev.
Harm Reduct J.
Pub Date Free Form
2-Jul
Volume
12
Issue
Start Page
21
Other Pages
015-0055-0
Notes
LR: 20150707; JID: 101153624; OID: NLM: PMC4487951; 2015/03/13 [received]; 2015/06/25 [accepted]; 2015/07/02 [aheadofprint]; epublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1477-7517; 1477-7517
Accession Number
PMID: 26135116
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1186/s12954-015-0055-0 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26135116
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tobacco products differ in their relative health harms. The need for educating consumers about such harms is growing as different tobacco products enter the marketplace and as the FDA moves to regulate and educate the public about different products. However, little is known about the patterns of the public's knowledge of relative harms. METHODS: Data were analyzed from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 4 Cycle 2, a population-representative survey of US adults conducted between October 2012 and January 2013 (N = 3630). Participants reported their perceptions of the relative risks of e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and different types of cigarettes compared to "traditional" cigarettes. Relative risk perceptions for each product type, as well as the consistency and accuracy of harm reduction beliefs, were analyzed. RESULTS: About 65% of the respondents accurately reported that no cigarettes were less harmful than any others. Slightly more than half of U.S. adults perceived e-cigarettes to be safer than regular cigarettes, a belief in line with current scientific evidence. By contrast, only 9% of respondents perceived some smokeless tobacco products to be safer, a belief strongly supported by the evidence. Only 3.5% of respondents had patterns of relative risk perceptions in line with current scientific evidence for all three modalities. CONCLUSIONS: The discrepancy between current evidence and public perceptions of relative risk of various tobacco/nicotine products was marked; for most tobacco types, a large proportion of the population held inaccurate harm reduction beliefs. Although there was substantial awareness that no cigarettes were safer than any other cigarettes, there could be benefits from increasing the percentage of the public that appreciates this fact, especially among current smokers. Given the potential benefits of tobacco risk reduction strategies, public health education efforts to increase understanding of basic harm reduction principles are needed to address these misperceptions.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Kiviniemi,M.T., Kozlowski,L.T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20150702
PMCID
PMC4487951
Editors
Degradation of specific aromatic compounds migrating from PEX pipes into drinking water 2015 Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. Electronic address: sury@env.dtu.dk.; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej, Buildi
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Water research
Periodical, Abbrev.
Water Res.
Pub Date Free Form
15-Sep
Volume
81
Issue
Start Page
269
Other Pages
278
Notes
CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 0105072; 0 (Drinking Water); 0 (Organic Chemicals); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 9002-88-4 (Polyethylene); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/12/29 [received]; 2015/05/24 [revised]; 2015/05/27 [accepted]; 2015/05/29 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1879-2448; 0043-1354
Accession Number
PMID: 26074190
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.054 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26074190
Abstract
Nine specific compounds identified to migrate from polyethylene (PE) and cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) to drinking water were investigated for their degradation in drinking water. Three sample types were studied: field samples (collected at consumer taps), PEX pipe water extractions, and water samples spiked with target compounds. Four compounds were quantified in field samples at concentrations of 0.15-8.0 mug/L. During PEX pipe water extraction 0.42 +/- 0.20 mg NVOC/L was released and five compounds quantified (0.5-6.1 mug/L). The degradation of these compounds was evaluated in PEX-pipe water extractions and spiked samples. 4-ethylphenol was degraded within 22 days. Eight compounds were, however, only partially degradable under abiotic and biotic conditions within the timeframe of the experiments (2-4 weeks). Neither inhibition nor co-metabolism was observed in the presence of acetate or PEX pipe derived NVOC. Furthermore, the degradation in drinking water from four different locations with three different water works was similar. In conclusion, eight out of the nine compounds studied would - if being released from the pipes - reach consumers with only minor concentration decrease during water distribution.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Ryssel,S.T., Arvin,E., Lutzhoft,H.C., Olsson,M.E., Prochazkova,Z., Albrechtsen,H.J.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20150529
PMCID
Editors
Delayed neutrons emitted from cooling water at a high energy proton accelerator facility 1993 Suzuki, T., National Lab. High Energy Physics, Radiation Safety Control Centre, Tsukuba 305, Japan
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Radiation Protection Dosimetry
Periodical, Abbrev.
RADIAT.PROT.DOSIM.
Pub Date Free Form
1993/
Volume
46
Issue
2
Start Page
111
Other Pages
114
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
0144-8420
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
At a high energy proton accelerator facility, cooling water passing through magnets along a primary proton beam line is exposed to high energy secondary particles and becomes activated. The radiation levels on the surface of the water pipe carrying the activated water may be quite high due to annihilation gamma rays of positron emitters. It is also probable that radionuclides (RNs) emitting delayed neutrons are produced in cooling water. Delayed neutrons released from cooling water have been successfully measured and 17N (T(1/2) = 4.17 s) was identified as the RN responsible for the delayed neutrons by measuring the half-life.
Descriptors
cooling water, article, controlled study, fast proton radiation, neutron radiation
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Suzuki,T., Oki,Y., Nimajiri,M., Miura,T., Kondo,K.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Demographic and psychosocial profile of smoking among pregnant women in Lebanon: public health implications 2003
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Matern Child Health J
Periodical, Abbrev.
Matern.Child Health J.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
7
Issue
3
Start Page
179
Other Pages
86
Notes
ID: 14509413
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and determinants of smoking prior to and during pregnancy in Lebanon. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using two structured instruments. One instrument included information on demographic characteristics, smoking patterns in the index pregnancy and previous pregnancies, use of prenatal health services, stressful life events, and social support during pregnancy. The second was the Arabic General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Women who delivered in 11 randomly selected hospitals in Beirut and its suburbs within 24 hours were asked to consent to participate in the study. The total sample interviewed was 576 women. RESULTS: The prevalence of pre-pregnancy smoking was 32% and 20% for smoking in pregnancy. Considering argileh smoking, the prevalence of tobacco use in pregnancy increased to 27% in Beirut and 25% in the suburbs. Pre-pregnancy smoking was associated with older maternal age OR = 1.08, 95% CI (1.03, 1.14)], low and medium education OR = 2.22, 95% CI (1.22,4.04)], increased psychiatric distress OR = 3.11, 95% CI (1.77,5.46)], and a husband who smoked OR = 5.00, 95% CI (2.98,8.39)]. Continued smoking during pregnancy was associated with low and medium education OR = 3.77, 95% CI (1.31, 10.8)], younger age OR = 1.11, 95% CI (1.02-1.20)], and a heavy pre-pregnancy smoking pattern OR = 13.9, 95% CI (1.40,137.4)]. CONCLUSION: Policies and programs to eliminate or reduce smoking during pregnancy should be targeted toward young and less educated females and involving the spouse. Obstetricians should promote smoking cessation during pregnancy using evidence-based methods.
Descriptors
Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology, Pregnant Women/psychology, Public Health, Smoking/epidemiology, Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Female, Health Education, Humans, Lebanon/epidemiology, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications/etiology, Prevalence, Smoking/psychology
Links
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1457110/?tool=pubmed
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Chaaya,Monique, Awwad,Johnny, Campbell,Oona M. R., Sibai,Abla, Kaddour,Afamia
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Demographic and social characteristics of family planning acceptors in Jordan 1982
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Population bulletin of ECWA
Periodical, Abbrev.
Popul.Bull.ECWA
Pub Date Free Form
Jun-Dec
Volume
(22-23)
Issue
22-23
Start Page
119
Other Pages
136
Notes
LR: 20071115; JID: 8403915; OID: PIP: 026024; OID: POP: 00136376; OTO: PIP; GN: PIP: TJ: POPULATION BULLETIN OF ECWA; ppublish
Place of Publication
LEBANON
ISSN/ISBN
0378-679X; 0378-679X
Accession Number
PMID: 12266313
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; J
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
12266313
Abstract
PIP: In 1980 information on acceptor characteristics was collected from the files of4 privately run family planning centers established in 1963 in Jordan. The data were analyzed by constructing a series of number and percent distributions of acceptors by specific characteristics. If the Jordanian government adopts a family planning policy in the near future, the information collected in this study could be of use in planning a national family planning program. The government's current attitude toward family planning is neutral; however, in 1972 the Amman Conference on Population Policy in Relation to Urban Development noted that the average female in Jordan had 8.3 births, viewed population growth as a detriment to development, and recommened the adoption of a nationalpolicy to reduce fertility. The National Population Commission is currently working on a national policy document on population and development. In the past the Commission did not advocate adopting a national policy but it did recognize the impact of population on economic goals and the right of parents to have imformation on family planning. Several studies have also indicated that most Jordanian women approve of birth control. Presently, there are 20 private family planning clinics on the West Bank and 5 on the East Bank. Data was collected from clinics located in Amman , Salt, Irbid, and Jarash. Information on acceptors who used the clinics at least once during 1963-1980 was obtained by examining patient information cards filled out by patients. A sample of 1368 patient records was drawn by selecting every 4th card from the clinic files. Average age at marriage was 17.96 years for wives and 24.62 years for husbands, and average marriage duration was 9.05 years. The average birth interval was 1.28 years. 85.23% of the women worked at home only, and 14.77% worked outside the home. The majority of the husbands were manual labors. 37% of the women were illiterate, and only 3% had more than 12 years of education. Husbands were slightly more educated than their wives. Data on pervious births and abortions was available for 1484 clients. The average number of pregnancies was 5.9, and the average number of living children was 5.25. Illiterate women had and average of 7.9 pregnancies, and women with more than 12 years of school had an average of 2.2 pregnancies. The women reported a total of 662 previous abortions, and the proportion of pregnancies ending in abortion was lower among both illiterate women and women qith more than 12 years of education than among women with some education. Among women aho reported the type of abortion. 45 had induced abortions and 413 has spontaneous abortions. 36.3% of the acceptors said they came to the clinic because they had too many children, and 35.3% said they came from family planning purposes. All but 24.3% of the patients had used some contraceptive prior to coming to the clinic. Most clients were provided with oral contraceptives (OC) or IUDs. tables provide information on acceptor characteristics.
Descriptors
Abortion, Induced, Abortion, Spontaneous, Age Factors, Asia, Asia, Western, Attitude, Behavior, Birth Intervals, Communication, Contraception, Contraception Behavior, Data Collection, Delivery of Health Care, Demography, Developing Countries, Economics, Educational Status, Employment, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Family Characteristics, Family Planning Policy, Family Planning Services, Fertility, Health, Health Facilities, Proprietary, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Planning, Health Services, Health Services Needs and Demand, Jordan, Marriage, Middle East, Motivation, Occupations, Organization and Administration, Parity, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Patient Compliance, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Program Evaluation, Psychology, Public Policy, Research, Sampling Studies, Sexual Behavior, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Statistics as Topic, Acceptor Characteristics--statistics, Acceptors, Arab Countries, Birth Spacing, Contraceptive Methods Chosen, Contraceptive Usage, Data Analysis, Demographic Factors, Employment Status, Evaluation, Family And Household, Family Planning, Family Planning Clinic Attendance, Family Planning Program Evaluation, Family Planning Programs, Family Planning Surveys, Family Size, Fertility Control, Postconception, Kap Surveys, Knowledge Sources, Macroeconomic Factors, Marriage Age, Marriage Patterns, Needs, Nuptiality, Policy, Population Policy, Privately Sponsored Programs, Programs, Psychological Factors, Reproductive Behavior, Research Methodology, Research Report, Social Policy, Socioeconomic Status, Statistical Studies, Studies, Surveys, Western Asia
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Sahawneh,F.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Deniers and Admitters: Examining Smoker Identities in a Changing Tobacco Landscape 2016 Office of Statewide Health Improvement Initiatives, Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN; john.kingsbury@state.mn.us.; Health Promotion and Chronic Disease, Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN;; Department of Research, ClearWay Minnesota, B
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
16-Apr
Volume
Issue
Start Page
Other Pages
Notes
LR: 20160503; CI: (c) The Author 2016; JID: 9815751; 2016/02/17 [received]; 2016/04/09 [accepted]; 2016/04/16 [aheadofprint]; aheadofprint
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 27085084
Language
ENG
SubFile
JOURNAL ARTICLE
DOI
ntw110 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
27085084
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Smoking prevalence has declined considerably over the past 30 years. This decline has coincided with a growing stigma against smokers and a trend toward nondaily or occasional smoking. Some individuals now deny being a smoker despite current cigarette use-i.e., "deniers"; conversely, occasional smokers who admit to being a smoker are defined as "admitters." Although the "denier" phenomenon has been the focus of recent research, no studies have examined smoker identity in the context of emerging tobacco products and ongoing, statewide tobacco control programs. Recent data from the 2014 Minnesota Adult Tobacco Survey provided an opportunity to address these research gaps. METHOD: Using the Minnesota Adult Tobacco Survey, participants were 242 adults who reported smoking 100 cigarettes lifetime, currently smoking "some days," and past 30-day smoking. Questions also assessed smoker identity, emerging product use and perceptions, and changes in smoking behavior in response to a recent statewide tobacco tax increase. RESULTS: Regression models revealed no difference in e-cigarette or hookah use between deniers and admitters, but deniers were more likely to perceive that hookah use was less harmful than smoking cigarettes. In response to the tax increase, we found that admitters were more likely than deniers to report thinking about quitting, reducing cigarette amount, and making a quit attempt. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that deniers perceive lower harm from using tobacco products. Tax increases may be less effective at motivating quit attempts in deniers compared to admitters, implying that cessation programs tailored to specific smoking identities could usefully complement tax increases. IMPLICATIONS: Findings from this study suggest that tobacco tax increases should be coordinated with health promotion interventions to address occasional and social smoking. The denier phenomenon in particular is an important identity-based construct that population-level public health practice should consider in order to design effective tobacco control interventions. In addition, findings from our study and previous research suggest that occasional or social smokers who deny the smoker identity may be slowing progress in reducing smoking rates. Interventions targeting occasional smokers, and in particular, deniers, are needed to accelerate cessation efforts.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Data Source
Authors
Kingsbury,J.H., Parks,M.J., Amato,M.S., Boyle,R.G.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20160416
PMCID
Editors
Density of tobacco retail outlets near schools and smoking behaviour among secondary school students 2013
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Aust.N.Z.J.Public Health
Pub Date Free Form
Dec
Volume
37
Issue
6
Start Page
574
Other Pages
578
Notes
JID: 9611095; ppublish
Place of Publication
Australia
ISSN/ISBN
1753-6405; 1326-0200
Accession Number
PMID: 24892157
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
24892157
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the density of tobacco retail outlets near schools in Victoria, Australia, is associated with adolescent smoking behaviour. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey data of 2,044 secondary school students aged 12-17 years was combined with tobacco outlet audit data. Associations between students' self-reported tobacco use and the density of tobacco outlets near schools was examined using multilevel logistic and negative binomial regression models, with cigarette price at local milk bars and key socio-demographic and school-related variables included as covariates. RESULTS: Increased tobacco retail outlet density was associated with a significant increase in the number of cigarettes smoked in the previous seven days among students who smoked in the past month (IRR=1.13; 95% CI 1.02-1.26), but not the odds of smoking in the past month in the larger sample (OR=1.06; 95% CI 0.90-1.24), after controlling for local mean price of cigarettes and socio-demographic and school-related variables. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: This study suggests there is a positive association between tobacco retail outlet density and cigarette consumption among adolescent smokers, but not smoking prevalence, in the Australian context. There is value in considering policy measures that restrict the supply of tobacco retail outlets in school neighbourhoods as a means of reducing youth cigarette consumption.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Scully,M., McCarthy,M., Zacher,M., Warne,C., Wakefield,M., White,V.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors