WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Lifestyle-related determinants of hookah and cigarette smoking in Iranian adults	2010		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Community Health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Community Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 35 Issue 1 Start Page 36 Other Pages 42 Notes ID: 19866347 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract To identify lifestyle-related determinants of hookah and cigarette smoking in Iranian adults, a total of 12,514 men and women aged >/=19 years in three counties in central Iran (Isfahan, Najafabad, Arak) were selected in multistage random sampling. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle were collected in interviewer-administered questionnaires, as part of the baseline survey of the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. Unhealthy lifestyle-related factors independently associated with cigarette and hookah smoking, were identified in sex-specific multivariate logistic regression analyses. High stress levels (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.35-1.78 for men; OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.17-2.27 for women), family member smoking (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.27-4.92 for men; OR: 2.49; 95% CI: 2.20-2.95 for women), and short/long sleep duration (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.01-1.39 for men; OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.10-2.35 for women) were associated with cigarette smoking in both men and women. Poor diet was also related to cigarette smoking in men (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.62-1.89). Family member smoking was associated with hookah smoking in both men (OR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.05-3.12) and women (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.02-4.92), and in addition high stress levels (OR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.14-5.83) and short/long sleep duration (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.02-2.41) were associated with hookah smoking in women. Unhealthy lifestyle-related factors co-occur with cigarette and hookah smoking in Iranian adults, likely increasing the risk for chronic health problems. Sex differences in the determinants of hookah and cigarette smoking may need to be taken into account in planning tobacco control strategies. Descriptors Health Behavior, Life Style, Smoking/psychology, Adult, Diet/psychology, Family/psychology, Female, Humans, Iran, Logistic Models, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Risk Factors, Sampling Studies, Sex Factors, Sleep, Smoking/epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological/epidemiology, Questionnaires Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-009-9186-0 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Sarrafzadegan,Nizal, Toghianifar,Nafiseh, Roohafza,Hamidreza, Siadat,Zahradana, Mohammadifard,Noushin, O'Loughlin,Jennifer Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Pharmacological activity of three fractions obtained by smoking cannabis through a water pipe	1976	Dept. Psychobiol., Esc. Paulista Med., Sao Paulo	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bulletin on narcotics Periodical, Abbrev. Bull.Narc. Pub Date Free Form 1976/ Volume 28 Issue 2 Start Page 49 Other Pages 56 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0007-523X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Descriptors cannabinol, cannabis, dronabinol, placebo, catatonia, cornea reflex, drug comparison, drug screening, intraperitoneal drug administration, motor activity, mouse, rabbit, sleep time, theoretical study Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Savaki,H. E., Cunha,J., Carlini,E. A., Kephalas,T. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Low frequency of infertility among workers in a borate processing facility	2003	Åžayli, B.S., Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Biological trace element research Periodical, Abbrev. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 93 Issue 3-Jan Start Page 19 Other Pages 29 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0163-4984 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract In order to rule out the possibility of omitting some individuals in the study at field visits described in previous articles, either because of the reluctance of the subject or because of his appointment elsewhere, fertility and infertility states of borate workers of the Borax and Acid Plants in Bandirma, Balikesir are given. Balikesir is one of the four provinces with large borate deposits of Turkey, and Bandirma is 1 of its 19 districts. This county is relatively far away from borate deposits, and drinking water piped out through the springs has a boron amount between 0.10 and 0.82 ppm B. That the participants are occupationally exposed to the mineral in essence is therefore conceivable. At the first phase of the investigation, 191 workers were interviewed, as detailed previously. Among these, there were six infertiles of the primary type with a rate 3.1%. Boron-unrelated infertile couples among sibs were found to be 2.6-3.6%, and 3.2% for three-generation marriages - none being higher than those revealed in different sets of controls. In the second stage of work, computerized files of all workers of the facility and all employees of the general management sharing the same location were checked without an interview. Twenty-four subjects (3.4%) out of 712 workers were childless versus 2.7% among 108 employees, and 2.2% among 91 workers of a distantly located sulfuric acid plant of the same complex. The differences were not significant, and these recent findings support the conclusion already reached almost unambiguously that boron exposure at the present levels does not interfere with human reproduction. Descriptors boric acid, sulfuric acid, air pollutant, article, drug effect, female, fertility, human, infertility, interview, male, occupational exposure, reproduction, Turkey (republic), water supply Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Åžayli,B. S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus	1999	Center for Swallowing and Esophageal Disorders, Dept. of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA. FalkG@cesmtp.ccf.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Endoscopy Periodical, Abbrev. Endoscopy Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 31 Issue 1 Start Page 9 Other Pages 16 Notes LR: 20051116; JID: 0215166; RF: 45; ppublish Place of Publication GERMANY ISSN/ISBN 0013-726X; 0013-726X Accession Number PMID: 10082405 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.1055/s-1999-13643 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10082405 Abstract Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common clinical problem. New information suggests that infection with Helicobacter pylori may protect patients from developing GERD and its complications. Endoscopy may be used by clinicians to tailor GERD therapy, but an empirical trial of a proton-pump inhibitor may be an alternative diagnostic approach. Studies continue to show that laparoscopic antireflux surgery is a cost-effective treatment option for patients requiring maintenance therapy with proton-pump inhibitors. However, the minimally invasive nature of the operation should not alter the indications for antireflux surgery, especially for patients with atypical symptoms. It remains unclear why some patients with GERD develop Barrett's esophagus, whereas others do not. Recent guidelines suggest that patients with long-standing GERD symptoms, especially white men over 50 years of age, should undergo endoscopy at least once to screen for Barrett's esophagus. Debate concerning short-segment Barrett's esophagus continues. Intestinal metaplasia at a normal-appearing gastroesophageal junction may be associated with intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and infection with H. pylori, whereas short tongues of intestinal metaplasia in the esophagus are associated with GERD. Cancer surveillance is indicated in short-segment Barrett's esophagus, as dysplasia may develop in these patients. Barrett's esophagus is the only known risk factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma, but the incidence of adenocarcinoma may be lower than previously reported. New clinical guidelines for endoscopic surveillance suggest that the surveillance interval should be lengthened to every two years in patients without dysplasia. Newer treatment options, such as thermal ablation and photodynamic therapy, continue to show promise, but are not yet ready for routine clinical use. Descriptors Barrett Esophagus/diagnosis/etiology/therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Gastroesophageal Reflux/complications/diagnosis/therapy, Humans Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Falk,G. W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Health effects of passive smoking-10: Summary of effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of children and implications for research	1999	Department of Public Health Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Thorax Periodical, Abbrev. Thorax Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 54 Issue 4 Start Page 357 Other Pages 366 Notes LR: 20140617; JID: 0417353; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); RF: 62; OID: NLM: PMC1745458; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0040-6376; 0040-6376 Accession Number PMID: 10092699 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10092699 Abstract BACKGROUND: Two recent reviews have assessed the effect of parental smoking on respiratory disease in children. METHODS: The results of the systematic quantitative review published as a series in Thorax are summarised and brought up to date by considering papers appearing on Embase or Medline up to June 1998. The findings are compared with those of the review published recently by the Californian Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Areas requiring further research are identified. RESULTS: Overall there is a very consistent picture with odds ratios for respiratory illnesses and symptoms and middle ear disease of between 1.2 and 1.6 for either parent smoking, the odds usually being higher in pre-school than in school aged children. For sudden infant death syndrome the odds ratio for maternal smoking is about 2. Significant effects from paternal smoking suggest a role for postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Recent publications do not lead us to alter the conclusions of our earlier reviews. While essentially narrative rather than systematic and quantitative, the findings of the Californian EPA review are broadly similar. In addition they have reviewed studies of the effects of environmental tobacco smoke on children with cystic fibrosis and conclude from the limited evidence that there is a strong case for a relationship between parental smoking and admissions to hospital. They also review data from adults of the effects of acute exposure to environmental tobacco smoke under laboratory conditions which suggest acute effects on spirometric parameters rather than on bronchial hyperresponsiveness. It seems likely that such effects are also present in children. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial benefits to children would arise if parents stopped smoking after birth, even if the mother smoked during pregnancy. Policies need to be developed which reduce smoking amongst parents and protect infants and young children from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The weight of evidence is such that new prevalence studies are no longer justified. What are needed are studies which allow comparison of the effects of critical periods of exposure to cigarette smoke, particularly in utero, early infancy, and later childhood. Where longitudinal studies are carried out they should be analysed to look at the way in which changes in exposure are related to changes in outcome. Better still would be studies demonstrating reversibility of adverse effects, especially in asthmatic subjects or children with cystic fibrosis. Descriptors Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Databases, Factual, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Odds Ratio, Otitis Media/etiology, Parents, Pregnancy, Respiratory Tract Diseases/etiology, Sudden Infant Death/etiology, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cook,D. G., Strachan,D. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1745458 Editors
Tobacco use among middle and high school students--Florida, 1998 and 1999	1999		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 2-Apr Volume 48 Issue 12 Start Page 248 Other Pages 253 Notes LR: 20080214; JID: 7802429; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0149-2195; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 10220252 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10220252 Abstract Tobacco use is the single leading preventable cause of death in the United States, and an estimated $2 billion is spent annually in Florida to treat disease caused by smoking. Florida appropriated $23 million in fiscal year 1997 and $70 million in fiscal year 1998 to fund the Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco Control to prevent and reduce tobacco use among Florida youth. To determine the prevalence of cigarette, cigar, and smokeless tobacco (i.e., chewing tobacco and snuff) use among Florida middle and high school students in public schools, the Florida Department of Health conducted the Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) in February 1998 and February 1999. The purpose of these surveys was to establish baseline parameters and monitor the progress of the pilot program, which began in April 1998. This report summarizes advance data from the surveys, which indicate that, from 1998 to 1999, the percentage of Florida public middle and high school students who smoked cigarettes decreased significantly and that the percentage of middle school students who smoked cigars and used smokeless tobacco products decreased significantly. Descriptors Adolescent, Child, Data Collection, Female, Florida/epidemiology, Humans, Male, Plants, Toxic, Smoking/epidemiology, Students, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A first step incorporating smoking education into a Brazilian medical school curriculum: results of a survey to assess the cigarette smoking knowledge, attitudes, behaviour, and clinical practices of medical students	1999	Oncology Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. adaudt@pro.via-rs.com.br	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of addictive diseases Periodical, Abbrev. J.Addict.Dis. Pub Date Free Form Volume 18 Issue 1 Start Page 19 Other Pages 29 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9107051; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 1055-0887; 1055-0887 Accession Number PMID: 10234560 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1300/J069v18n01_03 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10234560 Abstract Smoking-related illnesses are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Despite a smoking prevalence of approximately 40%, there is limited national effort to reduce tobacco use in Brazil by means of public education and training of health care professionals to promote smoking education. In particular, the need for information about tobacco warrants increased emphasis in undergraduate medical education. An educational program on nicotine addiction during medical school could facilitate the incorporation of smoking cessation interventions into routine medical practice. As a preliminary step toward implementing a tobacco education and intervention program, this study was designed to assess knowledge and attitudes about smoking among Brazilian medical students. Five hundred thirteen (N = 513) medical students from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil, completed a self-reported questionnaire during the 1995-1996 academic school year. Most students recognize the adverse health effects of smoking and the importance of their professional role in promoting smoking cessation. In contradiction, however, few medical students currently provide their patients who smoke with even minimal intervention. This discrepancy supports the idea that training in nicotine addiction and smoking cessation techniques will help medical students to develop the skills and confidence needed to successfully intervene with their current and future patients. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Attitude to Health, Brazil, Cognition, Curriculum, Education, Medical, Female, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/diagnosis/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Daudt,A. W., Alberg,A. J., Prola,J. C., Fialho,L., Petracco,A., Wilhelms,A., Weiss,A., Estery,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoking habits of primary health care physicians in Bahrain	1999	Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health Periodical, Abbrev. J.R.Soc.Promot.Health. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 119 Issue 1 Start Page 36 Other Pages 39 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 101499616; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 1466-4240; 1466-4240 Accession Number PMID: 10327813 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10327813 Abstract A survey of the smoking habits of all primary health care physicians in Bahrain was carried out to determine their smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking. Sixty-four male doctors and fifty-eight female doctors returned a voluntary self-completed questionnaire resulting in an 80.8% response rate. Male physicians were older than their female counterparts and had a higher proportion of ever-smokers (45.3%), smokers (26.6%), ex-smokers (18.8%) and daily smokers (18.8%). Cigarette smoking was the predominant type of smoking. The ratio of daily smoking prevalence (doctors/general population) among Bahraini citizens was 0.83 for males, 0.45 for females and 0.65 for both sexes combined. Of the smokers, 80% have considered quitting and 83.3% of them had made a serious attempt to quit. All the never-smokers perceived themselves as non-smokers in the coming five years compared to 83.3% of the ever-smokers. Among the perceived reasons for not smoking, primary health care physicians gave the highest importance to protecting their own health and setting a good example to children. Never-smokers gave more importance than ever-smokers to all the reasons for not smoking except for the occurrence of certain symptoms. Descriptors Adult, Age Factors, Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitude to Health, Bahrain, Ethnic Groups, Female, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Physician's Role, Physicians, Family, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation, Surveys and Questionnaires Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hamadeh,R. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Reduced bone mineral density after surgical treatment for obesity	1999	Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Obes.Relat.Metab.Disord. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 23 Issue 4 Start Page 361 Other Pages 365 Notes LR: 20140603; JID: 9313169; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN Accession Number PMID: 10340813 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10340813 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether osteoporosis occurs after surgical treatment for obesity. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of five groups of subjects who had undergone surgical treatment for obesity: five pre-menopausal women; 13 post-menopausal women; seven post-menopausal women taking oestrogen replacement (HRT); five men; and six women who had undergone surgical reversal (mean time 7 y). SUBJECTS: Thirty-six Caucasian subjects who had undergone jejunoileal or pancreaticobiliary bypass surgery at St George's Hospital between 1971 and 1992. Their mean age was 50.8 y (range 32-69 y) and the median time since the operation was 14.8y (range 4-23 y). MEASUREMENTS: A clinical questionnaire was used to exclude possible factors, which might influence bone mineral density. A single blood sample was collected for measurement of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, magnesium, zinc, creatinine, thyroxine, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, sex steroids, gonadotrophins and IGF-1 and 24 h urine calcium excretion was measured. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the lumbar (L2-L4) spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). RESULTS: There was no difference in serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase, IGF-1, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH vitamin D), magnesium or zinc concentrations between the five groups. The LS-BMD T score was lower (P - 1.0. There was no difference in the FN-BMD between the five groups. The presence of low BMD was not related to age, duration of bypass, or degree of postoperative weight loss. Iliac crest bone biopsies in three subjects with low BMD, confirmed the presence of osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced bone mineral density is a complication of jejunoileal bypass surgery. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Anastomosis, Surgical, Bile Ducts/surgery, Bone Density, Female, Femur, Humans, Jejunoileal Bypass, Lumbar Vertebrae, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity/surgery, Osteoporosis/etiology, Pancreas/surgery, Postmenopause, Postoperative Complications Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bano,G., Rodin,D. A., Pazianas,M., Nussey,S. S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
An assessment of nicotine dependence among pregnant adolescents	1999	University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, PA 15261, USA. saa01+@pitt.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of substance abuse treatment Periodical, Abbrev. J.Subst.Abuse Treat. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 16 Issue 4 Start Page 337 Other Pages 344 Notes LR: 20141120; GR: NR03233/NR/NINR NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8500909; K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OID: PIP: 147107; OID: POP: 00291059; OTO: PIP; GN: PIP: TJ: JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT.; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0740-5472; 0740-5472 Accession Number PMID: 10349607 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM; J DOI S0740547298000749 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10349607 Abstract Studies have reported that between 28 and 62% of pregnant teenagers smoke (Cornelius, Taylor, Geva, & Day, 1995; Trollestrup, Frost, & Starzyk, 1992). Because smoking is prevalent among pregnant teenagers, the purpose of this research is to assess nicotine dependence in this high-risk group. This study analyzed baseline data from a sample of pregnant teen smokers who had volunteered to participate in a smoking cessation study (N = 94). Nicotine dependence was measured by adapting the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ; Prokhorov, Pallonen, Fava, Ding, & Niaura, 1996), and by a 6-item withdrawal symptom scale. The overall FTQ score found among pregnant adolescents was 3.10 (SD = 2.3) compared to the mean overall FTQ score among vocational-technical students of 4.27 (SD = 2.2) (Prokhorov et al., 1996). Duration of smoking in years was significantly correlated with the overall FTQ score (r = 0.43, p < .01). Quantity of smoking, as measured by average number of cigarettes smoked, significantly correlated with overall FTQ scores (r = 0.67, p < .01). Lighter smokers were more likely to have previously attempted to quit, however, among the quit attempters, those who smoked 10+ cigarettes per day reported greater severity of withdrawal symptoms than those who smoked less per day. Prenatal education and smoking cessation programs for pregnant teenagers, and pregnant women in general, need to consider that nicotine dependence is an important issue. Early pregnancy may be an opportune time to intervene among pregnant smokers; incentives may be necessary to attract those women who are the heaviest smokers, and possibly the most dependent on nicotine.; PIP: This study assessed nicotine dependence among pregnant adolescent smokers in order to enhance the efficacy of smoking-cessation programs. This study analyzed baseline data from a sample of 94 pregnant teen smokers who had volunteered to participate in a smoking cessation study. Nicotine dependence was measured by adapting Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ), and by a 6-item withdrawal symptom scale. The overall FTQ score found among pregnant adolescents was 3.10 (SD = 2.3) compared to the mean overall FTQ score among vocational-technical students of 4.27 (SD = 2.2). Duration of smoking in years was significantly correlated with the overall FTQ score. Quantity of smoking, as measured by average number of cigarettes smoked, significantly correlated with overall FTQ scores. Lighter smokers were more likely to have previously attempted to quit. However, among the attempters to quit, those who smoked 10+ cigarettes per day reported greater severity of withdrawal symptoms than those who smoked fewer per day. Prenatal education and smoking cessation programs for pregnant teenagers, and pregnant women in general, need to consider that nicotine dependence is an important issue. Early pregnancy may be an opportune time to intervene among pregnant smokers; incentives may be necessary to attract those women who are heaviest smokers, and possibly the most dependent on nicotine. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, African Americans/statistics & numerical data, Cotinine/analysis, Data Interpretation, Statistical, European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Adolescence/ethnology/psychology, Psychological Tests, Psychology, Adolescent, Smoking Cessation/ethnology/psychology, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/psychology, Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology, United States, Adolescent Pregnancy, Adolescents, Adolescents, Female, Age Factors, Americas, Behavior, Demographic Factors, Developed Countries, Fertility, North America, Northern America, Pennsylvania, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Pregnant Women, Reproductive Behavior, Research Methodology, Research Report, Sampling Studies, Smoking--women, Social Problems, Studies, Substance Addiction--women, Women, Youth Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Albrecht,S. A., Cornelius,M. D., Braxter,B., Reynolds,M. D., Stone,C., Cassidy,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

E-mail