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Containing a haemorrhagic fever epidemic: the Ebola experience in Uganda (October 2000-January 2001)	2004	Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda. mlamunu@yahoo.co.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Infect.Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 8 Issue 1 Start Page 27 Other Pages 37 Notes LR: 20130715; JID: 9610933; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1201-9712; 1201-9712 Accession Number PMID: 14690778 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI S1201971203000079 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 14690778 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The Ebola virus, belonging to the family of filoviruses, was first recognized in 1976 when it caused concurrent outbreaks in Yambuku in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and in the town of Nzara in Sudan. Both countries share borders with Uganda. A total of 425 cases and 224 deaths attributed to Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) were recorded in Uganda in 2000/01. Although there was delayed detection at the community level, prompt and efficient outbreak investigation led to the confirmation of the causative agent on 14 October 2000 by the National Institute of Virology in South Africa, and the subsequent institution of control interventions. CONTROL INTERVENTIONS: Public health interventions to contain the epidemic aimed at minimizing transmission in the health care setting and in the community, reducing the case fatality rate due to the epidemic, strengthening co-ordination for the response and building capacity for on-going surveillance and control. Co-ordination of the control interventions was organized through the Interministerial Committee, National Ebola Task Force, District Ebola Task Forces, and the Technical Committees at national and district levels. The World Health Organization (WHO) under the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network co-ordinated the international response. The post-outbreak control interventions addressed weaknesses prior to outbreak detection and aimed at improving preparations for future outbreak detection and response. Challenges to control efforts included inadequate and poor quality protective materials, deaths of health workers, numerous rumors and the rejection of convalescent cases by members of the community. CONCLUSIONS: This was recognized as the largest reported outbreak of EHF in the world. Control interventions were very successful in containing the epidemic. The community structures used to contain the epidemic have continued to perform well after containment of the outbreak, and have proved useful in the identification of other outbreaks. This was also the first outbreak response co-ordinated by the WHO under the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, a voluntary organization recently created to co-ordinate technical and financial resources to developing countries during outbreaks. Descriptors Communicable Disease Control/methods, Disease Outbreaks, Ebolavirus/growth & development, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology/prevention & control/virology, Humans, Uganda/epidemiology, World Health Organization Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lamunu,M., Lutwama,J. J., Kamugisha,J., Opio,A., Nambooze,J., Ndayimirije,N., Okware,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Contamination of medical gas and water pipelines in a new hospital building	1977	Dept. Anesth., Beth Israel Hosp., Boston Mass. 02215	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Anesthesiology Periodical, Abbrev. Anesthesiology Pub Date Free Form 1977/ Volume 46 Issue 4 Start Page 286 Other Pages 289 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0003-3022 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Medical gases and water were sampled and tested for purity prior to the opening of a 176 bed addition to a 450 bed general hospital. Contamination was found. In delivered oxygen, compressed air, and nitrous oxide, this consisted for a volatile hydrocarbon at an initial concentration of 10 parts per million and a dust of fine gray particulate matter. In water from new taps bacterial contamination with as many as 400,000 organisms per 100 ml was present. All these contaminants were considered potential hazards to patient safety. Studies were done to help delineate the nature and origin of these contaminants. Each contaminant was eventually largely eliminated by purging the respective pipeline systems with continuous flows. Planners, builders, and responsible medical personnel must be aware of the potential for such hazards in a new hospital building. Descriptors anesthetic equipment, operating room Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Eichhorn,J. H., Bancroft,M. L., Laasberg,L. H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Contamination of public whirlpool spas: factors associated with the presence of Legionella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli	2013	Institut National de Sante Publique du Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada. nicholas.brousseau.agence04@ssss.gouv.qc.ca	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of environmental health research Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Environ.Health Res. Pub Date Free Form Volume 23 Issue 1 Start Page 1 Other Pages 15 Notes JID: 9106628; 2012/06/25 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1369-1619; 0960-3123 Accession Number PMID: 22731241 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/09603123.2012.678001 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22731241 Abstract This work explores the factors associated with contamination of public spas by Legionella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were measured in water samples from 95 spas inQuebec, Canada. Spa maintenance was documented by a questionnaire. Legionella spp. were detected in 23% of spas, P. aeruginosa in 41% and E. coli in 2%. Bacteria were found in concerning concentrations (Legionella spp. >/= 500 CFU/l, P. aeruginosa >/= 51 CFU/100 ml or E. coli >/= 1 CFU/100 ml) in 26% ofspas. Observed physicochemical parameters frequently differed from recommended guidelines. The following factors decreased the prevalence of concerning microbial contamination: a free chlorine concentration >/= 2 mg/l or total bromine >/= 3 mg/l (p = 0.001), an oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) > 650 mV (p = 0.001), emptying and cleaning the spa at least monthly (p = 0.019) and a turbidity = 1 NTU (p = 0.013). Proper regulations and training of spa operators are critical for better maintenance of these increasingly popular facilities. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Brousseau,N., Levesque,B., Guillemet,T.A., Cantin,P., Gauvin,D., Giroux,J.P., Gingras,S., Proulx,F., Cote,P.A., Dewailly,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120625 PMCID Editors
Contexts of cigarette and e-cigarette use among dual users: a qualitative study	2015	Cancer Prevention & Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA. ppokhrel@cc.hawaii.edu.; Cancer Prevention & Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA. ther	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 4-Sep Volume 15 Issue Start Page 859 Other Pages 015-2198-z Notes LR: 20160429; GR: 3P30CA071789-15S3-PROJECT 2/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: U54 MD007584/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC4560069; 2015/03/31 [received]; 2015/08/27 [accepted]; 2015/09/04 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 26341634 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-2198-z [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26341634 Abstract BACKGROUND: Not much is currently understood regarding the contexts of cigarette and e-cigarette use among dual users. Proper application of e-cigarettes to smoking cessation or tobacco harm reduction would require an understanding of when and why dual users use cigarettes versus e-cigarettes. This study sought to elucidate the contexts of cigarette versus e-cigarette use among dual users. METHODS: Twelve focus group discussions were conducted with 62 young adult current daily e-cigarette users [63% men; mean age = 25.1 (Standard Deviation = 5.5)]. Almost all participants either concurrently smoked cigarettes or had been recent dual users. Data were analyzed following principles of inductive deduction. RESULTS: Results indicated that dual users' use of cigarettes is influenced by particular activities (e.g., before/after eating), strong craving or need for stimulation (e.g., in response to stress), places/situations (e.g., when cigarette smokers are nearby; outdoors), use of other substances (alcohol, coffee), and unavailability of an e-cigarette when needed. In addition to particular activities and places/situations that are conducive to e-cigarette use, use of e-cigarette when cigarette is not available or where cigarette smoking is not permitted emerged as contexts specific to e-cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS: For habitual cigarette smokers wanting to quit tobacco smoking, switching over completely to e-cigarettes may require skills of cognitive-behavioral management. Future research needs to ascertain the characteristics of dual users who use e-cigarettes as cessation aids versus as cigarette alternative when cigarette is unavailable or smoking is not permitted. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pokhrel,P., Herzog,T.A., Muranaka,N., Regmi,S., Fagan,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150904 PMCID PMC4560069 Editors
Contingency management improves smoking cessation treatment outcomes among highly impulsive adolescent smokers relative to cognitive behavioral therapy	2015	Department of Psychology, Oberlin College, 120 West Lorain Street, Oberlin, OH 44074, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, United States. Electronic address: meghan.morean@gmail.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 42 Issue Start Page 86 Other Pages 90 Notes LR: 20160301; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: P50 DA009241/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50DA009241/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7603486; NIHMS648517; OID: NLM: NIHMS648517; OID: NLM: PMC4285343; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/09/16 [received]; 2014/11/11 [re Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 25462659 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.009 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25462659 Abstract BACKGROUND: Impulsive adolescents have difficulty quitting smoking. We examined if treatments that provide behavioral incentives for abstinence improve treatment outcomes among impulsive adolescent smokers, who have been shown to be highly sensitive to reward. METHODS: We ran secondary data analyses on 64 teen smokers (mean age=16.36 [1.44]; cigarettes/day=13.97 [6.61]; 53.1% female; 90.6% Caucasian) who completed a four-week smoking cessation trial to determine whether impulsive adolescents differentially benefit from receiving cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), contingency management (CM), or the combination of the two (CM/CBT). Indices of treatment efficacy included self-report percent days abstinent and end of treatment biochemically-confirmed 7-day point prevalence abstinence (EOT abstinence). We assessed self-reported impulsivity using the Brief Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. We used univariate Generalized Linear Modeling to examine main effects and interactions of impulsivity and treatment condition as predictors of self-reported abstinence, and exact logistic regression to examine EOT abstinence. RESULTS: CM/CBT and CM were comparably effective in promoting abstinence, so analyses were conducted comparing the efficacy of CBT to treatments with a CM component (i.e., CM and CM/CBT). CBT and deficient self-regulation predicted lower self-reported abstinence rates within the total analytic sample. Treatments containing CM were more effective than CBT in predicting 1) self-reported abstinence among behaviorally impulsive adolescents (% days abstinent: CM 77%; CM/CBT 81%; CBT 30%) and 2) EOT point prevalence abstinence among behaviorally impulsive adolescents and adolescents with significant deficits in self-regulation. CONCLUSION: CM-based interventions may improve the low smoking cessation rates previously observed among impulsive adolescent smokers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Morean,M.E., Kong,G., Camenga,D.R., Cavallo,D.A., Carroll,K.M., Pittman,B., Krishnan-Sarin,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141120 PMCID PMC4285343 Editors
Continuous poliovirus detection in water supply distribution networks	1988	Centre de Recherches et de Controle des Eaux de Paris, 75014 Paris	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences - Serie III Periodical, Abbrev. C.R.ACAD.SCI.SER.III Pub Date Free Form 1988/ Volume 307 Issue 4 Start Page 171 Other Pages 176 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0249-6313 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Continuous virological control can be carried out when using glass wool as an adsorption support for virus concentration. In the described conditions more than 70% of the Poliovirus population in water pipe derivations can be detected. Descriptors methodology, organization and management, Poliomyelitis virus, prevention, water analysis, water pollution, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Vilagines,P., Sarrette,B., Vilagines,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Continuous-flow microextraction and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in water	2007	State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Analytica Chimica Acta Periodical, Abbrev. Anal.Chim.Acta Pub Date Free Form 7-Mar Volume 585 Issue 2 Start Page 294 Other Pages 299 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0370534; 0 (Ions); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Salts); 0 (Solvents); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 2006/09/21 [received]; 2006/12/30 [revised]; 2007/01/08 [accepted]; 2007/01/13 [aheadofprint]; ppubli Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-4324; 0003-2670 Accession Number PMID: 17386677 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0003-2670(07)00059-1 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17386677 Abstract A new method of the determination polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples was developed by continuous-flow microextraction (CFME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this experiment, 15 mL sample solution with no salt-added was flowed at the rate of 1.0 mL min(-1) through 3 microL benzene as extraction solvent. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the developed method was found to yield a linear calibration curve in the concentration range from 0.05 to 15 ng mL(-1). Furthermore, the accuracy and repeatability of the method were good by calculating from water samples spiked at known concentrations of PAHs, and the recovery of optimal method was satisfactory. The results showed that CFME was an efficient preconcentration method for extraction of PAHs from spiked water samples. Descriptors Calibration, Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/methods, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods, Ions, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/chemistry, Reproducibility of Results, Salts/pharmacology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Solvents/chemistry, Time Factors, Water/chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Liu,Y., Hashi,Y., Lin,J. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20070113 PMCID Editors
Contraceptive service needs of women with young children presenting for pediatric care	2015	Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Contraception Periodical, Abbrev. Contraception Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 92 Issue 5 Start Page 508 Other Pages 512 Notes LR: 20160326; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: P20 MD000198/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States; GR: P20 MD000198/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States; JID: 0234361; NIHMS715366; OID: NLM: NIHMS715366 [Available on 11/01/16]; OID: NLM: PMC4807654 [Available on 11/01/16]; Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1879-0518; 0010-7824 Accession Number PMID: 26197265 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.07.004 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26197265 Abstract OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study is to characterize the need for contraceptive services and contraceptive method use among women with young children presenting to child health clinics. A secondary objective is to characterize the factors, including access to care and health needs, that exist in this population and to evaluate their association with contraceptive method use. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study of women with children under age 36 months presenting to four child health practices in the Baltimore, Maryland, area. Participating women completed a survey to assess desire for pregnancy, contraceptive method use and related characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 238 participants (82%) were in need of contraceptive services (fertile and not desiring pregnancy). Overall, 59 (25%) of women in need were not using a contraceptive method (unmet need) and 79 (33%) were using a highly effective method (implant or intrauterine device). Factors associated with lower odds of unmet need for contraceptive services included attendance at a routine postpartum visit and visiting a healthcare provider to discuss contraception after pregnancy. Approximately half of index pregnancies were unintended and this was the only health factor associated with greater odds of using of a highly effective contraceptive method. CONCLUSIONS: Most women presenting with young children for pediatric care indicated that they were not currently trying to become pregnant and reported current methods of pregnancy prevention that ranged from none to highly effective. Women who had not sought postpregnancy contraceptive care were more likely to have unmet need for contraceptive services. IMPLICATIONS: Child health clinics may be a novel site for providing contraceptive care to women with children as part of a strategy to reduce unplanned pregnancies. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Upadhya,K.K., Burke,A.E., Marcell,A.V., Mistry,K., Cheng,T.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150718 PMCID PMC4807654 Editors
Contribution of fine particulate matter sources to indoor exposure in bars, restaurants, and cafes	2010	Institute for Work and Health [Institut universitaire romand de Sante au Travail], University of Lausanne and University of Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indoor air Periodical, Abbrev. Indoor Air Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 20 Issue 3 Start Page 204 Other Pages 212 Notes LR: 20130520; JID: 9423515; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2010/02/01 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 1600-0668; 0905-6947 Accession Number PMID: 20408901 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00645.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20408901 Abstract This study investigated the contribution of sources and establishment characteristics, on the exposure to fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) in the non-smoking sections of bars, cafes, and restaurants in central Zurich. PM(2.5)-exposure was determined with a nephelometer. A random sample of hospitality establishments was investigated on all weekdays, from morning until midnight. Each visit lasted 30 min. Numbers of smokers and other sources, such as candles and cooking processes, were recorded, as were seats, open windows, and open doors. Ambient air pollution data were obtained from public authorities. Data were analysed using robust MM regression. Over 14 warm, sunny days, 102 establishments were measured. Average establishment PM(2.5) concentrations were 64.7 microg/m(3) (s.d. = 73.2 microg/m(3), 30-min maximum 452.2 microg/m(3)). PM(2.5) was significantly associated with the number of smokers, percentage of seats occupied by smokers, and outdoor PM. Each smoker increased PM(2.5) on average by 15 microg/m(3). No associations were found with other sources, open doors or open windows. Bars had more smoking guests and showed significantly higher concentrations than restaurants and cafes. Smokers were the most important PM(2.5)-source in hospitality establishments, while outdoor PM defined the baseline. Concentrations are expected to be even higher during colder, unpleasant times of the year. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Smokers and ambient air pollution are the most important sources of fine airborne particulate matter (PM(2.5)) in the non-smoking sections of bars, restaurants, and cafes. Other sources do not significantly contribute to PM(2.5)-levels, while opening doors and windows is not an efficient means of removing pollutants. First, this demonstrates the impact that even a few smokers can have in affecting particle levels. Second, it implies that creating non-smoking sections, and using natural ventilation, is not sufficient to bring PM(2.5) to levels that imply no harm for employees and non-smoking clients. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Humidity, Nephelometry and Turbidimetry, Particulate Matter/analysis, Public Facilities/classification/standards, Restaurants/classification/instrumentation/standards, Seasons, Temperature, Time Factors, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis, Ventilation Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Daly,B. J., Schmid,K., Riediker,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100201 PMCID Editors
Contribution of solid fuel, gas combustion, or tobacco smoke to indoor air pollutant concentrations in Irish and Scottish homes	2012	Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. sean.semple@abdn.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indoor air Periodical, Abbrev. Indoor Air Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 22 Issue 3 Start Page 212 Other Pages 223 Notes LR: 20150129; CI: (c) 2011; GR: P30 ES005605/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: P30 ES05605/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9423515; 0 (Endotoxins); 0 (Fossil Fuels); 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 142M471B3J (Carbon Dioxide); Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 1600-0668; 0905-6947 Accession Number PMID: 22007695 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00755.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22007695 Abstract There are limited data describing pollutant levels inside homes that burn solid fuel within developed country settings with most studies describing test conditions or the effect of interventions. This study recruited homes in Ireland and Scotland where open combustion processes take place. Open combustion was classified as coal, peat, or wood fuel burning, use of a gas cooker or stove, or where there is at least one resident smoker. Twenty-four-hour data on airborne concentrations of particulate matter Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher John Wiley & Sons A/S Data Source Authors Semple,S., Garden,C., Coggins,M., Galea,K.S., Whelan,P., Cowie,H., Sanchez-Jimenez,A., Thorne,P.S., Hurley,J.F., Ayres,J.G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111109 PMCID PMC3573694 Editors

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