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Smoking cessation support in Iran: availability, sources & predictors	2011		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indian J Med Res Periodical, Abbrev. Indian J.Med.Res. Pub Date Free Form Volume 133 Issue Start Page 627 Other Pages 32 Notes ID: 21727661 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Smoking cessation advice is known as an important factor in motivating smokers to quit smoking. We investigated the extent, sources and predictors of receiving unsolicited advice and seeking active advice for smoking cessation in Iran. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed as a part of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP) on 9093 adult individuals (both men and women) in 2004-2005. Demographic characteristics, smoking status, sources and preferences for smoking cessation support were recorded. RESULTS: In the studied population, 66.8 and 14.4 per cent had received and asked for cessation support, respectively. Smokers had received advice from family (92.2%), friends (48.9%), physician (27.9%) and other health care providers (16.2%). Smokers had asked for cessation help more frequently from family (64.5%) and friends (42.0%). Women (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.94) and singles (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.36-0.71) received less advice. Hookah smokers received (OR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.14-0.38) and asked (OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.06-0.68) for cessation help less than cigarette smokers. Receiving advice increased the odds of seeking support (OR: 7.98; 95% CI: 4.37-14.57). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Smokers` family and friends were more frequent sources for smoking cessation support. Tobacco control programmes can count on smokers` family and friends as available sources for smoking cessation support in countries where smoking cessation counselling services are less available. However, the role of physicians and health care workers in the smoking cessation counselling needs to be strengthened. Descriptors Smoking Cessation/methods, Smoking Cessation/psychology, Social Support, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Counseling, Cross-Sectional Studies, Family, Female, Friends, Humans, Iran, Male, Middle Aged, Physicians, Smoking/adverse effects, Questionnaires, Young Adult Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135990/?tool=pubmed Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Toghianifar,Nafiseh, Sarrafzadegan,Nizal, Roohafza,Hamidreza, Sadeghi,Masoumeh, Eshrati,Babak, Sadri,Gholamhossein Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression	2013	STIVORO, Dutch Expert Centre on Tobacco Control, The Hague, Netherlands.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 21-Aug Volume (8):CD006102. doi Issue 8 Start Page CD006102 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; 0 (Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation); 01ZG3TPX31 (Bupropion); CIN: Evid Based Ment Health. 2014 May;17(2):e3. PMID: 24591546; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 23963776 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD006102.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23963776 Abstract BACKGROUND: Individuals with current or past depression are often smokers who are more nicotine dependent, more likely to suffer from negative mood changes after nicotine withdrawal, and more likely to relapse to smoking after quitting than the general population, which contributes to their higher morbidity and mortality from smoking-related illnesses. It remains unclear what interventions can help them to quit smoking. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions, with and without specific mood management components, in smokers with current or past depression. SEARCH METHODS: In April 2013, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, other reviews, and asked experts for information on trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Criteria for including studies in this review were that they had to be randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing smoking cessation interventions in adult smokers with current or past depression. Depression was defined as major depression or depressive symptoms. We included studies where subgroups of participants with depression were identified, either pre-stated or post hoc. The outcome was abstinence from smoking after six months or longer follow-up. We preferred prolonged or continuous abstinence and biochemically validated abstinence where available. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: When possible, we estimated pooled risk ratios (RRs) with the Mantel-Haenszel method (fixed-effect model). We also performed subgroup analyses, by length of follow-up, depression measurement, depression group in study, antidepressant use, published or unpublished data, format of intervention, level of behavioural support, additional pharmacotherapy, type of antidepressant medication, and additional nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). MAIN RESULTS: Forty-nine RCTs were included of which 33 trials investigated smoking cessation interventions with specific mood management components for depression. In smokers with current depression, meta-analysis showed a significant positive effect for adding psychosocial mood management to a standard smoking cessation intervention when compared with standard smoking cessation intervention alone (11 trials, N = 1844, RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.92). In smokers with past depression we found a similar effect (13 trials, N = 1496, RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.77). Meta-analysis resulted in a positive effect, although not significant, for adding bupropion compared with placebo in smokers with current depression (5 trials, N = 410, RR 1.37, 95% CI 0.83 to 2.27). There were not enough trial data to evaluate the effectiveness of fluoxetine and paroxetine for smokers with current depression. Bupropion (4 trials, N = 404, RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.31 to 3.18) might significantly increase long-term cessation among smokers with past depression when compared with placebo, but the evidence for bupropion is relatively weak due to the small number of studies and the post hoc subgroups for all the studies. There were not enough trial data to evaluate the effectiveness of fluoxetine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, selegiline, and sertraline in smokers with past depression.Twenty-three of the 49 trials investigated smoking cessation interventions without specific components for depression. There was heterogeneity between the trials which compared psychosocial interventions with standard smoking cessation counselling for both smokers with current and past depression. Therefore, we did not estimate a pooled effect. One trial compared nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus placebo in smokers with current depression and found a positive, although not significant, effect (N = 196, RR 2.64, 95% CI 0.93 to 7.45). Meta-analysis also found a positive, although not significant, effect for NRT versus placebo in smokers with past depression (3 trials, N = 432, RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.60). Three trials compared other pharmacotherapy versus placebo and six tr Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors van der Meer,R.M., Willemsen,M.C., Smit,F., Cuijpers,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130821 PMCID Editors
Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	2016	Department of Family Medicine, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 20-Aug Volume 8 Issue Start Page CD010744 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160822; JID: 100909747; aheadofprint Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 27545342 Language ENG SubFile REVIEW; JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD010744.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27545342 Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoking cessation is the most important treatment for smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but little is known about the effectiveness of different smoking cessation interventions for this particular group of smokers. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of behavioural or pharmacological smoking cessation interventions, or both, in smokers with COPD. SEARCH METHODS: We searched all records in the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of Trials. In addition to this electronic search, we searched clinical trial registries for planned, ongoing, and unpublished trials. We searched all databases from their inception. We checked the reference lists of all included studies and of other systematic reviews in relevant topic areas. We searched for errata or retractions from eligible trials on PubMed. We conducted our most recent search in March 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of any behavioural or pharmacological treatment, or both, in smokers with COPD reporting at least six months of follow-up abstinence rates. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently extracted the data and performed the methodological quality assessment for each study. We resolved any disagreements by consensus. MAIN RESULTS: We included 16 studies (involving 13,123 participants) in this systematic review, two of which were of high quality. These two studies showed that nicotine sublingual tablet and varenicline increased the quit rate over placebo (risk ratio (RR) 2.60 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29 to 5.24) and RR 3.34 (95% CI 1.88 to 5.92)). Pooled results of two studies also showed a positive effect of bupropion compared with placebo (RR 2.03 (95% CI 1.26 to 3.28)). When pooling these four studies, we found high-quality evidence for the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy plus high-intensity behavioural treatment compared with placebo plus high-intensity behavioural treatment (RR 2.53 (95% CI 1.83 to 3.50)). Furthermore, we found some evidence that high-intensity behavioural treatment increased abstinence rates when compared with usual care (RR 25.38 (95% CI 8.03 to 80.22)) or low-intensity behavioural treatment (RR 2.18 (95% CI 1.05 to 4.49)). Finally, the results showed effectiveness of various combinations of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found high-quality evidence in a meta-analysis including four (1,540 participants) of the 16 included studies that a combination of behavioural treatment and pharmacotherapy is effective in helping smokers with COPD to quit smoking. Furthermore, we conclude that there is no convincing evidence for preferring any particular form of behavioural or pharmacological treatment. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors van Eerd,E.A., van der Meer,R.M., van Schayck,O.C., Kotz,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160820 PMCID Editors
Smoking cessation during alcohol treatment: a randomized trial of combination nicotine patch plus nicotine gum	2009	Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. ned.cooney@yale.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 104 Issue 9 Start Page 1588 Other Pages 1596 Notes LR: 20151119; ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00064844; GR: P50 AA1563/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 AA011197/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 AA011197/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 AA011197-09/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9304118 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1360-0443; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 19549054 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02624.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19549054 Abstract AIMS: The primary aim was to compare the efficacy of smoking cessation treatment using a combination of active nicotine patch plus active nicotine gum versus therapy consisting of active nicotine patch plus placebo gum in a sample of alcohol-dependent tobacco smokers in an early phase of out-patient alcohol treatment. A secondary aim was to determine whether or not there were any carry-over effects of combination nicotine replacement on drinking outcomes. DESIGN: Small-scale randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial with 1-year smoking and drinking outcome assessment. SETTING: Two out-patient substance abuse clinics provided a treatment platform of behavioral alcohol and smoking treatment delivered in 3 months of weekly sessions followed by three monthly booster sessions. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 96 men and women with a diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence and smoking 15 or more cigarettes per day. INTERVENTION: All participants received open-label transdermal nicotine patches and were randomized to receive either 2 mg nicotine gum or placebo gum under double-blind conditions. FINDINGS: Analysis of 1-year follow-up data revealed that patients receiving nicotine patch plus active gum had better smoking outcomes than those receiving patch plus placebo gum on measures of time to smoking relapse and prolonged abstinence at 12 months. Alcohol outcomes were not significantly different across medication conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study were consistent with results of larger trials of smokers without alcohol problems, showing that combination therapy (nicotine patch plus gum) is more effective than monotherapy (nicotine patch) for smoking cessation. Descriptors Adult, Alcoholism/psychology/rehabilitation, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine/administration & dosage, Nicotinic Agonists/administration & dosage, Patient Compliance, Placebos/administration & dosage, Secondary Prevention, Smoking/drug therapy/psychology, Smoking Cessation/methods/psychology, Treatment Outcome Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cooney,N. L., Cooney,J. L., Perry,B. L., Carbone,M., Cohen,E. H., Steinberg,H. R., Pilkey,D. T., Sevarino,K., Oncken,C. A., Litt,M. D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090622 PMCID PMC2753831 Editors
Smoking cessation among diabetes patients: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial in Kerala, India	2013	Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695011, India. kavumpurathu@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 18-Jan Volume 13 Issue Start Page 47 Other Pages 2458-13-47 Notes LR: 20150219; GR: R01TW005969-01/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC3560246; 2012/07/16 [received]; 2013/01/15 [accepted]; 2013/01/18 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 23331722 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-13-47 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23331722 Abstract BACKGROUND: India has the second largest diabetic population (61 million) and tobacco users (275 million) in the world. Data on smoking cessation among diabetic patients are limited in low and middle income countries. The objective of the study was to document the effectiveness of diabetic specific smoking cessation counseling by a non-doctor health professional in addition to a cessation advice to quit, delivered by doctors. METHODS: In our parallel-group randomized controlled trial, we selected 224 adult diabetes patients aged 18 years or older who smoked in the last month, from two diabetes clinics in South India. Using a computer generated random sequence with block size four; the patients were randomized equally into intervention-1 and intervention-2 groups. Patients in both groups were asked and advised to quit smoking by a doctor and distributed diabetes specific education materials. The intervention-2 group received an additional diabetes specific 30 minutes counseling session using the 5As (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist and Arrange), and 5 Rs (Relevance, Risks, Rewards, Roadblocks and Repetition) from a non-doctor health professional. Follow up data were available for 87.5% of patients at six months. The Quit Tobacco International Project is supported by a grant from the Fogarty International Centre of the US National Institutes of Health (RO1TW005969-01).The primary outcomes were quit rate (seven day smoking abstinence) and harm reduction (reduction of the number of cigarettes / bidis smoked per day > 50% of baseline use) at six months. RESULTS: In the intention to treat analysis, the odds for quitting was 8.4 [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.1-17.1] for intervention-2 group compared to intervention-1 group. Even among high level smokers the odds of quitting was similar. The odds of harm reduction was 1.9 (CI: 0.8-4.1) for intervention-2 group compared to intervention-1 group. CONCLUSIONS: The value addition of culturally sensitive diabetic specific cessation counseling sessions delivered by non-doctor health professional was an impressive and efficacious way of preventing smoking related diabetic complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2012/01/002327). Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Thankappan,K.R., Mini,G.K., Daivadanam,M., Vijayakumar,G., Sarma,P.S., Nichter,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130118 PMCID PMC3560246 Editors
Smoking behaviour and increase in nicotine and carboxyhaemoglobin in venous blood	1992	Medizinische Universitatsklinik Heidelberg.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Clinical investigator Periodical, Abbrev. Clin.Investig. Pub Date Free Form Mar-Apr Volume 70 Issue 4-Mar Start Page 335 Other Pages 342 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9207154; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); 9061-29-4 (Carboxyhemoglobin); ppublish Place of Publication GERMANY ISSN/ISBN 0941-0198; 0941-0198 Accession Number PMID: 1521048 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 1521048 Abstract The connection between smoking behaviour (number of puffs, puff volume, depth of inhalation, duration of inhalation) and the increase in both nicotine and carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) in venous blood was investigated with methods developed especially for measurement of the puff volume, the depth of inhalation, and the duration of inhalation in 28 inhaling cigarette smokers. A significant correlation could be demonstrated between the smoking parameters and the nicotine and carboxyhaemoglobin increase. The weighting obtained shows that the number of puffs is the most important parameter affecting the increase in nicotine, whereas the depth of inhalation and the puff volume are of much less relevance. The duration of inhalation does not affect the nicotine level. A significant increase in nicotine cannot be attained in non-inhalative smoking of cigarettes with an acid mainstream smoke (n = 14). The increase in COHb is most affected by the puff volume, and slightly less by the number of puffs and the depth of inhalation. The duration of inhalation does not affect the COHb level. Descriptors Administration, Inhalation, Adult, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Carboxyhemoglobin/analysis, Female, Humans, Lung Compliance, Male, Nicotine/blood/pharmacokinetics, Partial Pressure, Smoking/blood, Veins, Vital Capacity Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rieben,F. W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoking behaviour and attitudes among adult Saudi nationals in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia	1996	Department of Community Health Sciences, College Of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Autumn Volume 5 Issue 3 Start Page 215 Other Pages 219 Notes LR: 20081120; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC1759520; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0964-4563; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 9035357 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9035357 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To measure the smoking behaviour and attitudes among Saudi adults residing in Riyadh City, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Primary health care centres (PHCCs) in Riyadh City were selected by stratified random sampling. Subjects resident in each PHCC catchment area were selected by systematic sampling from their records in the PHCCs; 1534 adults aged 15 years and older were interviewed during January to April 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported smoking prevalence; age of smoking initiation; daily cigarette consumption; duration of smoking; reasons for smoking, not smoking, and quitting smoking; intentions to smoke in the future; and attitudes toward various tobacco control measures. RESULTS: 25.3% of respondents were current smokers, 10.2% were ex-smokers, and 64.5% had never smoked. About 79% of all smokers started smoking between the ages of 15 and 30 years, and 19.5% before age 15. Significantly higher smoking prevalence and daily cigarette consumption were associated with being male, single, and being more highly educated. Relief of psychological tension, boredom, and imitating others were the most important reasons for smoking, whereas health and religious considerations were the most important reasons for not smoking among never-smokers, for quitting among ex-smokers, and for attempting to quit or thinking about quitting among current smokers. About 90% of all subjects thought that they would not smoke in the future. Physicians and religious men were identified as the most effective anti-smoking advocates by a much higher proportion of respondents (44%) than nurses, health educators, and teachers (each less than 5%). Health and religious education were generally cited as more effective in deterring smoking than tobacco control laws and policies. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking is prevalent among Saudi adults in Riyadh, particularly males, most of whom begin to smoke rather early in life and continue for many years. Health and religious education should be the cornerstone for any organised tobacco control activities, which are urgently needed to combat the expected future epidemic of smoking-related health problems. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age of Onset, Attitude to Health, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Random Allocation, Saudi Arabia/epidemiology, Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Saeed,A. A., Khoja,T. A., Khan,S. B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1759520 Editors
Smoking behavior of males attending the quit tobacco clinics in Bahrain and their knowledge on tobacco smoking health hazards	2018		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 18 Issue 1 Start Page 199 Other Pages Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher BioMed Central Data Source google Authors Hamadeh, Randah R, Ahmed, Jamil, Al Kawari, Maha, Bucheeri, Sharifa Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoking ban and indoor air quality in restaurants in Mumbai, India	2011	Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, India.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Indian.J.Occup.Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 15 Issue 2 Start Page 68 Other Pages 72 Notes LR: 20130529; JID: 9815775; OID: NLM: PMC3249793; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish Place of Publication India ISSN/ISBN 1998-3670; 0973-2284 Accession Number PMID: 22223953 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.4103/0019-5278.90377 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22223953 Abstract BACKGROUND: Second-hand smoke contains several toxic chemicals that are known to pollute the air and harm people's health. In India, smoking in public places has been prohibited since October 2008 as a way to reduce second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure. The purpose of the present study was to assess the implementation of smoke-free policies and its impact on indoor air quality by measuring the PM(2.5) levels in bars and restaurants, restaurants, country liquor bars, hookah restaurants and pubs in Mumbai. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Air quality measurements at 50 venues were conducted by using a "SIDEPAK() AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor" during April to May 2009. Average concentration of PM(2.5) (mug/m(3)) particles was calculated separately for each venue. RESULTS: Smoking was observed in 36% of the surveyed venues during an hour of data collection. The PM(2.5) levels ranged from 16.97 to 1101.76 mug/m(3). The average level of PM(2.5) among non-smoking venues was 97.19 mug/m(3) and among smoking venues was 363.04 mug/m(3). CONCLUSION: Considerable scope for improvement in implementation of smoke-free policies exists. The PM(2.5) levels were exceedingly high in venues where smoking was observed. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Raute,L.J., Gupta,P.C., Pednekar,M.S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC3249793 Editors
Smoking at home is strongly associated with symptoms of asthma and rhinitis in children of primary school age in Trinidad and Tobago	2004	University of the West Indies, Faculty of Medical Sciences-St. Augustine Campus, Champs Fleurs, Trinidad. mmonteil@tstt.net.tt	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Panam.Salud Publica Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 16 Issue 3 Start Page 193 Other Pages 198 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9705400; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1020-4989; 1020-4989 Accession Number PMID: 15507187 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S1020-49892004000900006 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15507187 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare, in the twin-island republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the prevalence of symptoms of asthma and rhinitis among children of primary school age who are exposed to household environmental tobacco smoke with the prevalence of these symptoms in their colleagues without this exposure. METHODS: Between September and December 2002, questionnaires based on the instrument developed for the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) were distributed, via the children in their schools, to parents of 6,611 Year 2 pupils (typically 6 years old) or Year 3 pupils (typically 7 years old) in 106 randomly selected schools in Trinidad and Tobago (5,511 pupils on Trinidad and 1,100 pupils on Tobago). We added to the standard ISAAC questionnaires two questions, one on household smoking and one on the ethnicity of the children. RESULTS: A total of 3 170 completed questionnaires were suitable for further analysis (2,618 from Trinidad and 552 from Tobago). On Trinidad 782 of the children (29.9%) lived in homes where one or both parents smoked, and 513 (19.6%) had other relatives in the household who smoked. On Tobago 94 of the pupils (17.0%) had parents who smoked, and 84 (15.4%) came from homes where other residents smoked. Parental smoking was significantly associated with wheezing (odds ratio (OR): 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.83), exercise-induced wheezing (OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.59-2.82), nocturnal coughing (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.37-1.97), and symptoms of rhinitis (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.10-1.65) in the last 12 months as well as a history of hay fever/sinus problems (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.11-1.74). Smoking in the home by adult residents other than parents was also significantly associated with all of these symptoms as well as a history of asthma (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.13-1.97). In terms of ethnic differences, parental smoking was most prevalent in the homes of South Asian students, while smoking by other adults in the home occurred most commonly in the households of pupils of mixed race. CONCLUSIONS: Even in Trinidad and Tobago, which is a tropical environment where more time is spent outdoors and homes have more open ventilation than in temperate climates, environmental tobacco smoke exposure is closely associated with an increased prevalence of symptoms of asthma and rhinitis in primary-school-aged children. Descriptors Adult, Asthma/epidemiology/etiology, Child, Cough, Ethnic Groups, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Respiratory Sounds, Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/epidemiology/etiology, Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology/etiology, Sampling Studies, Sinusitis/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects, Trinidad and Tobago/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Monteil,M. A., Joseph,G., Chang Kit,C., Wheeler,G., Antoine,R. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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