WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort ascending	SearchLink
Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation	2015	Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK, OX2 6GG.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 12-Oct Volume (10):CD009670. doi Issue 10 Start Page CD009670 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; 0 (Antidepressive Agents); 0 (Benzazepines); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Quinoxalines); 01ZG3TPX31 (Bupropion); BL03SY4LXB (Nortriptyline); W6HS99O8ZO (Varenicline); epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 26457723 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD009670.pub3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26457723 Abstract BACKGROUND: Effective pharmacotherapies are available to help people who are trying to stop smoking, but quitting can still be difficult and providing higher levels of behavioural support may increase success rates further. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of increasing the intensity of behavioural support for people using smoking cessation medications, and to assess whether there are different effects depending on the type of pharmacotherapy, or the amount of support in each condition. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register in May 2015 for records with any mention of pharmacotherapy, including any type of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, nortriptyline or varenicline that evaluated the addition of personal support or compared two or more intensities of behavioural support. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials in which all participants received pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation and conditions differed by the amount of behavioural support. The intervention condition had to involve person-to-person contact. The control condition could receive less intensive personal contact, or just written information. We did not include studies that used a contact-matched control to evaluate differences between types or components of support. We excluded trials recruiting only pregnant women, trials recruiting only adolescents, and trials with less than six months follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: One author prescreened search results and two authors agreed inclusion or exclusion of potentially relevant trials. One author extracted data and another checked them.The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months of follow-up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically-validated rates if available. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each study. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS: Forty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria with over 18,000 participants in the relevant arms. There was little evidence of statistical heterogeneity (I(2) = 18%) so we pooled all studies in the main analysis. There was evidence of a small but statistically significant benefit from more intensive support (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.24) for abstinence at longest follow-up. All but four of the included studies provided four or more sessions of support to the intervention group. Most trials used NRT. We did not detect significant effects for studies where the pharmacotherapy was nortriptyline (two trials) or varenicline (one trial), but this reflects the absence of evidence.In subgroup analyses, studies that provided at least four sessions of personal contact for the intervention and no personal contact for the control had slightly larger estimated effects (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.45; 6 trials, 3762 participants), although a formal test for subgroup differences was not significant. Studies where all intervention counselling was via telephone (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.41; 6 trials, 5311 participants) also had slightly larger effects, and the test for subgroup differences was significant, but this subgroup analysis was not prespecified. In this update, the benefit of providing additional behavioural support was similar for the subgroup of trials in which all participants, including controls, had at least 30 minutes of personal contact (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.32; 21 trials, 5166 participants); previously the evidence of benefit in this subgroup had been weaker. This subgroup was not prespecified and a test for subgroup differences was not significant. We judged the quality of the evidence to be high, using the GRADE approach. We judged a small number of trials to be at high risk of bias on one or more domains, but findings were not sensitive to their exclusion. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Providing Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stead,L.F., Koilpillai,P., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151012 PMCID Editors
Incentives for smoking cessation	2015	Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK, OX2 6GG.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 18-May Volume (5):CD004307. doi Issue 5 Start Page CD004307 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 25983287 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004307.pub5 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25983287 Abstract BACKGROUND: Material or financial incentives are widely used in an attempt to precipitate or reinforce behaviour change, including smoking cessation. They operate in workplaces, in clinics and hospitals, and to a lesser extent within community programmes. In this third update of our review we now include trials conducted in pregnant women, to reflect the increasing activity and resources now targeting this high-risk group of smokers. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether incentives and contingency management programmes lead to higher long-term quit rates. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register, with additional searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO. The most recent searches were in December 2014, although we also include two trials published in 2015. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomised controlled trials, allocating individuals, workplaces, groups within workplaces, or communities to experimental or control conditions. We also considered controlled studies with baseline and post-intervention measures. We include studies in a mixed-population setting (e.g. community-, work-, institution-based), and also, for this update, trials in pregnant smokers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: One author (KC) extracted data and a second (JH-B) checked them. We contacted study authors for additional data where necessary. The main outcome measure in the mixed-population studies was abstinence from smoking at longest follow-up, and at least six months from the start of the intervention. In the trials of pregnant smokers abstinence was measured at the longest follow-up, and at least to the end of the pregnancy. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-one mixed-population studies met our inclusion criteria, covering more than 8400 participants. Ten studies were set in clinics or health centres, one in Thai villages served by community health workers, two in academic institutions, and the rest in worksites. All but six of the trials were run in the USA. The incentives included lottery tickets or prize draws, cash payments, vouchers for goods and groceries, and in six trials the recovery of money deposited by those taking part. The odds ratio (OR) for quitting with incentives at longest follow-up (six months or more) compared with controls was 1.42 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19 to 1.69; 17 trials, [20 comparisons], 7715 participants). Only three studies demonstrated significantly higher quit rates for the incentives group than for the control group at or beyond the six-month assessment: One five-arm USA trial compared rewards- and deposit-based interventions at individual and group level, with incentives available up to USD 800 per quitter, and demonstrated a quit rate in the rewards groups of 8.1% at 12 months, compared with 4.7% in the deposits groups. A direct comparison between the rewards-based and the deposit-based groups found a benefit for the rewards arms, with an OR at 12 months of 1.76 (95% CI 1.22 to 2.53; 2070 participants). Although more people in this trial accepted the rewards programmes than the deposit programmes, the proportion of quitters in each group favoured the deposit-refund programme. Another USA study rewarded both participation and quitting up to USD 750, and achieved sustained quit rates of 9.4% in the incentives group compared with 3.6% for the controls. A deposit-refund trial in Thailand also achieved significantly higher quit rates in the intervention group (44.2%) compared with the control group (18.8%), but uptake was relatively low, at 10.5%. In the remaining trials, there was no clear evidence that participants who committed their own money to the programme did better than those who did not, or that contingent rewards enhanced success rates over fixed payment schedules. We rated the overall quality of the older studies as low, but with later trials (post-2000) more likely to meet current standards of methodology and reporting.Eight of nine trials with usable data in pre Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cahill,K., Hartmann-Boyce,J., Perera,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150518 PMCID Editors
Print-based self-help interventions for smoking cessation	2014	Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK, OX2 6GG.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 3-Jun Volume (6):CD001118. doi Issue 6 Start Page CD001118 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; 0 (Chewing Gum); 0 (Polymethacrylic Acids); 0 (Polyvinyls); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 24888233 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001118.pub3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24888233 Abstract BACKGROUND: Many smokers give up smoking on their own, but materials giving advice and information may help them and increase the number who quit successfully. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this review were to determine: the effectiveness of different forms of print-based self-help materials, compared with no treatment and with other minimal contact strategies; the effectiveness of adjuncts to print-based self help, such as computer-generated feedback, telephone hotlines and pharmacotherapy; and the effectiveness of approaches tailored to the individual compared with non-tailored materials. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register. Date of the most recent search April 2014. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized trials of smoking cessation with follow-up of at least six months, where at least one arm tested a print-based self-help intervention. We defined self help as structured programming for smokers trying to quit without intensive contact with a therapist. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data in duplicate on the participants, the nature of the self-help materials, the amount of face-to-face contact given to intervention and to control conditions, outcome measures, method of randomization, and completeness of follow-up.The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in people smoking at baseline. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence in each trial, and biochemically validated rates when available. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 74 trials which met the inclusion criteria. Many study reports did not include sufficient detail to judge risk of bias for some domains. Twenty-eight studies (38%) were judged at high risk of bias for one or more domains but the overall risk of bias across all included studies was judged to be moderate, and unlikely to alter the conclusions.Thirty-four trials evaluated the effect of standard, non-tailored self-help materials. Pooling 11 of these trials in which there was no face-to-face contact and provision of structured self-help materials was compared to no intervention gave an estimate of benefit that just reached statistical significance (n = 13,241, risk ratio [RR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04 to 1.37). This analysis excluded two trials with strongly positive outcomes that introduced significant heterogeneity. Six further trials without face-to-face contact in which the control group received alternative written materials did not show evidence for an effect of the smoking self-help materials (n = 7023, RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.04). When these two subgroups were pooled, there was no longer evidence for a benefit of standard structured materials (n = 20,264, RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.18). We failed to find evidence of benefit from providing standard self-help materials when there was brief contact with all participants (5 trials, n = 3866, RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.42), or face-to-face advice for all participants (11 trials, n = 5365, RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.18).Thirty-one trials offered materials tailored for the characteristics of individual smokers, with controls receiving either no materials, or stage matched or non-tailored materials. Most of the trials used more than one mailing. Pooling these showed a benefit of tailored materials (n = 40,890, RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.37) with moderate heterogeneity (I(2) = 32%). The evidence is strongest for the subgroup of nine trials in which tailored materials were compared to no intervention (n = 13,437, RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.53), but also supports tailored materials as more helpful than standard materials. Part of this effect could be due to the additional contact or assessment required to obtain individual data, since the subgroup of 10 trials where the number of contacts was matched did not detect an effect (n = 11,024, RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.20). In two t Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hartmann-Boyce,J., Lancaster,T., Stead,L.F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140603 PMCID Editors
Workplace interventions for smoking cessation	2014	Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK, OX2 6GG.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 26-Feb Volume (2):CD003440. doi Issue 2 Start Page CD003440 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; GR: Department of Health/United Kingdom; JID: 100909747; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 24570145 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003440.pub4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24570145 Abstract BACKGROUND: The workplace has potential as a setting through which large groups of people can be reached to encourage smoking cessation. OBJECTIVES: 1. To categorize workplace interventions for smoking cessation tested in controlled studies and to determine the extent to which they help workers to stop smoking.2. To collect and evaluate data on costs and cost effectiveness associated with workplace interventions. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register (July 2013), MEDLINE (1966 - July 2013), EMBASE (1985 - June 2013), and PsycINFO (to June 2013), amongst others. We searched abstracts from international conferences on tobacco and the bibliographies of identified studies and reviews for additional references. SELECTION CRITERIA: We selected interventions conducted in the workplace to promote smoking cessation. We included only randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials allocating individuals, workplaces, or companies to intervention or control conditions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: One author extracted information relating to the characteristics and content of all kinds of interventions, participants, outcomes and methods of the studies, and a second author checked them. For this update we have conducted meta-analyses of the main interventions, using the generic inverse variance method to generate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. MAIN RESULTS: We include 57 studies (61 comparisons) in this updated review. We found 31 studies of workplace interventions aimed at individual workers, covering group therapy, individual counselling, self-help materials, nicotine replacement therapy, and social support, and 30 studies testing interventions applied to the workplace as a whole, i.e. environmental cues, incentives, and comprehensive programmes. The trials were generally of moderate to high quality, with results that were consistent with those found in other settings. Group therapy programmes (odds ratio (OR) for cessation 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05 to 2.80; eight trials, 1309 participants), individual counselling (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.51 to 2.54; eight trials, 3516 participants), pharmacotherapies (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.26 to 3.11; five trials, 1092 participants), and multiple intervention programmes aimed mainly or solely at smoking cessation (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.13; six trials, 5018 participants) all increased cessation rates in comparison to no treatment or minimal intervention controls. Self-help materials were less effective (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.82; six trials, 1906 participants), and two relapse prevention programmes (484 participants) did not help to sustain long-term abstinence. Incentives did not appear to improve the odds of quitting, apart from one study which found a sustained positive benefit. There was a lack of evidence that comprehensive programmes targeting multiple risk factors reduced the prevalence of smoking. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: 1. We found strong evidence that some interventions directed towards individual smokers increase the likelihood of quitting smoking. These include individual and group counselling, pharmacological treatment to overcome nicotine addiction, and multiple interventions targeting smoking cessation as the primary or only outcome. All these interventions show similar effects whether offered in the workplace or elsewhere. Self-help interventions and social support are less effective. Although people taking up these interventions are more likely to stop, the absolute numbers who quit are low.2. We failed to detect an effect of comprehensive programmes targeting multiple risk factors in reducing the prevalence of smoking, although this finding was not based on meta-analysed data. 3. There was limited evidence that participation in programmes can be increased by competitions and incentives organized by the employer, although one trial demonstrated a sustained effect of financial rewards for attending a smoking cessation Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cahill,K., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140226 PMCID Editors
Predictors of cessation in smokers suspected of TB: Secondary analysis of data from a cluster randomized controlled trial	2015	Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, G22 Charles Thackrah Building, 101 Clarendon Road, LS2 9LJ Leeds, UK. Electronic address: h.elsey@leeds.ac.uk.; ARRC, Heslington, University	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Drug and alcohol dependence Periodical, Abbrev. Drug Alcohol Depend. Pub Date Free Form 1-Oct Volume 155 Issue Start Page 128 Other Pages 133 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 7513587; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/05/08 [received]; 2015/08/04 [revised]; 2015/08/05 [accepted]; 2015/08/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 1879-0046; 0376-8716 Accession Number PMID: 26297296 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.002 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26297296 Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoking cessation services are rarely found within health services in low income countries. Given the interactions between Tuberculosis (TB) and tobacco, including cessation support within TB programs offers a promising cost-effective solution. We conducted secondary analysis of data from a cluster randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation in health centers in Pakistan to identify predictors of continuous and short-term abstinence in smokers suspected of TB using cigarettes or hookah. METHODS: Predictor variables of those continuously abstinent at 5 and 25 weeks post quit-date (continuous abstinence) and those abstinent only at 5 weeks (short-term abstinence) were compared with those who continued smoking and with each other. Self-reported abstinence at both time points was confirmed biochemically. RESULTS: Data obtained from 1955 trial participants were analyzed. The factors that predicted continued smoking when compared to continuous abstinence were: being older RR 0.97 (0.95 to 0.98), smoking higher quantities of tobacco RR 0.975 (0.97 to 0.98) and sharing a workplace with other smokers RR 0.88 (0.77 to 0.99). Those with a confirmed TB diagnosis were more likely to remain continuously abstinent than those without RR 1.27 (1.10-1.47). CONCLUSIONS: Those diagnosed with TB are more likely to be abstinent than those diagnosed with other respiratory conditions. Beyond this, predictors of continued smoking in Pakistan are similar to those in high income contexts. Taking advantage of the 'teachable moment' that a TB diagnosis provides is an efficient means for resource-poor TB programs in low income settings to increase tobacco cessation and improve health outcomes. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ireland Ltd Data Source Authors Elsey,H., Dogar,O., Ahluwalia,J., Siddiqi,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150810 PMCID Editors
An intervention to stop smoking among patients suspected of TB--evaluation of an integrated approach	2010	Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Charles Thackrah Building, 101 Clarendon Road, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9LJ, UK. hssks@leeds.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 25-Mar Volume 10 Issue Start Page 160 Other Pages 2458-10-160 Notes LR: 20141204; ISRCTN/ISRCTN08829879; GR: Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; JID: 100968562; 2010/03/09 [received]; 2010/03/25 [accepted]; 2010/03/25 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 20338041 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-10-160 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20338041 Abstract BACKGROUND: In many low- and middle-income countries, where tobacco use is common, tuberculosis is also a major problem. Tobacco use increases the risk of developing tuberculosis, secondary mortality, poor treatment compliance and relapses. In countries with TB epidemic, even a modest relative risk leads to a significant attributable risk. Treating tobacco dependence, therefore, is likely to have benefits for controlling tuberculosis in addition to reducing the non-communicable disease burden associated with smoking. In poorly resourced health systems which face a dual burden of disease secondary to tuberculosis and tobacco, an integrated approach to tackle tobacco dependence in TB control could be economically desirable. During TB screening, health professionals come across large numbers of patients with respiratory symptoms, a significant proportion of which are likely to be tobacco users. These clinical encounters, considered to be "teachable moments", provide a window of opportunity to offer treatment for tobacco dependence. METHODS/DESIGN: We aim to develop and trial a complex intervention to reduce tobacco dependence among TB suspects based on the WHO 'five steps to quit' model. This model relies on assessing personal motivation to quit tobacco use and uses it as the basis for assessing suitability for the different therapeutic options for tobacco dependence.We will use the Medical Research Council framework approach for evaluating complex interventions to: (a) design an evidence-based treatment package (likely to consist of training materials for health professionals and education tools for patients); (b) pilot the package to determine the delivery modalities in TB programme (c) assess the incremental cost-effectiveness of the package compared to usual care using a cluster RCT design; (d) to determine barriers and drivers to the provision of treatment of tobacco dependence within TB programmes; and (e) support long term implementation. The main outcomes to assess the effectiveness would be point abstinence at 4 weeks and continuous abstinence up to 6 months. DISCUSSION: This work will be carried out in Pakistan and is expected to have relevance for other low and middle income countries with high tobacco use and TB incidence. This will enhance our knowledge of the cost-effectiveness of treating tobacco dependence in patients suspected of TB. TRIAL REGISTRATION: TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN08829879. Descriptors Epidemics, Female, Health Promotion/methods, Humans, Male, Pakistan/epidemiology, Patient Compliance, Poverty, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/methods, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/microbiology/prevention & control, Treatment Outcome, Tuberculosis/complications/epidemiology/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Siddiqi,K., Khan,A., Ahmad,M., Shafiq-ur-Rehman Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100325 PMCID PMC2850346 Editors
Homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction via flotation assistance for rapid and efficient determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples	2013	Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute, Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Majid2_haji@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Analytica Chimica Acta Periodical, Abbrev. Anal.Chim.Acta Pub Date Free Form 31-Jan Volume 762 Issue Start Page 54 Other Pages 60 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 0370534; 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Solvents); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 2012/08/25 [received]; 2012/10/15 [revised]; 2012/10/17 [accepted]; 2012/10/24 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-4324; 0003-2670 Accession Number PMID: 23327945 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.030 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23327945 Abstract In this work, a rapid, simple and efficient homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction via flotation assistance (HLLME-FA) method was developed based on applying low density organic solvents without no centrifugation. For the first time, a special extraction cell was designed to facilitate collection of the low-density solvent extraction in the determination of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The effect of different variables on the extraction efficiency was studied simultaneously using experimental design. The variables of interest in the HLLME-FA were selected as extraction and homogeneous solvent volumes, ionic strength and extraction time. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the optimum conditions of all the variables. Using optimized variables in the extraction process, for all target PAHs, the detection limits, the precisions and the linearity of the method were found in the range of 14-41 mug L(-1), 3.7-10.3% (RSD, n=3) and 50-1000 mug L(-1), respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of four target PAHs in the water samples, and satisfactory results were obtained. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Hosseini,M.H., Rezaee,M., Akbarian,S., Mizani,F., Pourjavid,M.R., Arabieh,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121024 PMCID Editors
A biomonitor of trace heavy metals: Indium and dysprosium in red alder roots (Alnus rubra Bong.)	1981	Nucl. Sci. Cent., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental and experimental botany Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Exp.Bot. Pub Date Free Form 1981/ Volume 21 Issue 2 Start Page 217 Other Pages 223 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0098-8472 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Bioaccumulation of indium (In) and dysprosium (Dy) by the roots of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) was tested in a small free-flowing stream in Oregon. Mixed solutions of the two elements, In and Dy, were continuously introduced into the stream water as non-radioactive tracers for 1.8 hr and 2.1 hr in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, the two elements were added in a non-chelated form; in the second expreiment, upstream from the first, indium-DTPA [(carboxymethylimino)bis(ethylene-dinitrilo) tetraacetic acid pentasodium salt] and dysprosium-DTPA were used as tracers. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to determine the quantity of each stable tracer sorbed to the alder roots and the amount remaining in the stream water. Non-chelated In was sorbed by roots up to a concentration of 1.7 Î¼g In/g of root (dry wt), whereas the In-DTPA sorption rate was higher by a factor of approximately 2. Non-chelated Dy was sorbed by roots up to a concentration of 29 Î¼g Dy/g of root (dry wt), while the sorption of Dy-DTPA was less by a factor of 8. Descriptors dysprosium, indium, animal experiment, vascular plant, tree Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Knaus,R. M., El-Fawaris,A. H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia	2013	Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK. daniel.tsoi@nottshc.nhs.uk.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 28-Feb Volume (2):CD007253. doi Issue 2 Start Page CD007253 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; 0 (Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation); 0 (Benzazepines); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Quinoxalines); 01ZG3TPX31 (Bupropion); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); W6HS99O8ZO (Varenicline); epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 23450574 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD007253.pub3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23450574 Abstract BACKGROUND: Individuals with schizophrenia smoke more heavily than the general population and this contributes to their higher morbidity and mortality from smoking-related illnesses. It remains unclear what interventions can help them to quit or to reduce smoking. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of different treatments for nicotine dependence in schizophrenia. SEARCH METHODS: We searched electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO from inception to October 2012, and the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register in November 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised trials for smoking cessation or reduction, comparing any pharmacological or non-pharmacological intervention with placebo or with another therapeutic control in adult smokers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility and quality of trials, as well as extracted data. Outcome measures included smoking abstinence, reduction in the amount smoked and any change in mental state. We extracted abstinence and reduction data at the end of treatment and at least six months after the intervention. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence or reduction and biochemically validated data where available. We noted any reported adverse events. Where appropriate, we pooled data using a random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS: We included 34 trials (16 trials of cessation; nine trials of reduction; one trial of relapse prevention; eight trials that reported smoking outcomes for interventions aimed at other purposes). Seven trials compared bupropion with placebo; meta-analysis showed that cessation rates after bupropion were significantly higher than placebo at the end of treatment (seven trials, N = 340; risk ratio [RR] 3.03; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.69 to 5.42) and after six months (five trials, N = 214, RR 2.78; 95% CI 1.02 to 7.58). There were no significant differences in positive, negative and depressive symptoms between bupropion and placebo groups. There were no reports of major adverse events such as seizures with bupropion.Smoking cessation rates after varenicline were significantly higher than placebo, at the end of treatment (2 trials, N = 137; RR 4.74, 95% CI 1.34 to 16.71). Only one trial reported follow-up at six months and the CIs were too wide to provide evidence of a sustained effect (one trial, N = 128, RR 5.06, 95% CI 0.67 to 38.24). There were no significant differences in psychiatric symptoms between the varenicline and placebo groups. Nevertheless, there were reports of suicidal ideation and behaviours from two people on varenicline.Two studies reported that contingent reinforcement (CR) with money may increase smoking abstinence rates and reduce the level of smoking in patients with schizophrenia. However, it is uncertain whether these benefits can be maintained in the longer term. There was no evidence of benefit for the few trials of other pharmacological therapies (including nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)) and psychosocial interventions in helping smokers with schizophrenia to quit or reduce smoking. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Bupropion increases smoking abstinence rates in smokers with schizophrenia, without jeopardizing their mental state. Varenicline may also improve smoking cessation rates in schizophrenia, but its possible psychiatric adverse effects cannot be ruled out. CR may help this group of patients to quit and reduce smoking in the short term. We failed to find convincing evidence that other interventions have a beneficial effect on smoking in schizophrenia. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tsoi,D.T., Porwal,M., Webster,A.C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130228 PMCID Editors
A two stage algorithm for target and suspect analysis of produced water via gas chromatography coupled with high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry	2016	Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0349 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: saer.samanipour@niva.no.; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0349 Oslo, Norway.; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0349 Oslo, Norway.; Norwegian	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 29-Jul Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes LR: 20160815; CI: Copyright (c) 2016; JID: 9318488; OTO: NOTNLM; 2016/03/30 [received]; 2016/07/14 [revised]; 2016/07/27 [accepted]; aheadofprint Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1873-3778; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 27524301 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI S0021-9673(16)31018-4 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27524301 Abstract Gas chromatography coupled with high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-HR-TOFMS) has gained popularity for the target and suspect analysis of complex samples. However, confident detection of target/suspect analytes in complex samples, such as produced water, remains a challenging task. Here we report on the development and validation of a two stage algorithm for the confident target and suspect analysis of produced water extracts. We performed both target and suspect analysis for 48 standards, which were a mixture of 28 aliphatic hydrocarbons and 20 alkylated phenols, in 3 produced water extracts. The two stage algorithm produces a chemical standard database of spectra, in the first stage, which is used for target and suspect analysis during the second stage. The first stage is carried out through five steps via an algorithm here referred to as unique ion extractor (UIE). During the first step the m/z values in the spectrum of a standard that do not belong to that standard are removed in order to produce a clean spectrum and then during the last step the cleaned spectrum is calibrated. The Dot-product algorithm, during the second stage, uses the cleaned and calibrated spectra of the standards for both target and suspect analysis. We performed the target analysis of 48 standards in all 3 samples via conventional methods, in order to validate the two stage algorithm. The two stage algorithm was demonstrated to be more robust, reliable, and less sensitive to the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), when compared to the conventional method. The Dot-product algorithm showed lower potential in producing false positives compared to the conventional methods, when dealing with complex samples. We also evaluated the effect of the mass accuracy on the performances of Dot-product algorithm. Our results indicated the crucial importance of HR-MS data and the mass accuracy for confident suspect analysis in complex samples. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Samanipour,S., Langford,K., Reid,M.J., Thomas,K.V. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160729 PMCID Editors

E-mail