WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Physician and dentist tobacco use counseling and adolescent smoking behavior: results from the 2000 National Youth Tobacco Survey	2005	Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10032, USA. drs26@columbia.edu.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 115 Issue 3 Start Page 719 Other Pages 725 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0376422; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-4275; 0031-4005 Accession Number PMID: 15741377 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI 115/3/719 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15741377 Abstract OBJECTIVE: The present study describes patterns of tobacco use counseling among physicians and dentists as reported by adolescents and determines the association between provider advice to quit and cessation activities among current smokers. METHODS: Data were analyzed from the 2000 National Youth Tobacco Survey, an anonymous, self-administered, school-based survey. The National Youth Tobacco Survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of 35828 students in grades 6 to 12 in 324 schools. RESULTS: Thirty-three percent of adolescents who visited a physician or a dentist in the past year reported that a physician counseled them about the dangers of tobacco use, and 20% reported that a dentist provided a similar message. Among students who smoked in the past year, 16.4% received advice to quit from a physician and 11.6% received advice to quit from a dentist. Physician or dentist advice to quit was correlated with 1 or more quit attempts in the past 12 months. CONCLUSION: On the basis of adolescent reports, physician and dentist practice patterns remain well below recommended guidelines. Results suggest that provider advice to quit is associated with cessation activity. Additional studies are needed to confirm whether the low prevalence of brief provider tobacco use counseling is a missed opportunity to affect adolescent smoking behavior. Descriptors Adolescent, Child, Counseling/statistics & numerical data, Data Collection, Dentists, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Patient Education as Topic/statistics & numerical data, Physicians, Practice Patterns, Physicians'/statistics & numerical data, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, United States Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Shelley,D., Cantrell,J., Faulkner,D., Haviland,L., Healton,C., Messeri,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A portable, low-resistance puff topography instrument for pulsating, high-flow smoking devices.	2005	Shihadeh, A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Behavior research methods Periodical, Abbrev. Behav Res Methods Pub Date Free Form / Volume 37 Issue 1 Start Page 186 Other Pages 191 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1554-351X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract A smoking topography instrument appropriate for pulsating high flow rate smoking devices, such as the narghile water pipe, has been developed and tested. Instrument precision and repeatability was determined using a digitally controlled smoking machine, and the added draw resistance due to the topography instrument was measured over the range of expected puff flow rates. The maximum error in any topography variable was found to be less than 5%. The instrument was successfully demonstrated in a pilot field study of 30 volunteer narghile smokers. The pilot study yielded an average smoker puff volume, duration, and interpuff interval of 0.531, 2.47 sec, 16.28 sec, respectively. Descriptors article, artifact, computer graphics, equipment design, flow kinetics, human, information processing, devices, Lebanon, lung ventilation, mathematical computing, nebulizer, pathophysiology, physiology, pilot study, pressure transducer, signal processing, smoking, tobacco dependence Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Shihadeh,A., Antonios,C., Azar,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, "tar", and nicotine in the mainstream smoke aerosol of the narghile water pipe	2005		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Chem Toxicol Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 43 Issue 5 Start Page 655 Other Pages 61 Notes ID: 15778004 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract A smoking machine protocol and yields for "tar", nicotine, PAH, and CO are presented for the standard 171-puff steady periodic smoking regimen proposed by Shihadeh et al. Shihadeh, A., Azar, S., Antonios, C., Haddad, A., 2004b. Towards a topographical model of narghile water-pipe cafe smoking: A pilot study in a high socioeconomic status neighborhood of Beirut, Lebanon. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 79(1), 75]. Results show that smokers are likely exposed to more "tar" and nicotine than previously thought, and that pyronsynthesized PAH are present in the "tar" despite the low temperatures characteristic of the tobacco in narghile smoking. With a smoking regimen consisting of 171 puffs each of 0.53l volume and 2.6s duration with a 17 s interpuff interval, the following results were obtained for a single smoking session of 10 g of mo'assel tobacco paste with 1.5 quick-lighting charcoal disks applied to the narghile head: 2.94 mg nicotine, 802 mg "tar", 145 mg CO, and relative to the smoke of a single cigarette, greater quantities of chrysene, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene. Anthracene and pyrene were also identified but not quantified. The results indicate that narghile smoke likely contains an abundance of several of the chemicals thought to be causal factors in the elevated incidence of cancer, cardiovascular disease and addiction in cigarette smokers. Descriptors Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Carcinogens/analysis, Nicotine/analysis, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Smoke/analysis, Tars/chemistry, Tobacco/chemistry, Aerosols, Chrysenes/analysis, Enzyme Inhibitors/analysis, Filtration/instrumentation, Fluorenes/analysis, Humans, Phenanthrenes/analysis, Plants, Toxic, Smoking/adverse effects, Tars/analysis, Temperature, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-15778004 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Shihadeh,Alan, Saleh,Rawad Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Does stage-based smoking cessation advice in pregnancy result in long-term quitters? 18-month postpartum follow-up of a randomized controlled trial	2005	Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 100 Issue 1 Start Page 107 Other Pages 116 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 9304118; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0965-2140; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 15598198 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI ADD936 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15598198 Abstract AIMS: To evaluate the effect on quitting smoking at 18 months postpartum of smoking cessation interventions based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) delivered in pregnancy compared to current standard care. It has been claimed that TTM-based interventions will continue to create quitters after the end of the intervention period. DESIGN: Cluster randomized trial. SETTING: Antenatal clinics in general practices in the West Midlands, UK. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 918 pregnant smokers originally enrolled in the trial, of which 393 women were followed-up at 18 months postpartum. INTERVENTIONS: One hundred general practices were randomized into the three trial arms. Midwives in these practices delivered three interventions: A (standard care), B (TTM-based self-help manuals) and C (TTM-based self-help manuals plus sessions with an interactive computer program giving individualized smoking cessation advice). MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported continuous and point prevalence abstinence since pregnancy. FINDINGS: When combined together, there was a slight and not significant benefit for both TTM arms compared to the control, with an odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.20 (0.29-4.88) for continuous abstinence. For point prevalence abstinence, the OR (95%CI) was 1.15 (0.66-2.03). Seven of the 54 (13%) women who had quit at the end of pregnancy were still quit 18 months later, and there was no evidence that the TTM-based interventions were superior in preventing relapse. CONCLUSIONS: The TTM-based interventions may have shown some evidence of a short-term benefit for quitting in pregnancy but no benefit relative to standard care when followed-up in the longer-term. Descriptors Adult, Behavior Therapy/methods, Cluster Analysis, Confidence Intervals, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Promotion, Humans, Odds Ratio, Patient Compliance, Patient Education as Topic/methods, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications/prevention & control, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods/psychology, Treatment Outcome Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lawrence,T., Aveyard,P., Cheng,K. K., Griffin,C., Johnson,C., Croghan,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Pipeline materials modify the effectiveness of disinfectants in drinking water distribution systems	2005	Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 95, FIN-70701, Kuopio, Finland. markku.lehtola@ktl.fi	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water research Periodical, Abbrev. Water Res. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 39 Issue 10 Start Page 1962 Other Pages 1971 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0105072; 0 (Disinfectants); 0 (Plastics); 4R7X1O2820 (Chlorine); 789U1901C5 (Copper); 2004/04/28 [received]; 2004/12/29 [revised]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0043-1354; 0043-1354 Accession Number PMID: 15869778 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0043-1354(05)00100-4 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15869778 Abstract We studied how pipe material can modify the effectiveness of UV- and chlorine disinfection in drinking water and biofilms. This study was done with two pipe materials: copper and composite plastic (polyethylene, PE) in a pilot scale water distribution network. UV-disinfection decreased viable bacterial numbers in the pilot waterworks and outlet water of pipes on average by 79%, but in biofilms its disinfecting effect was minor. Chlorine decreased effectively the microbial numbers in water and biofilms of PE pipes. In outlet water from copper pipes, the effect of chlorination was weaker; microbial numbers increased back to the level before chlorination within a few days. In the biofilms present in the copper pipes, chlorine decreased microbial numbers only in front of the pipeline. One reason for weaker efficiency of chlorine in copper pipes was that its concentration declined more rapidly in the copper pipes than in the PE pipes. These results means that copper pipes may require a higher chlorine dosage than plastic pipes to achieve effective disinfection of the pipes. Descriptors Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development/radiation effects, Chlorine/pharmacology, Copper/chemistry, Disinfectants/chemistry/pharmacology, Plastics/chemistry, Ultraviolet Rays, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/methods, Water Supply Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lehtola,M. J., Miettinen,I. T., Lampola,T., Hirvonen,A., Vartiainen,T., Martikainen,P. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Patterns of waterpipe use and dependence: implications for intervention development	2005		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pharmacol Biochem Behav Periodical, Abbrev. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Volume 80 Issue 1 Start Page 173 Other Pages 9 Notes ID: 15652393 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Despite the dramatic increase of tobacco smoking via waterpipe in Arab societies, and the apparent potential of waterpipe use to produce tobacco-related disease, little is known about the pharmacological effects of this method of tobacco smoking, particularly its ability to support dependence. This review focuses on recent waterpipe research and current theories of dependence in an attempt to identify patterns of waterpipe use and features likely to reveal dependence. Recent work indicates that, relative to cigarette smoking, this form of tobacco use is characterized by more intermittent use, later age of onset, greater spread among women and lower interest in quitting or appreciation of addictive properties. Waterpipe use is associated with classic features of tobacco/nicotine dependence, as well as features unique to this tobacco use method. However, even shared features of dependence, such as craving and addiction-induced socio-cognitive behavioral changes, can be displayed differently in waterpipe users, indicating the need for waterpipe-specific research approaches. Preliminary evidence suggests that an important step toward dependence involves a transition from social to individual patterns of waterpipe use. Surveillance and research into factors affecting use and cessation of this tobacco use method should pave the way for the development of effective prevention and intervention strategies to curb the burgeoning waterpipe use epidemic. Descriptors Smoking Cessation/methods, Smoking/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Confidence Intervals, Humans, Odds Ratio, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking/trends, Tobacco Use Disorder/prevention & control Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-15652393 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Maziak,W., Eissenberg,T., Ward,K. D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Standardizing questionnaire items for the assessment of waterpipe tobacco use in epidemiological studies	2005	Maziak, W., Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Public health Periodical, Abbrev. Public Health Pub Date Free Form / Volume 119 Issue 5 Start Page 400 Other Pages 404 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0033-3506 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Lessons from surveillance of the smoking epidemic show that the lack of adequate attention to standardizing measures and instruments for epidemiological studies has negatively influenced our ability to assess spatial and secular trends in smoking worldwide. Waterpipe smoking, another hazardous form of tobacco use, is gaining popularity worldwide, with societies in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) being most affected. Several research groups are currently investigating the epidemiology of waterpipe smoking among various populations in the EMR. Initial evidence shows that in contrast to usage patterns observed in adult cigarette smoking, waterpipe smoking is characterized mainly by intermittent and social use. As such, many measures that have been traditionally used for the study of usage patterns and dependence among adult cigarette smokers are uninformative for waterpipe smoking. Thus, the need to develop standardized measures and terminology for assessment of the epidemiology of waterpipe smoking in different populations is of paramount importance. As the monitoring of waterpipe smoking is in its infancy, the development of consensus measures should facilitate the initiation of effective surveillance that can guide public health response to this emerging epidemic. Â© 2004 The Royal Institute of Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Descriptors article, smoking, consensus, epidemic, health hazard, health survey, human, medical research, monitoring, nomenclature, population research, public health service, questionnaire, social aspect, society, Southern Europe, standardization Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Maziak,W., Ward,K. D., Afifi Soweid,R. A., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Workplace interventions for smoking cessation	2005		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 18-Apr Volume -2 Issue 2 Start Page CD003440 Other Pages Notes LR: 20130628; JID: 100909747; UIN: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD003440. PMID: 18843645; RF: 175; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 15846667 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003440.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15846667 Abstract BACKGROUND: The workplace has potential as a setting through which large groups of people can be reached to encourage smoking cessation. OBJECTIVES: To categorize workplace interventions for smoking cessation tested in controlled studies and to determine the extent to which they help workers to stop smoking or to reduce tobacco consumption. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register in October 2004, MEDLINE (1966 - October 2004), EMBASE (1985 - October 2004) and PsycINFO (to October 2004). We searched abstracts from international conferences on tobacco and we checked the bibliographies of identified studies and reviews for additional references. SELECTION CRITERIA: We categorized interventions into two groups: a) Interventions aimed at the individual to promote smoking cessation and b) interventions aimed at the workplace as a whole. We applied different inclusion criteria for the different types of study. For interventions aimed at helping individuals to stop smoking, we included only randomized controlled trials allocating individuals, workplaces or companies to intervention or control conditions. For studies of smoking restrictions and bans in the workplace, we also included controlled trials with baseline and post-intervention outcomes and interrupted times series studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Information relating to the characteristics and content of all kinds of interventions, participants, outcomes and methods of the study was abstracted by one author and checked by two others. Because of heterogeneity in the design and content of the included studies, we did not attempt formal meta-analysis, and evaluated the studies using qualitative narrative synthesis. MAIN RESULTS: Workplace interventions aimed at helping individuals to stop smoking included ten studies of group therapy, seven studies of individual counselling, nine studies of self-help materials and five studies of nicotine replacement therapy. The results were consistent with those found in other settings. Group programmes, individual counselling and nicotine replacement therapy increased cessation rates in comparison to no treatment or minimal intervention controls. Self-help materials were less effective.Workplace interventions aimed at the workforce as a whole included 14 studies of tobacco bans, two studies of social support, four studies of environmental support, five studies of incentives, and eight studies of comprehensive (multi-component) programmes. Tobacco bans decreased cigarette consumption during the working day but their effect on total consumption was less certain. We failed to detect an increase in quit rates from adding social and environmental support to these programmes. There was a lack of evidence that comprehensive programmes reduced the prevalence of smoking. Competitions and incentives increased attempts to stop smoking, though there was less evidence that they increased the rate of actual quitting. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found: 1. Strong evidence that interventions directed towards individual smokers increase the likelihood of quitting smoking. These include advice from a health professional, individual and group counselling and pharmacological treatment to overcome nicotine addiction. Self-help interventions are less effective. All these interventions are effective whether offered in the workplace or elsewhere. Although people taking up these interventions are more likely to stop, the absolute numbers who quit are low. 2. Limited evidence that participation in programmes can be increased by competitions and incentives organized by the employer. 3. Consistent evidence that workplace tobacco policies and bans can decrease cigarette consumption during the working day by smokers and exposure of non-smoking employees to environmental tobacco smoke at work, but conflicting evidence about whether they decrease prevalence of smoking or overall consumption of tobacco by smokers. 4. A lac Descriptors Counseling, Humans, Psychotherapy, Group, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods, Workplace Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Moher,M., Hey,K., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20050418 PMCID Editors
Safety and efficacy of the nicotine patch and gum for the treatment of adolescent tobacco addiction	2005	Teen Tobacco Addiction Research Clinic, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 5500 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. emoolcha@intra.nida.nih.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 115 Issue 4 Start Page e407 Other Pages 14 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0376422; 0 (Chewing Gum); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-4275; 0031-4005 Accession Number PMID: 15805342 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; AIM; IM DOI 115/4/e407 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15805342 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the safety and efficacy of the nicotine patch and gum for adolescents who want to quit smoking. DESIGN: Double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, 3-arm trial with a nicotine patch (21 mg), nicotine gum (2 and 4 mg), or a placebo patch and gum; all participants received cognitive-behavioral group therapy. SETTING: Inner-city, outpatient clinic on the East Coast. Subjects. Thirteen- to 17-year-old adolescents who smoked > or =10 cigarettes per day (CPD), scored > or =5 on the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence, and were motivated to quit smoking. Intervention. Twelve weeks of nicotine patch or gum therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy, with a follow-up visit at 6 months (3 months after the end of treatment). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Safety assessed on the basis of adverse event reports for all 3 groups, prolonged abstinence, assessed through self-report and verified with exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) levels of < or =6 ppm, in intent-to-treat analyses, and smoking reduction (CPD and thiocyanate concentrations) among trial completers. RESULTS: A total of 120 participants were randomized (72% white, 70% female; age: 15.2 +/- 1.33 years; smoking: 18.8 +/- 8.56 CPD; Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence score: 7.04 +/- 1.29) from 1999 to 2003. Participants started smoking at 11.2 +/- 1.98 years of age and had been smoking daily for 2.66 +/- 1.56 years; 75% had at least 1 current psychiatric diagnosis. Mean compliance across groups was higher for the patch (mean: 78.4-82.8%) than for the gum (mean: 38.5-50.7%). Both the patch and gum were well tolerated, and adverse events were similar to those reported in adult trials. Changes in mean saliva cotinine concentrations throughout treatment were not statistically significant. Intent-to-treat analyses of all randomized participants showed CO-confirmed prolonged abstinence rates of 18% for the active-patch group, 6.5% for the active-gum group, and 2.5% for the placebo group; the difference between the active-patch and placebo arms was statistically significant. There was no significant effect of patch versus gum or gum versus placebo on cessation outcomes. Abstinence rates at the 3-month follow-up assessment were sustained but were not significantly associated with treatment group. Mean smoking rates, but not CO or thiocyanate concentrations, decreased significantly in all 3 arms but not as a function of treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine patch therapy combined with cognitive-behavioral intervention was effective, compared with placebo, for treatment of tobacco dependence among adolescent smokers. Decreases in the numbers of cigarettes smoked appeared to be offset by compensatory smoking. Additional study of nicotine gum, with enhanced instructional support, is needed to assess its efficacy among adolescent smokers. Descriptors Administration, Cutaneous, Adolescent, Chewing Gum/adverse effects, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Nicotine/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Nicotinic Agonists/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Smoking Cessation/methods, Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Moolchan,E. T., Robinson,M. L., Ernst,M., Cadet,J. L., Pickworth,W. B., Heishman,S. J., Schroeder,J. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Secondhand smoke exposure and risk following the Irish smoking ban: an assessment of salivary cotinine concentrations in hotel workers and air nicotine levels in bars	2005	Health Service Executive, Western Area, The Annex, Galway, Republic of Ireland. mauricemulcahy@eircom.net	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 14 Issue 6 Start Page 384 Other Pages 388 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9209612; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OID: NLM: PMC1748138; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 16319361 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 14/6/384 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16319361 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the Irish smoking ban has had an impact on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures for hospitality workers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Before and after the smoking ban a cohort of workers (n = 35) from a sample of city hotels (n = 15) were tested for saliva cotinine concentrations and completed questionnaires. Additionally, a random sample (n = 20) of city centre bars stratified by size (range 400-5000 square feet), were tested for air nicotine concentrations using passive samplers before and after the ban. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Salivary cotinine concentrations (ng/ml), duration of self reported exposures to secondhand smoke, air nicotine (microg/cubic metre). RESULTS: Cotinine concentrations reduced by 69%, from 1.6 ng/ml to 0.5 ng/ml median (SD 1.29; p < 0.005). Overall 74% of subjects experienced decreases (range 16-99%), with 60% showing a halving of exposure levels at follow up. Self reported exposure to SHS at work showed a significant reduction from a median 30 hours a week to zero (p < 0.001). There was an 83% reduction in air nicotine concentrations from median 35.5 microg/m3 to 5.95 microg/m3 (p < 0.001). At baseline, three bars (16%) were below the 6.8 microg/m3 air nicotine significant risk level for lung cancer alone; at follow up this increased to 10 (53%). CONCLUSIONS: Passive smoking and associated risks were significantly reduced but not totally eliminated. Exposure to SHS is still possible for those working where smoking is still allowed and those working where smoke may migrate from outdoor areas. Further research is required to assess the true extent and magnitude of these exposures. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Biomarkers/analysis, Cotinine/analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Ireland, Middle Aged, Nicotine/analysis, Occupational Exposure/analysis, Restaurants, Risk Assessment, Saliva/chemistry, Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mulcahy,M., Evans,D. S., Hammond,S. K., Repace,J. L., Byrne,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1748138 Editors

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