WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort ascending	SearchLink
Reduction versus abrupt cessation in smokers who want to quit	2010	Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK, B15 2TT.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 17-Mar Volume (3):CD008033. doi Issue 3 Start Page CD008033 Other Pages Notes LR: 20140317; GR: 10414/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom; GR: PG/08/047/25082/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom; JID: 100909747; CIN: Public Health Nurs. 2011 Jan-Feb;28(1):54-6. PMID: 21198815; UIN: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD008033. PM Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 20238361 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD008033.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20238361 Abstract BACKGROUND: The standard way to stop smoking is to quit abruptly on a designated quit day. A number of smokers have tried unsuccessfully to quit this way. Reducing smoking before quitting could be an alternative approach to cessation. Before this method is adopted it is important to determine whether it is at least as successful as abrupt quitting. OBJECTIVES: 1. To compare the success of reducing smoking to quit and abrupt quitting interventions. 2. To compare adverse events between arms in studies that used pharmacotherapy to aid reduction. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Review Group specialised register, MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycInfo for topic specific terms combined with terms used to identify trials of tobacco addiction interventions. We also searched reference lists of relevant papers and contacted authors of ongoing trials. Date of most recent search: November 2009. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that recruited adults who wanted to quit smoking. Studies included at least one condition which instructed participants to reduce their smoking and then quit and one condition which instructed participants to quit abruptly. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up. We pooled the included trials using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. Trials were split for two sub-group analyses: pharmacotherapy vs no pharmacotherapy, self help therapy vs behavioural support. Adverse events were summarised as a narrative. It was not possible to compare them quantitatively as there was variation in the nature and depth of reporting across studies. MAIN RESULTS: Ten studies were relevant for inclusion, with a total of 3760 participants included in the meta-analysis. Three of these studies used pharmacotherapy as part of the interventions. Five studies included behavioural support in the intervention, four included self-help therapy, and the remaining study had arms which included behavioural support and arms which included self-help therapy. Neither reduction or abrupt quitting had superior abstinence rates when all the studies were combined in the main analysis (RR= 0.94, 95% CI= 0.79 to 1.13), whether pharmacotherapy was used (RR= 0.87, 95% CI= 0.65 to 1.22), or not (RR= 0.97, 95% CI= 0.78 to 1.21), whether studies included behavioural support (RR= 0.87, 95% CI= 0.64 to 1.17) or self-help therapy (RR= 0.98, 95% CI= 0.78 to1.23). We were unable to draw conclusions about the difference in adverse events between interventions, however recent studies suggest that pre-quit NRT does not increase adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Reducing cigarettes smoked before quit day and quitting abruptly, with no prior reduction, produced comparable quit rates, therefore patients can be given the choice to quit in either of these ways. Reduction interventions can be carried out using self-help materials or aided by behavioural support, and can be carried out with the aid of pre-quit NRT. Further research needs to investigate which method of reduction before quitting is the most effective, and which categories of smokers benefit the most from each method, to inform future policy and intervention development. Descriptors Adult, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking/psychology/therapy, Smoking Cessation/methods/psychology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lindson,N., Aveyard,P., Hughes,J. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100317 PMCID Editors
Reduction versus abrupt cessation in smokers who want to quit	2012	Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. n.l.lindson@bham.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 14-Nov Volume 11 Issue Start Page CD008033 Other Pages Notes LR: 20130703; JID: 100909747; CIN: JAMA. 2013 Jul 3;310(1):91-2. PMID: 23821093; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 23152252 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD008033.pub3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23152252 Abstract BACKGROUND: The standard way to stop smoking is to quit abruptly on a designated quit day. A number of smokers have tried unsuccessfully to quit this way. Reducing smoking before quitting could be an alternative approach to cessation. Before this method is adopted it is important to determine whether it is at least as successful as abrupt quitting. OBJECTIVES: 1. To compare the success of reducing smoking to quit and abrupt quitting interventions. 2. To compare adverse events between arms in studies that used pharmacotherapy to aid reduction. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Review Group specialised register using topic specific terms. The register contains reports of trials of tobacco addiction interventions identified from searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycInfo. We also searched reference lists of relevant papers and contacted authors of ongoing trials. Date of most recent search: July 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that recruited adults who wanted to quit smoking. Studies included at least one condition which instructed participants to reduce their smoking and then quit and one condition which instructed participants to quit abruptly. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up. We pooled the included trials using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. Trials were split for two sub-group analyses: pharmacotherapy vs no pharmacotherapy, self help therapy vs behavioural support. Adverse events were summarised as a narrative. It was not possible to compare them quantitatively as there was variation in the nature and depth of reporting across studies. MAIN RESULTS: Ten studies were relevant for inclusion, with a total of 3760 participants included in the meta-analysis. Three of these studies used pharmacotherapy as part of the interventions. Five studies included behavioural support in the intervention, four included self-help therapy, and the remaining study had arms which included behavioural support and arms which included self-help therapy. Neither reduction or abrupt quitting had superior abstinence rates when all the studies were combined in the main analysis (RR= 0.94, 95% CI= 0.79 to 1.13), whether pharmacotherapy was used (RR= 0.87, 95% CI= 0.65 to 1.22), or not (RR= 0.97, 95% CI= 0.78 to 1.21), whether studies included behavioural support (RR= 0.87, 95% CI= 0.64 to 1.17) or self-help therapy (RR= 0.98, 95% CI= 0.78 to1.23). We were unable to draw conclusions about the difference in adverse events between interventions, however recent studies suggest that pre-quit NRT does not increase adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Reducing cigarettes smoked before quit day and quitting abruptly, with no prior reduction, produced comparable quit rates, therefore patients can be given the choice to quit in either of these ways. Reduction interventions can be carried out using self-help materials or aided by behavioural support, and can be carried out with the aid of pre-quit NRT. Further research needs to investigate which method of reduction before quitting is the most effective, and which categories of smokers benefit the most from each method, to inform future policy and intervention development. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lindson-Hawley,N., Aveyard,P., Hughes,J.R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121114 PMCID Editors
Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation	2012	Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 18-Jan Volume 1 Issue Start Page CD006219 Other Pages Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100909747; 0 (Antidepressive Agents); 0 (Benzazepines); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Piperidines); 0 (Pyrazoles); 0 (Quinoxalines); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 22258966 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD006219.pub3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22258966 Abstract BACKGROUND: Most people who stop smoking gain weight. There are some interventions that have been designed to reduce weight gain when stopping smoking. Some smoking cessation interventions may also limit weight gain although their effect on weight has not been reviewed. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the effect of: (1) Interventions targeting post-cessation weight gain on weight change and smoking cessation.(2) Interventions designed to aid smoking cessation that may also plausibly affect weight on post-cessation weight change. SEARCH METHODS: Part 1 - We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's Specialized Register and CENTRAL in September 2011.Part 2 - In addition we searched the included studies in the following "parent" Cochrane reviews: nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), antidepressants, nicotine receptor partial agonists, cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonists and exercise interventions for smoking cessation published in Issue 9, 2011 of the Cochrane Library. SELECTION CRITERIA: Part 1 - We included trials of interventions that were targeted at post-cessation weight gain and had measured weight at any follow up point and/or smoking cessation six or more months after quit day.Part 2 - We included trials that had been included in the selected parent Cochrane reviews if they had reported weight gain at any time point. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data on baseline characteristics of the study population, intervention, outcome and study quality. Change in weight was expressed as difference in weight change from baseline to follow up between trial arms and was reported in abstinent smokers only. Abstinence from smoking was expressed as a risk ratio (RR). We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence available in each trial. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using the inverse variance method for weight and Mantel-Haenszel method for smoking using a fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS: Part 1: Some pharmacological interventions tested for limiting post cessation weight gain (PCWG) resulted in a significant reduction in WG at the end of treatment (dexfenfluramine (Mean difference (MD) -2.50 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.98 to -2.02, 1 study), phenylpropanolamine (MD -0.50 kg, 95% CI -0.80 to -0.20, N=3), naltrexone (MD -0.78 kg, 95% CI -1.52 to -0.05, N=2). There was no evidence that treatment reduced weight at 6 or 12 months (m). No pharmacological intervention significantly affected smoking cessation rates.Weight management education only was associated with no reduction in PCWG at end of treatment (6 or 12m). However these interventions significantly reduced abstinence at 12m (Risk ratio (RR) 0.66, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.90, N=2). Personalised weight management support reduced PCWG at 12m (MD -2.58 kg, 95% CI -5.11 to -0.05, N=2) and was not associated with a significant reduction of abstinence at 12m (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.43, N=2). A very low calorie diet (VLCD) significantly reduced PCWG at end of treatment (MD -3.70 kg, 95% CI -4.82 to -2.58, N=1), but not significantly so at 12m (MD -1.30 kg, 95% CI -3.49 to 0.89, N=1). The VLCD increased chances of abstinence at 12m (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.73, N=1). There was no evidence that cognitive behavioural therapy to allay concern about weight gain (CBT) reduced PCWG, but there was some evidence of increased PCWG at 6m (MD 0.74, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.24). It was associated with improved abstinence at 6m (RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.13, N=2) but not at 12m (RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.86, N=2). However, there was significant statistical heterogeneity.Part 2: We found no evidence that exercise interventions significantly reduced PCWG at end of treatment (MD -0.25 kg, 95% CI -0.78 to 0.29, N=4) however a significant reduction was found at 12m (MD -2.07 kg, 95% CI -3.78 to -0.36, N=3).Both bupropion and fluoxetine limited PCWG at the end of treatment (bupropion MD -1.12 kg, 95% CI -1.47 to -0.77, N=7) (fluoxetine MD -0.99 kg, 95% CI -1.36 to - Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Farley,A.C., Hajek,P., Lycett,D., Aveyard,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120118 PMCID Editors
Isolation of Legionella species/serogroups from water cooling systems compared with potable water systems in Spanish healthcare facilities	2007	Preventive Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of hospital infection Periodical, Abbrev. J.Hosp.Infect. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 67 Issue 4 Start Page 360 Other Pages 366 Notes JID: 8007166; 2007/04/17 [received]; 2007/07/26 [accepted]; 2007/10/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0195-6701; 0195-6701 Accession Number PMID: 17931746 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI S0195-6701(07)00258-7 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17931746 Abstract Surveillance of Legionella spp. in hospital water systems was performed in forty-four inpatient healthcare facilities in Spain during 2005-2006. A total of 2,341 samples were collected: 470 from cooling systems (cooling towers) and 1,871 from potable water systems. The latter included 211 from cold-water tanks and 260 from hot-water tanks, totalling 471 from central water reservoirs 136 from showers, 1,172 from unfiltered taps and 92 from filtered taps, totalling 1,400 from peripheral points. Temperature, chlorine levels and the presence of Legionella spp. were determined. In all, 373 (15.9%) samples yielded Legionella spp. Significantly higher isolation rates were obtained from cooling towers (23.8%) versus cold- and hot-water tanks (approximately 4.7%), due to the significantly higher number of samples positive for serogroup 1 (19.4 vs 0.9-3.5%). In potable water systems, no differences were found between central water tanks and showers, but significant differences in isolation rates between central water tanks and unfiltered taps were observed (4.7 vs 19.6%) due to differences in non-serogroup 1 L. pneumophila. Filters significantly decreased isolation rates of these serotypes (11 vs 0%). Some seasonal differences were noted, with higher isolation rates in summer for legionella serogroup 1 in cooling systems and for L. pneumophila serogroups 2-14 in potable water systems. In regression models, higher temperatures were associated with colonisation in cooling systems, while lower chlorine levels were associated with colonisation in potable water systems. Descriptors Air Conditioning/instrumentation, Equipment Contamination/statistics & numerical data, Health Facilities/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Legionella pneumophila/classification/isolation & purification, Seasons, Serotyping, Spain/epidemiology, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Supply/analysis/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rivera,J. M., Aguilar,L., Granizo,J. J., Vos-Arenilla,A., Gimenez,M. J., Aguiar,J. M., Prieto,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20071010 PMCID Editors
Smoking status in Iranian male adolescents: a cross-sectional study and a meta-analysis	2013	Prevention of Psychosocial Injuries, Research Centre, Ilam Universty of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. Nazarzadeh_milad@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 38 Issue 6 Start Page 2214 Other Pages 2218 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 7603486; 0 (Analgesics, Opioid); 39J1LGJ30J (Tramadol); 2012/07/30 [received]; 2012/11/27 [revised]; 2013/01/29 [accepted]; 2013/02/04 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 23501137 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.01.018 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23501137 Abstract The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of smoking status and its associated factors in Iranian adolescents and a meta-analysis of recent cross-sectional studies in order to estimate the corresponding prevalence for all Iranian adolescents. In a cross-sectional study, 1064 male high school students in Zanjan city (northwest of Iran) were recruited. A self-administered questionnaire was used for smoking status and associated factors. Through the meta-analysis, all relevant published studies were reviewed. Almost one-third of adolescents (34.2%, n=354) have experienced smoking either experimentally (23.4%, n=242), or regularly (10.8%, n=112). Multivariate analysis showed that older age (OR=1.20; 95% CI: 1.05-1.37), risky behaviors (OR=1.83; 1.25-2.68), Tramadol medication (OR=2.19; 1.54-3.11), low self-esteem (OR=1.07; 1.03-1.11), positive attitude toward smoking (OR=1.15; 1.09-1.21), positive thinking about smoking (OR=1.07; 1.01-1.14) and having smoker friends (OR=1.94; 1.36-2.77) were significantly associated with cigarette smoking in adolescents. Meta-analysis results showed that 7% of Iranian adolescents are regular smokers and 27% are experimenters. Increasing prevalence of smoking in Iranian adolescents is a major concern for public health. Controlling risky behaviors and increasing health education are recommended. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Nazarzadeh,M., Bidel,Z., Ayubi,E., Bahrami,A., Jafari,F., Mohammadpoorasl,A., Delpisheh,A., Taremian,F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130204 PMCID Editors
Longitudinal study of e-cigarette use and onset of cigarette smoking among high school students in Hawaii	2016	Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.; Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.; Cancer Control Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hamps	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form 25-Jan Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes LR: 20160726; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/; GR: P30 CA071789/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United Stat Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 26811353 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI tobaccocontrol-2015-052705 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26811353 Abstract OBJECTIVE: Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is prevalent among adolescents, but there is little knowledge about the consequences of their use. We examined, longitudinally, how e-cigarette use among adolescents is related to subsequent smoking behaviour. METHODS: Longitudinal school-based survey with a baseline sample of 2338 students (9th and 10th graders, mean age 14.7 years) in Hawaii surveyed in 2013 (time 1, T1) and followed up 1 year later (time 2, T2). We assessed e-cigarette use, tobacco cigarette use, and psychosocial covariates (demographics, parental support and monitoring, and sensation seeking and rebelliousness). Regression analyses including the covariates tested whether e-cigarette use was related to the onset of smoking among youth who had never smoked cigarettes, and to change in smoking frequency among youth who had previously smoked cigarettes. RESULTS: Among T1 never-smokers, those who had used e-cigarettes at T1 were more likely to have smoked cigarettes at T2; for a complete-case analysis, adjusted OR=2.87, 95% CI 2.03 to 4.05, p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Wills,T.A., Knight,R., Sargent,J.D., Gibbons,F.X., Pagano,I., Williams,R.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160125 PMCID PMC4959970 Editors
E-cigarette use and willingness to smoke: a sample of adolescent non-smokers	2016	Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii USA.; Cancer Control Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.; Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Hono	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 25 Issue e1 Start Page e52 Other Pages 9 Notes LR: 20160422; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/; GR: P30 CA071789/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United Stat Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 26261237 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052349 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26261237 Abstract OBJECTIVE: There is little evidence on the consequences of using electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) in adolescence. With a multiethnic sample of non-smokers, we assessed the relation between e-cigarette use and social-cognitive factors that predict smoking of combustible cigarettes. METHODS: School-based cross-sectional survey of 2309 high school students (mean age 14.7 years). Participants reported on e-cigarette use and cigarette use; on smoking-related cognitions (smoking expectancies, prototypes of smokers) and peer smoker affiliations; and on willingness to smoke cigarettes. Regression analyses conducted for non-cigarette smokers tested the association between e-cigarette use and willingness to smoke cigarettes, controlling for demographics, parenting, academic and social competence, and personality variables. Structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis tested whether the relation between e-cigarette use and willingness to smoke was mediated through any of the three smoking-related variables. RESULTS: Non-smokers who had used e-cigarettes (18% of the total sample) showed more willingness to smoke cigarettes compared with those who had never used any tobacco product; the adjusted OR was 2.35 (95% CI 1.73 to 3.19). SEM showed that the relation between e-cigarette use and willingness to smoke was partly mediated through more positive expectancies about smoking, but there was also a direct path from e-cigarette use to willingness. CONCLUSIONS: Among adolescent non-smokers, e-cigarette use is associated with willingness to smoke, a predictor of future cigarette smoking. The results suggest that use of e-cigarettes by adolescents is not without attitudinal risk for cigarette smoking. These findings have implications for formulation of policy about access to e-cigarettes by adolescents. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Wills,T.A., Sargent,J.D., Knight,R., Pagano,I., Gibbons,F.X. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150810 PMCID PMC4840020 Editors
Incentives for preventing smoking in children and adolescents	2012	Preventable Chronic Diseases Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia. vanessa.johnston@menzies.edu.au.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 17-Oct Volume 10 Issue Start Page CD008645 Other Pages Notes LR: 20130628; JID: 100909747; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 23076949 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD008645.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23076949 Abstract BACKGROUND: Adult smoking usually has its roots in adolescence. If individuals do not take up smoking during this period it is unlikely that they ever will. Further, once smoking becomes established, cessation is challenging; the probability of subsequently quitting is inversely proportional to the age of initiation. One novel approach to reducing the prevalence of youth smoking is the use of incentives. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether incentives prevent children and adolescents from starting to smoke. We also attempted to assess the dose-response of incentives, the costs of incentive programmes, whether incentives are more or less effective in combination with other interventions to prevent smoking initiation and any unintended consequences arising from the use of incentives. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register, with additional searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CSA databases and PsycINFO for terms relating to incentives, in combination with terms for smoking and tobacco use, and children and adolescents. The most recent searches were in May 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomized controlled trials allocating children and adolescents (aged 5 to 18 years) as individuals, groups or communities to intervention or control conditions, where the intervention included an incentive aimed at preventing smoking uptake. We also considered controlled trials with baseline measures and post-intervention outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted by two authors and assessed independently. The primary outcome was the smoking status of children or adolescents at follow-up who reported no smoking at baseline. We required a minimum follow-up of six months from baseline and assessed each included study for risk of bias. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence in each trial; we did not require biochemical validation of self-reported tobacco use for study inclusion. Where possible we combined eligible studies to calculate pooled estimates at the longest follow-up using the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect method, grouping studies by study design. MAIN RESULTS: We identified seven controlled studies that met our inclusion criteria, including participants with an age range of 11 to 14 years. Of the seven trials identified, only five had analysable data relevant for this review and contributed to the meta-analysis (6362 participants in total who were non-smokers at baseline; 3466 in intervention and 2896 in control). All bar one of the studies was a trial of the so-called Smokefree Class Competition (SFC), which has been widely implemented throughout Europe. In this competition, classes with youth generally between the ages of 11 to 14 years commit to being smoke free for a six month period. They report regularly on their smoking status; if 90% or more of the class is non-smoking at the end of the six months, the class goes into a competition to win prizes. The one study that was not a trial of the SFC was a controlled trial in which schools in two communities were assigned to the intervention, with schools in a third community acting as controls. Students in the intervention community with lower smoking rates at the end of the project (one school year) received rewards.Only one study of the SFC competition, a non-randomized controlled trial, reported a significant effect of the competition on the prevention of smoking at the longest follow-up. However, this study had a risk of multiple biases, and when we calculated the adjusted RR we no longer detected a statistically significant difference. The pooled RR for the more robust RCTs (3 studies, n = 3056 participants) suggests that, from the available data, there is no statistically significant effect of incentives to prevent smoking initiation among children and adolescents in the long term (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.19). Pooled results from non-randomized trials also did not detect a significant effect, and we wer Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Johnston,V., Liberato,S., Thomas,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121017 PMCID Editors
Behavioral and environmental influences on fishing rewards and the outcomes of alternative management scenarios for large tropical rivers	2013	PPG/Dept. of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, CP 15007, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. gustavo.hallwass@gmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental management Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Manage. Pub Date Free Form 15-Oct Volume 128 Issue Start Page 274 Other Pages 282 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 0401664; OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/10/14 [received]; 2013/05/13 [revised]; 2013/05/17 [accepted]; 2013/06/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1095-8630; 0301-4797 Accession Number PMID: 23764509 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.037 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23764509 Abstract Identifying the factors that influence the amount of fish caught, and thus the fishers' income, is important for proposing or improving management plans. Some of these factors influencing fishing rewards may be related to fishers' behavior, which is driven by economic motivations. Therefore, those management rules that have less of an impact on fishers' income could achieve better acceptance and compliance from fishers. We analyzed the relative influence of environmental and socioeconomic factors on fish catches (biomass) in fishing communities of a large tropical river. We then used the results from this analysis to propose alternative management scenarios in which we predicted potential fishers' compliance (high, moderate and low) based on the extent to which management proposals would affect fish catches and fishers' income. We used a General Linear Model (GLM) to analyze the influence of environmental (fishing community, season and habitat) and socioeconomic factors (number of fishers in the crew, time spent fishing, fishing gear used, type of canoe, distance traveled to fishing grounds) on fish catches (dependent variable) in 572 fishing trips by small-scale fishers in the Lower Tocantins River, Brazilian Amazon. According to the GLM, all factors together accounted for 43% of the variation in the biomass of the fish that were caught. The behaviors of fishers' that are linked to fishing effort, such as time spent fishing (42% of the total explained by GLM), distance traveled to the fishing ground (12%) and number of fishers (10%), were all positively related to the biomass of fish caught and could explain most of the variation on it. The environmental factor of the fishing habitat accounted for 10% of the variation in fish caught. These results, when applied to management scenarios, indicated that some combinations of the management measures, such as selected lakes as no-take areas, restrictions on the use of gillnets (especially during the high-water season) and individual quotas larger than fishers' usual catches, would most likely have less impact on fishers' income. The proposed scenarios help to identify feasible management options, which could promote the conservation of fish, potentially achieving higher fishers' compliance. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Hallwass,G., Lopes,P.F., Juras,A.A., Silvano,R.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130610 PMCID Editors
Calibration and comparison of chlorine decay models for a test water distribution system	2000	Powell, R.S., Water Operational Reserch Centre, Dept. Manufacturing/Eng. Systems, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water research Periodical, Abbrev. Water Res. Pub Date Free Form 2000/06 Volume 34 Issue 8 Start Page 2301 Other Pages 2309 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0043-1354 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract This paper investigates the kinetics of monochloramine as disinfectant in a 1.3 km water pipe. A novel procedure for the correction of chlorine meter errors is introduced and applied. Parameter estimation using nonlinear optimisation procedures is used to identify decay coefficients for monochloramine models with a single coefficient or two coefficients as used in EPANET. Important difficulties in fitting these parameters which come about because of the model structure are highlighted. Finally, results of decay coefficients are presented and investigated for flow, inlet chlorine concentration and temperature dependence. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. Descriptors chlorine, monochloramine, article, chemical reaction kinetics, drug efficacy, model, priority journal, procedures, temperature, water quality, water treatment Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Maier,S. H., Powell,R. S., Woodward,C. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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