WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Patterns of cannabis use, cannabis-related beliefs and dependence: Study of 159 adolescent users	2002	Chabrol, H., 31400 Toulouse, France	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Archives de Pediatrie Periodical, Abbrev. Arch.Pediatr. Pub Date Free Form 2002/ Volume 9 Issue 8 Start Page 780 Other Pages 788 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0929-693X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objective. - To evaluate the connections between the frequency and patterns of cannabis use and dependence, and the beliefs linked to cannabis use in a sample of adolescents. Method. - In 2001, 285 high school students (163 boys, 122 girls; mean age = 17.5Â±1.1 years) completed questionnaires assessing the patterns of cannabis use, and the symptoms of dependence and abuse, using a questionnaire derived from the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Cannabis-related beliefs were assessed using the Beliefs Questionnaire for Drug Addiction. Results. - Frequency of subjects who reported having used cannabis during the last year was 65.4% of boys and 42.6% of girls. Among users, 53.6% of boys and 39.3% of girls were regular users, 10.6% of boys and 7.8% of girls being daily users. Almost half of the users reported other means of consumption than "joints", in particular water-pipes or "bongs" (34.5% of boys, 26.4% of girls). Among users, near of 33% of boys and girls met the criteria for cannabis dependence. Dependence was more frequent in users practicing other means of consumption than "joints", increasing to 51% for "bong" users. Expectancies of pleasure or relief, and permissive beliefs reflecting the perception of cannabis use as risk free were higher in users and, particularly, in subjects with cannabis dependence. Regression analysis showed that these beliefs were the strongest predictors of cannabis use and dependence. Predictors of use in the total sample were expectancies of pleasure and permissive beliefs, being a male and the age of the subject. Predictors of dependence among users were expectancies of relief, frequency of use, and use of other means of consumption than "joints". Conclusions. - Cannabis use in adolescents appeared to be characterized by the frequency of use, consumption by means other than "joints" and by the frequency of dependence. Cannabis use and dependence are linked to expectancies and permissive beliefs that could be targeted for prevention and treatment. Â© 2002 Editions scientifiques et mÃ©dicales Elsevier SAS. Descriptors cannabis, adolescent, adult, age, article, cannabis addiction, female, human, major clinical study, male, regression analysis, sex difference, symptomatology Links Book Title Modes de consommation, reprÃ©sentations du cannabis et dÃ©pendance: Ã‰tude de 159 adolescents consommateurs Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Chabrol,H., Massot,E., Montovany,A., Chouicha,K., Armitage,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Cigarette smoking, use of other tobacco products and stomach cancer mortality in US adults: The Cancer Prevention Study II	2002	Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30329-4251, USA. achao@cancer.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of cancer Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Cancer Pub Date Free Form 1-Oct Volume 101 Issue 4 Start Page 380 Other Pages 389 Notes LR: 20160303; CI: Copyright 2002; GR: K07CA75062/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 0042124; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0020-7136; 0020-7136 Accession Number PMID: 12209964 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1002/ijc.10614 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12209964 Abstract Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of stomach cancer in many studies but there are limited data on this relationship in women and on risk associated with use of tobacco products other than cigarettes. We examined stomach cancer death rates in relation to cigarette smoking in women and use of cigarette, cigar, pipe, or smokeless tobacco in men in a nationwide prospective mortality study in the United States (US). Cohort follow-up from 1982-96 identified 996 and 509 stomach cancer deaths among 467,788 men and 588,053 women, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using non-users of tobacco as the referent group. Multivariate-adjusted RRs were the highest for men who currently smoked cigars (RR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.49-3.51) or cigarettes (RR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.75-2.67) and both increased with smoking duration. Women who currently (RR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.18-1.88) or formerly (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.08-1.71) smoked cigarettes were at significantly increased risk, as were men who formerly smoked cigarettes (RR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.28-1.88), or currently (RR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.40-2.35) or formerly (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.22-2.03) used more than one type of tobacco. Men who reported a history of chronic indigestion or gastroduodenal ulcer had substantially higher mortality rates associated with current cigarette (RR = 3.45, 95% CI = 2.05-5.80) or cigar (RR = 8.93, 95% CI = 4.02-19.90) smoking, as did men who were current aspirin users. If causal, the estimated proportion of stomach cancer deaths attributable to tobacco use would be 28% in US men and 14% in women. We conclude that prolonged use of tobacco products is associated with increased stomach cancer mortality in men and women. The accumulated evidence from this and other studies support reconsidering stomach cancer as a tobacco-related cancer. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Cohort Studies, Diet, Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage, Female, Fruit, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking/adverse effects, Smoking Cessation, Stomach Neoplasms/etiology/mortality, Tobacco, United States/epidemiology, Vegetables Links Book Title Database Publisher Wiley-Liss, Inc Data Source Authors Chao,A., Thun,M. J., Henley,S. J., Jacobs,E. J., McCullough,M. L., Calle,E. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation	2002	Dept of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Mather Building, 5804 Fairview Avenue, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z3. lindsay.stead@dphpc.ox.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form Volume -3 Issue 3 Start Page CD001007 Other Pages Notes LR: 20130628; JID: 100909747; UIN: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD001007. PMID: 15846610; RF: 103; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 12137615 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI CD001007 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12137615 Abstract BACKGROUND: Group therapy offers individuals the opportunity to learn behavioural techniques for smoking cessation, and to provide each other with mutual support. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the effects of smoking cessation programmes delivered in a group format compared to self-help materials, or to no intervention; to compare the effectiveness of group therapy and individual counselling; and to determine the effect of adding group therapy to advice from a health professional or nicotine replacement. We also aimed to determine whether specific components increased the effectiveness of group therapy. We aimed to determine the rate at which offers of group therapy are taken up. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register, with additional searches of PsycInfo and MEDLINE, including the terms behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, psychotherapy or group therapy, in December 2001. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomised trials that compared group therapy with self-help, individual counselling, another intervention or no intervention (including usual care or a waiting list control). We also considered trials that compared more than one group programmes. We included those trials with a minimum of two group meetings, and follow-up of smoking status at least six months after the start of the programme. We excluded trials in which group therapy was provided to both active therapy and placebo arms of trials of pharmacotherapies, unless they had a factorial design. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data in duplicate on the people recruited, the interventions provided to the groups and the controls, including programme length, intensity and main components, the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in patients smoking at baseline. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence in each trial, and biochemically validated rates where available. Subjects lost to follow-up were counted as smokers. Where possible, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed effects (Peto) model. MAIN RESULTS: A total of fifty two trials met inclusion criteria for one or more of the comparisons in the review. Sixteen studies compared a group programme with a self-help programme. There was an increase in cessation with the use of a group programme (N=4,395, odds ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval 1.57 to 2.48). Group programmes were more effective than no intervention controls (six trials, N=775, odds ratio 2.19, 95% confidence interval 1.42 to 3.37). There was no evidence that group therapy was more effective than a similar intensity of individual counselling. There was limited evidence that the addition of group therapy to other forms of treatment, such as advice from a health professional or nicotine replacement produced extra benefit. There was variation in the extent to which those offered group therapy accepted the treatment. There was limited evidence that programmes which included components for increasing cognitive and behavioural skills and avoiding relapse were more effective than same length or shorter programmes without these components. This analysis was sensitive to the way in which one study with multiple conditions was included. There was no evidence that manipulating the social interactions between participants in a group programme had an effect on outcome. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Groups are better than self-help, and other less intensive interventions. There is not enough evidence on their effectiveness, or cost-effectiveness, compared to intensive individual counselling. The inclusion of skills training to help smokers avoid relapse appears to be useful although the evidence is limited. There is not enough evidence to support the use of particular components in a programme beyond the support and skills training normally included. Descriptors Behavior Therapy/methods, Humans, Program Evaluation, Psychotherapy, Group, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stead,L. F., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Architecture, influencing factors, and sensitivity to antifungal agents of Candida biofilm	2002	Department of Dermatology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS, PUMC, Beijing 100730, China. sunqnzhy@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao.Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae Periodical, Abbrev. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 24 Issue 4 Start Page 385 Other Pages 388 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8006230; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 304NUG5GF4 (Itraconazole); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); 8VZV102JFY (Fluconazole); ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 1000-503X; 1000-503X Accession Number PMID: 12905659 Language chi SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12905659 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To establish a model of Candida biofilm and to explore its characteristics, ultrastructure, influences by saliva and serum, and sensitivity to antifungal agents. METHODS: Evaluations of the in vitro growth kinetics, influences by saliva and serum, and sensitivity to antifungal agents of Candida biofilm were performed with the abated tetrazolium salt XTT method on a 96-well microtire petri dish. The ultrastructure of Candida biofilm was observed under Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). RESULTS: The bioactivity of Candida biofilm increased with culturing time and serum could obviously increase the action of biofilm. The Candida biofilm was significantly resistant to routine antifungal agents. CONCLUSION: The Candida cells adhered in biofilms are significantly different in morphology from those in suspension and are resistant to routine antifungal agents such as Amphotericine B, Fluconazole and Itraconazole. Descriptors Amphotericin B/pharmacology, Antifungal Agents/pharmacology, Biofilms/drug effects, Candida/drug effects/ultrastructure, Drug Resistance, Fungal, Fluconazole/pharmacology, Itraconazole/pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Microscopy, Confocal Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sun,Q. N., Fang,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Application of an ozone disinfection apparatus for small drinking water supply systems in rural areas	2002	Sun, X., Office of Beijing Municipal Commission for Patriotic Health Campaign, Beijing 100053, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research Periodical, Abbrev. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu Pub Date Free Form / Volume 31 Issue 5 Start Page 386 Other Pages 388 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1000-8020 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract To design an ozone disinfection apparatus which is inexpensive and to practical for small drinking water supply system in rural areas. And test its effectiveness. Designed apparatus must be rapid, low cost, high automatic and easy for operation. The key technologies are to create ozone of high concentration and to mix it with water very well, and add it into main water pipe automatically. The results showed: In laboratory, at the condition of ozone of 0.2 mg/l for 3 minutes, all germs and bacteria coli were killed. In the field study, the water samples from three villages met the standard for drinking water very well. THE CONCLUSIONS: The apparatus reached the design requirement. An innovative part of the study is that we have improved a device for mixture of ozone with water. The laboratory and field study have proved the apparatus is low cost, high effectiveness, and easy to operate u. It is very useful for small drinking water supply system in rural areas. Descriptors ozone, article, disinfection, health, devices, microbiology, water management, water pollution, water supply Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Sun,X., Liu,Y., Wang,L., Zhang,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smokers deprived of cigarettes for 72 h: effect of nicotine patches on craving and withdrawal	2002	GlaxoSmithKline SpA, Medicine Research Centre, Via A. Fleming N 4, 37135 Verona, Italy. vt46971@gsk.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Psychopharmacology Periodical, Abbrev. Psychopharmacology (Berl) Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 164 Issue 2 Start Page 177 Other Pages 187 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 7608025; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); WI4X0X7BPJ (Hydrocortisone); 2002/01/23 [received]; 2002/06/17 [accepted]; 2002/08/27 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 0033-3158; 0033-3158 Accession Number PMID: 12404080 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Comparative Study; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; IM DOI 10.1007/s00213-002-1176-1 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12404080 Abstract RATIONALE: Research on the effects of nicotine abstinence and nicotine replacement has not provided consistent information about the impact of replacement therapies on tobacco withdrawal and craving. OBJECTIVE: . This study investigated craving and withdrawal symptoms over a 72-h period of abstinence from cigarettes. METHODS: . Twenty-four healthy volunteers, not intending to quit smoking, were housed in an experimental unit during three 72-h conditions, consisting of either free smoking, enforced smoking cessation with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches, or enforced smoking cessation with placebo patches. The conditions were adhered to using a randomized crossover design, each separated by at least 10 days of washout. Patches, administered in a double-blind fashion, were given as nicotine (21 mg/24 h) and placebo every 24 h. Self-reported cigarette craving and withdrawal were assessed using multi-item scales at fixed intervals over each condition period. Urinary and plasma cortisol levels were also assayed at fixed intervals over each period. RESULTS: Craving intensity was significantly lower with free smoke than with placebo and with NRT patches than with placebo. No difference in craving levels was found between those who smoked or those who had NRT patches. Withdrawal symptoms were significantly lower with free smoke than with either placebo or NRT patches, but there was no difference in levels of withdrawal between those on NRT patches and those on placebo. During the placebo and NRT patch periods, craving intensity displayed a circadian rhythm, with craving levels lowest in the morning and peaking in the evening. Nicotine delivered via the patch had no impact on these circadian variations in craving. There was no evidence of systematic temporal variations in craving levels during the free smoking period. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggested that craving and withdrawal symptoms may be sustained by different physiological pathways, and that only selected components of cigarette craving are influenced by NRT. Descriptors Administration, Cutaneous, Adult, Blood Pressure/drug effects, Carbon Monoxide/metabolism, Cotinine/chemistry, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Female, Heart Rate/drug effects, Humans, Hydrocortisone/blood/metabolism/urine, Male, Nicotine/administration & dosage/therapeutic use, Random Allocation, Saliva/drug effects/metabolism, Smoking/drug therapy/physiopathology/psychology, Smoking Cessation, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/drug therapy/physiopathology/psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Teneggi,V., Tiffany,S. T., Squassante,L., Milleri,S., Ziviani,L., Bye,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20020827 PMCID Editors
Tobacco smoking habits, beliefs, and attitudes among medical students in Tirana, Albania	2002	Respiratory Pathophysiology, Sauk University Clinics, Tirana, Albania.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventive medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 34 Issue 3 Start Page 370 Other Pages 373 Notes LR: 20041117; CI: (C)2002; JID: 0322116; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0091-7435; 0091-7435 Accession Number PMID: 11902854 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1006/pmed.2001.0994 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11902854 Abstract BACKGROUND: Many surveys throughout the world have evaluated the smoking behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of medical students, but no information is available from Albania. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey in classroom settings using a self-administered questionnaire was performed at the University of Tirana during October 2000. RESULTS: In the first and fifth years of medical school, 149 (68.5% women) and 185 (55% women) students, respectively, completed the questionnaire, with overall response rates of 82 and 92%. Tobacco smoking prevailed among males. The smoking rates among first-year medical students were 34% among men and 5% among women. Among fifth-year students, 55% of the men and 34% of the women smoked. The percentages of occasional smokers were 29 and 49%, respectively, among the first- and fifth-year students who smoked. Most medical students reported knowing the health hazards of tobacco. Most students in both groups believed that smoking should be restricted in hospitals. Slightly more than half of the students stated that they will regularly advise smokers against smoking in their future jobs. CONCLUSION: Tobacco smoking is common among medical students in Albania. Targeted antismoking training should be mandatory for medical students in Albania. Descriptors Adult, Albania/epidemiology, Attitude to Health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data Collection, Female, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Probability, Reference Values, Risk Assessment, Sex Distribution, Smoking/epidemiology/psychology, Students, Medical, Urban Population Links Book Title Database Publisher American Health Foundation and Elsevier Science (USA) Data Source Authors Vakeflliu,Y., Argjiri,D., Peposhi,I., Agron,S., Melani,A. S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ethnic and gender differences in smoking and smoking cessation in a population of young adult air force recruits	2002	University of Memphis Center for Community Health, 5050 Poplar Avenue, Suite 1800, Memphis, TN 38157, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Health promotion : AJHP Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Health Promot. Pub Date Free Form May-Jun Volume 16 Issue 5 Start Page 259 Other Pages 266 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: HL-53478/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8701680; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0890-1171; 0890-1171 Accession Number PMID: 12053437 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; T DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12053437 Abstract PURPOSE: To examine gender and ethnic differences in smoking and smoking cessation in a population of young adult military recruits. DESIGN: A self-administered survey of demographics, tobacco use, and other health risk behaviors was administered at the start of basic military training. SETTING: The study was conducted at Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, where all U.S. Air Force recruits complete basic military training. SUBJECTS: All recruits who entered the U.S. Air Force between September 1995 and September 1996 participated in this study (n = 32,144; 100% participation rate). MEASURES: Recruits completed a written 53-item behavioral risk questionnaire. Measures examined in the present study included smoking status (ever having smoked a cigarette, current daily smoking, and quitting); demographics (ethnicity, gender, education, family income, and age); smoking history; and nicotine dependence. RESULTS: Rates of ever smoking, current daily smoking, and quitting were examined in multiple logistic regression analyses as a function of gender and ethnicity, controlling for age, education, and family income. Overall, 54% of recruits had ever smoked a cigarette and 24.9% smoked daily at the time of entry into basic military training. Smoking rates were highest among white and Native American recruits. Among whites, women were more likely to be a current daily smoker (31.6% vs. 29.4%; odds ratio [OR] = 1.18, 99% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.08-1.29). The opposite pattern was observed among African-Americans (5.6% vs. 9.8%, respectively; OR = .57; CI = .41-.79). Current smokers had low levels of nicotine dependence compared with the general population of U.S. smokers, but whites tended to be more dependent than other ethnic groups. Cessation rates were similar for men and women but differed according to ethnicity, ranging from 15% among whites to 23% among Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS: These findings document important gender and ethnic differences in cigarette smoking among military recruits. Whites and Native Americans were more likely to smoke, less likely to quit, and more nicotine-dependent than other ethnic groups. Across gender/ethnicity groups, smoking rates were especially high among white women, with nearly one-third smoking daily until entry into basic training. Gender differences were not observed in cessation rates, but Hispanics were more likely than other ethnic groups to have quit smoking. The results highlight the need to develop effective cessation interventions for this population. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Ethnic Groups/psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Military Personnel/psychology, Prevalence, Risk-Taking, Sex Factors, Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Smoking Cessation/ethnology/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Texas/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ward,K. D., Vander Weg,M. W., Kovach,K. W., Klesges,R. C., DeBon,M. W., Haddock,C. K., Talcott,G. W., Lando,H. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Barrett's esophagus. Prevalence, risk of adenocarcinoma, role of endoscopic surveillance	2002	Clinica Chirurgica 4, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy. giovanni.zaninotto@unipd.it	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Minerva chirurgica Periodical, Abbrev. Minerva Chir. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 57 Issue 6 Start Page 819 Other Pages 836 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 0400726; RF: 100; ppublish Place of Publication Italy ISSN/ISBN 0026-4733; 0026-4733 Accession Number PMID: 12592224 Language ita SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; Review; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12592224 Abstract The presence of gastric metaplasia in the distal esophagus is better known as Barrett's Esophagus (BE). It is an acquired condition caused by gastro-esophageal reflux disease and is associated with a high risk of adenocarcinoma development in the distal esophagus and cardia. The definition of BE has changed over the years as only the specialized metaplasia, with the characteristic "goblet cells", has been shown to carry a risk of cancer development. BE is currently defined as the presence of intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus. The prevalence of intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus in patients undergoing endoscopy with multiple biopsies for dyspeptic symptoms, varies from 9-21% at the level of the cardia and from 1.2-8% at 3 cm above the esophago-gastric junction, with a decreasing caudo-cranial frequency. Among the BE population (intestinal metaplasia 3 or more cm long) there is a prevalence of male sex and white race, with an average age between the 5(th) and 7(th) decade. The risk of BE mucosa advancing to esophageal adenocarcinoma is not well established: incidence rates from 1/52 years-patient to 1/441 years-patient and a calculated risk from 30 to 125 times higher than in the normal population were reported. These discrepancies are probably related to: 1) temporal differences of the studies, 2) retrospective versus prospective type of the studies, 3) length of follow-up, 4) number of individuals surveilled, 5) regional variations. A literature analysis confirmed that the differences are mostly related to the number of patients studied (the larger the population the lower the incidence), are generally inversely proportional to the follow-up length (the shorter the follow-up the higher the incidence) and depend on the type of the studies (the incidence is higher in the retrospective studies than in the prospective one's). Surveillance program: esophageal adenocarcinoma is a lethal tumor with a 20% 5-year survival rate. The guidelines of The American College of Gastroenterology advice a two-year surveillance rate for BE patients without dysplasia. The difficulty with BE surveillance programs-- even if worthwhile on a single patient basis-- is that they are very expensive and at the present none of the endoscopic surveillance prospective studies has shown a positive impact in the survival rate. From our knowledge it doesn't seem wise to abandon a precautionary surveillance strategy, but further studies are needed to better understand the risk population: at the moment our advice is to monitor male patients in good general conditions with a BE segment longer than 3 cm. Descriptors Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology, Barrett Esophagus/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology, Esophageal Neoplasms/diagnosis/etiology, Esophagoscopy, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, Prevalence, Risk Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zaninotto,G., Costantini,M., Molena,D., Rizzetto,C., Ekser,B., Ancona,E. Original/Translated Title L'esofago di Barret. Prevalenza, rischio di adenocarcinoma, ruolo dei programmi di sorveglianza endoscopica URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Negative effects of passive smoking on the (unborn) child	2002	Erasmus Medisch Centrum, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis, afd. Longziekten, Postbus 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde Periodical, Abbrev. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. Pub Date Free Form 23-Feb Volume 146 Issue 8 Start Page 356 Other Pages 359 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 0400770; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); CIN: Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002 Apr 20;146(16):782-3; author reply 783. PMID: 11998360; CIN: Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002 Apr 20;146(16):782; author reply 782. PMID: 11998361; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0028-2162; 0028-2162 Accession Number PMID: 11887620 Language dut SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11887620 Abstract The negative effects of passive smoking on the health of the foetus or child continue to receive little attention, despite the large volume of research in this area. Passive smoking during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight, a reduction in head circumference at birth, and a far higher incidence of sudden infant death syndrome. Exposure to cigarette smoke also leads to a decreased lung function, an increased risk of severe infections, including respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, meningococcal disease and middle ear infections. There is no association between passive smoking and the development of allergic asthma, but passive smoking does cause an increase in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in children with or without asthma. Finally, there is a relation between passive smoking and behavioural disorders including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Passive smoking before birth seems even more harmful than after birth. A causal relationship is suggested in most studies, or has been proven by animal experiments. A decreased birth weight in general increases the risk of developing chronic diseases as an adult, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This extensive knowledge about the adverse health effects of smoke exposure in (unborn) children deserves greater attention in the counselling of pregnant women, and in anti-smoking campaigns. Descriptors Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/etiology, Communicable Diseases/etiology, Female, Humans, Infant, Low Birth Weight/physiology, Infant, Newborn, Lung Diseases/etiology, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/etiology, Sudden Infant Death/etiology, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hofhuis,W., Merkus,P. J., de Jongste,J. C. Original/Translated Title Nadelige effecten van passief roken op het (ongeboren) kind URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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