WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Cigarette smoking, salivary/gingival crevicular fluid cotinine and periodontal status. A 10-year longitudinal study	2001	University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis 55455, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of clinical periodontology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Periodontol. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 28 Issue 4 Start Page 331 Other Pages 339 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0425123; K5161X06LL (Cotinine); CIN: J Clin Periodontol. 2001 Sep;28(9):895. PMID: 11493362; ppublish Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 0303-6979; 0303-6979 Accession Number PMID: 11314889 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11314889 Abstract BACKGROUND, AIMS: The primary purpose of this study was to determine the association of salivary and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cotinine levels with periodontal disease status in smokers and non-smokers. METHODS: 147 male smokers and 30 male non-smokers were included in the current longitudinal study. The 177 individuals were part of a group of 200 subjects (89%) seen 10 years previously for a baseline survey. Oral hygiene indices, probing depth and attachment loss were recorded. Salivary and GCF cotinine levels of 58 smokers were determined by means of ELISA. RESULTS: Results indicated that no significant difference was found in subjects who smoked, when compared to subjects who did not smoke with respect to plaque accumulation and calculus deposits. Smokers, however, had fewer gingival bleeding sites. Cigarette smoking was associated with a greater increase in probing depth and attachment loss, as well as greater tooth loss at an earlier age. There was greater tooth loss in smokers than non-smokers (p or = 20 pack years when compared to or = 20 pack years when compared to 0.05). Descriptors Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Cotinine/analysis, Dental Calculus/classification, Dental Plaque/classification, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Gingival Crevicular Fluid/chemistry, Gingival Hemorrhage/classification, Humans, Jaw, Edentulous/classification, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Oral Hygiene Index, Periodontal Attachment Loss/classification, Periodontal Diseases/classification/physiopathology, Periodontal Index, Periodontal Pocket/classification, Regression Analysis, Saliva/chemistry, Smoking/metabolism/physiopathology, Statistics as Topic, Time Factors, Tooth Loss/classification Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Chen,X., Wolff,L., Aeppli,D., Guo,Z., Luan,W., Baelum,V., Fejeskov,O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Soil temperature and plant growth stage influence nitrogen uptake and amino acid concentration of apple during early spring growth	2001	Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tree physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Tree Physiol. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 21 Issue 8 Start Page 541 Other Pages 547 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 100955338; 0 (Amino Acids); 0 (Soil); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 0829-318X; 0829-318X Accession Number PMID: 11359712 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11359712 Abstract In spring, nitrogen (N) uptake by apple roots begins about 3 weeks after bud break. We used 1-year-old 'Fuji' Malus domestica Borkh on M26 bare-root apple trees to determine whether the onset of N uptake in spring is dependent solely on the growth stage of the plant or is a function of soil temperature. Five times during early season growth, N uptake and total amino acid concentration were measured in trees growing at aboveground day/night temperatures of 23/15 degrees C and belowground temperatures of 8, 12, 16 or 20 degrees C. We used (15NH4)(15NO3) to measure total N uptake and rate of uptake and found that both were significantly influenced by both soil temperature and plant growth stage. Rate of uptake of 15N increased with increasing soil temperature and changed with plant growth stage. Before bud break, 15N was not detected in trees growing in the 8 degrees C soil treatment, whereas 15N uptake increased with increasing soil temperatures between 12 and 20 degrees C. Ten days after bud break, 15N was still not detected in trees growing in the 8 degrees C soil treatment, although total 15N uptake and uptake rate continued to increase with increasing soil temperatures between 12 and 20 degrees C. Twenty-one days after bud break, trees in all temperature treatments were able to acquire 15N from the soil, although the amount of uptake increased with increasing soil temperature. Distribution of 15N in trees changed as plants grew. Most of the 15N absorbed by trees before bud break (approximately 5% of 15N supplied per tree) remained in the roots. Forty-six days after bud break, approximately one-third of the 15N absorbed by the trees in the 12-20 degrees C soil temperature treatments remained in the roots, whereas the shank, stem and new growth contained about two-thirds of the 15N taken up by the roots. Total amino acid concentration and distribution of amino acids in trees changed with plant growth stage, but only the amino acid concentration in new growth and roots was affected by soil temperature. We conclude that a combination of low soil temperature and plant developmental stage influences the ability of apple trees to take up and use N from the soil in the spring. Thus, early fertilizer application in the spring when soil temperatures are low or when the aboveground portion of the tree is not actively growing may be ineffective in promoting N uptake. Descriptors Amino Acids/analysis/metabolism, Malus/growth & development/physiology, Nitrogen/metabolism/physiology, Plant Roots/chemistry, Plant Stems/chemistry, Seasons, Soil, Temperature, Trees/growth & development/physiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Dong,S., Scagel,C. F., Cheng,L., Fuchigami,L. H., Rygiewicz,P. T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The physiological kinetics of nitrogen and the prevention of decompression sickness	2001	Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. David.Doolette@adelaide.edu.au	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Clinical pharmacokinetics Periodical, Abbrev. Clin.Pharmacokinet. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 40 Issue 1 Start Page 1 Other Pages 14 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 7606849; N762921K75 (Nitrogen); EIN: Clin Pharmacokinet 2001;40(3):235; RF: 97; ppublish Place of Publication New Zealand ISSN/ISBN 0312-5963; 0312-5963 Accession Number PMID: 11236806 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.2165/00003088-200140010-00001 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11236806 Abstract Decompression sickness (DCS) is a potentially crippling disease caused by intracorporeal bubble formation during or after decompression from a compressed gas underwater dive. Bubbles most commonly evolve from dissolved inert gas accumulated during the exposure to increased ambient pressure. Most diving is performed breathing air, and the inert gas of interest is nitrogen. Divers use algorithms based on nitrogen kinetic models to plan the duration and degree of exposure to increased ambient pressure and to control their ascent rate. However, even correct execution of dives planned using such algorithms often results in bubble formation and may result in DCS. This reflects the importance of idiosyncratic host factors that are difficult to model, and deficiencies in current nitrogen kinetic models. Models describing the exchange of nitrogen between tissues and blood may be based on distributed capillary units or lumped compartments, either of which may be perfusion- or diffusion-limited. However, such simplistic models are usually poor predictors of experimental nitrogen kinetics at the organ or tissue level, probably because they fail to account for factors such as heterogeneity in both tissue composition and blood perfusion and non-capillary exchange mechanisms. The modelling of safe decompression procedures is further complicated by incomplete understanding of the processes that determine bubble formation. Moreover, any formation of bubbles during decompression alters subsequent nitrogen kinetics. Although these factors mandate complex resolutions to account for the interaction between dissolved nitrogen kinetics and bubble formation and growth, most decompression schedules are based on relatively simple perfusion-limited lumped compartment models of blood: tissue nitrogen exchange. Not surprisingly, all models inevitably require empirical adjustment based on outcomes in the field. Improvements in the predictive power of decompression calculations are being achieved using probabilistic bubble models, but divers will always be subject to the possibility of developing DCS despite adherence to prescribed limits. Descriptors Algorithms, Brain/metabolism, Capillaries/metabolism, Decompression/adverse effects, Decompression Sickness/blood/prevention & control, Diving/adverse effects, Humans, Models, Biological, Musculoskeletal System/metabolism, Nitrogen/blood/pharmacokinetics, Spinal Cord/metabolism, Tissue Distribution Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Doolette,D. J., Mitchell,S. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Solid-phase microextraction for the enantiomeric analysis of flavors in beverages	2001	University of California, Davis, Department of Viticulture and Enology, 95616, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of AOAC International Periodical, Abbrev. J.AOAC Int. Pub Date Free Form Mar-Apr Volume 84 Issue 2 Start Page 479 Other Pages 485 Notes LR: 20080317; JID: 9215446; 0 (Flavoring Agents); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1060-3271; 1060-3271 Accession Number PMID: 11324614 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11324614 Abstract Solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis and separation on a chiral cyclodextrin stationary phase was a rapid, reliable technique for profiling chiral aroma compounds in flavored alcoholic beverages. Several enantiomeric terpenes, esters, alcohols, norisoprenoids, and lactones were identified in berry-, peach-, strawberry-, and citrus-flavored wine and malt beverages (wine coolers). Using this technique, we were able to confirm the addition of synthetic flavoring to several beverages, consistent with label designations. Descriptors Alcoholic Beverages/analysis, Beverages/analysis, Flavoring Agents/analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Stereoisomerism, Wine/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ebeler,S. E., Sun,G. M., Datta,M., Stremple,P., Vickers,A. K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Clinical and demographic predictors of Barrett's esophagus among patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a multivariable analysis in veterans	2001	Institute for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. eloubeidi@gihep.uab.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of clinical gastroenterology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Gastroenterol. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 33 Issue 4 Start Page 306 Other Pages 309 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 7910017; CIN: J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001 Oct;33(4):260-1. PMID: 11588537; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0192-0790; 0192-0790 Accession Number PMID: 11588545 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11588545 Abstract BACKGROUND: The subgroup of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that should undergo endoscopy to rule out Barrett's esophagus (BE) has not been well defined. GOALS: To examine demographic and clinical variables predictive of BE before endoscopy. STUDY: A validated GERD questionnaire was administered to 107 patients with biopsy-proven BE and to 104 patients with GERD but no BE shown by endoscopy. Frequent symptoms were defined as symptoms that occurred at least once or more each week. Severity of symptoms was rated on a scale from 1 to 4 (mild to very severe). Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed to determine whether demographic characteristics and the duration, severity, and frequency of GERD symptoms were associated with the identification of BE. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of the GERD patients and 82% of the BE patients completed the questionnaire. There was no difference between the groups in terms of race, gender, or proton pump inhibitor use. The BE patients were older (median age, 64 vs. 57 years, p = 0.04). In multivariable logistic regression, an age of more than 40 years ( p = 0.008), the presence of heartburn or acid regurgitation ( p = 0.03), and heartburn more than once a week ( p = 0.007) were all independent predictors of the presence of BE. Interestingly, patients with BE were less likely to report severe GERD symptoms ( p = 0.0008) and nocturnal symptoms ( p = 0.03). Duration of symptoms, race, alcohol, and smoking history were not associated with BE. CONCLUSIONS: Upper endoscopy should be performed in GERD patients more than 40 years of age who report heartburn once or more per week. The severity of symptoms and the presence of nocturnal symptoms are not reliable indicators of the presence of BE. Descriptors Aged, Analysis of Variance, Barrett Esophagus/diagnosis/epidemiology, Chronic Disease, Cohort Studies, Data Collection, Esophagoscopy, Female, Gastroesophageal Reflux/diagnosis/epidemiology, Gastroscopy, Humans, Incidence, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Predictive Value of Tests, Probability, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Surveys and Questionnaires, Veterans Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Eloubeidi,M. A., Provenzale,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The potential of a polyphasic PCR-dGGE approach in evaluating microbial diversity of natural whey cultures for water-buffalo Mozzarella cheese production: bias of culture-dependent and culture-independent analyses	2001	Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Alimentare e Ambientale e di Igiene, Stazione di Microbiologia Industriale, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Systematic and applied microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Syst.Appl.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 24 Issue 4 Start Page 610 Other Pages 617 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 8306133; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 0723-2020; 0723-2020 Accession Number PMID: 11876368 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0723-2020(04)70075-2 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11876368 Abstract A polyphasic PCR-DGGE approach was used to describe the microbial population occurring in natural whey cultures (NWCs) for water-buffalo Mozzarella cheese production. Total microbial community was assessed without cultivation by analyzing DNA directly extracted from the original samples of NWC. In addition, DNA extracted from bulks of cells formed by harvesting colonies from the serial dilution agar plates of a variety of culture media was used to profile the "cultivable" community. The 16S rDNA V3 region was amplified using DNA from NWC as well as DNA from bulks as templates and the amplicons were separated by DGGE. The microbial entities occurring in NWCs were identified by partial 16S rDNA sequencing of DGGE bands: four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) closest relative of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus crispatus were revealed by the analysis of DNA directly extracted from NWC while two other LAB, Lactobacillus fermentum and Enterococcus faecalis, were identified by analyzing DNA from the cultivable community. The developed PCR-DGGE analysis of the "cultivable" community showed good potential in evaluating microbial diversity of a dairy environment: it usefully highlighted the bias introduced by selective amplification when compared to the analysis of the total community from NWC and allowed suitability of media and growth conditions to be evaluated. Moreover, it could be used to complete the culture independent study of microbial diversity to give information on concentration ratios among species occurring in a particular environment and can be proposed for rapid identification of dominant microorganisms in alternative to traditional tools. Descriptors Animals, Base Sequence, Buffaloes, Cheese/microbiology, Colony Count, Microbial, DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Enterococcus faecalis/genetics/isolation & purification, Food Microbiology, Italy, Lactobacillus/genetics/isolation & purification, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Streptococcus/genetics/isolation & purification Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ercolini,D., Moschetti,G., Blaiotta,G., Coppola,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Long-term monitoring of atmospheric deposition and the implications of ionic inputs for the sustainability of a coniferous forest ecosystem	2001	Farrell, E.P., Forest Ecosystem Research Group, Faculty of Agriculture, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water, air, and soil pollution Periodical, Abbrev. Water Air Soil Pollut. Pub Date Free Form 2001/ Volume 130 Issue 1-4 III Start Page 1055 Other Pages 1060 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0049-6979 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Ionic fluxes in a semi-mature stand of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), on a spodosol in eastern Ireland, were monitored over an eight-year period, 1991-1998. The paper focuses on the long-term viability of forests in this region. Input-output balances, proton budgets and critical loads suggest that the long-term sustainability of forests in the region is threatened unless atmospheric emissions of anthropogenic substances can be controlled. Descriptors ion, proton, article, atmospheric transport, controlled study, ecosystem, environmental management, environmental monitoring, environmental protection, forest, ion transport, Ireland, nonhuman, plant Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Farrell,E. P., Aherne,J., Boyle,G. M., Nunan,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Problems of release of solid asphalt particles into drinking water	2001	FiedorovÃ¡, M., Okresni Hygienicka Stanice, 734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Hygiena Periodical, Abbrev. Hygiena Pub Date Free Form 2001/ Volume 46 Issue 1 Start Page 33 Other Pages 36 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1210-7840 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The authors draw attention to the release of parts of anti-corrosive linings of water pipes with an asphalt base into drinking water. Fragments in the water pipe system are gradually crushed and the smallest particles penetrate as far as the consumer. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are extracted. On an actual example the authors describe in detail the procedure used by the district hygiene officer in solving this problem. Descriptors asphalt, drinking water, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, article, corrosion, hygiene, particulate matter, pipeline, problem solving, water quality Links Book Title Problematika uvolÅˆovÃ¡nÃ pevnÃ½ch ÄÃ¡stic asfaltovÃ© povahy do pitnÃ© vody Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors FiedorovÃ¡,M., AndÄ›l,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Quantitative ultrasound and bone mineral density are equally strongly associated with risk factors for osteoporosis	2001	Osteoporosis Screening and Research Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Periodical, Abbrev. J.Bone Miner.Res. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 16 Issue 2 Start Page 406 Other Pages 416 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 8610640; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0884-0431; 0884-0431 Accession Number PMID: 11204441 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.2.406 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11204441 Abstract Because resources do not allow all women to be screened for osteoporosis, clinical risk factors are often used to identify those individuals at increased risk of fracture who are then assessed by bone densitometry. The aim of this study was to compare calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and axial bone mineral density (BMD) T and Z scores in a large group of women, some with no clinical risk factors and others with one or more risk factors for osteoporosis. The study population consisted of 1115 pre- and postmenopausal women. A subgroup of 530 women was used to construct reference data for calculating T and Z scores. A total of 786 women was found to have one or more of the following risk factors: (i) atraumatic fracture since the age of 25 years, (ii) report of X-ray osteopenia, (iii) predisposing medical condition or use of therapy known to affect bone metabolism, (iv) premature menopause before the age of 45 years or a history of amenorrhea of longer than 6 months duration, (v) family history of osteoporosis, (vi) body mass index (BMI) <20 kg/m2, and (vii) current smoking habit. Calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) measurements were performed on a Hologic Sahara and a DTUone and BMD was measured at the spine and hip using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The Z score decrements associated with the seven risk factors calculated using multivariate regression analysis were similar for QUS and BMD measurements. Z score decrements (mean of BMD and QUS measurements combined) associated with a history of atraumatic fracture (-0.67), X-ray osteopenia (-0.36), a family history of osteoporosis (-0.23), and a low BMI (-0.53) were all statistically significant compared with women with no risk factors. Z score decrements associated with a medical condition or use of therapy known to affect bone metabolism, a premature menopause or prolonged amenorrhea, or those who were current smokers were not significantly different from zero. As the number of risk factors present in each individual increased, the mean Z score decrements became more negative, increasing from -0.28 for women with one risk factor to -1.19 for those with four or more risk factors. QUS and BMD measurements yielded similar mean Z scores for women with one, two, three, or more than four risk factors. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria to diagnose osteoporosis for BMD measurements and revised diagnostic criteria for QUS, approximately one-third of postmenopausal women aged 50+ years with clinical risk factors were classified as osteoporotic compared with only 12% of women without clinical risk factors. Over two-thirds of postmenopausal women with risk factors were classified as osteopenic or osteoporotic and approximately 28% were classified as normal. The proportion of women classified into each diagnostic category was similar for BMD and QUS. In conclusion, clinical risk factors for osteoporosis affected calcaneal BUA and SOS Z score measurements to the same extent as axial BMD Z score measurements. Provided revised diagnostic criteria are adopted for QUS, similar proportions of postmenopausal women are identified as osteopenic or osteoporotic as with BMD. Descriptors Absorptiometry, Photon, Adult, Bone Density, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Osteoporosis/physiopathology/ultrasonography, Prevalence, Risk Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Frost,M. L., Blake,G. M., Fogelman,I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children	2001	Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. gillilland@hsc.usc.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 163 Issue 2 Start Page 429 Other Pages 436 Notes LR: 20071114; GR: 1R01 HL61768-01/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; GR: 5P01 ES09581/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: 5P30 ES07048-02/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: R826708-01/PHS HHS/United States; JID: 9421642; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublis Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1073-449X; 1073-449X Accession Number PMID: 11179118 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; AIM; IM DOI 10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.2006009 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11179118 Abstract The effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on asthma and wheezing were investigated in 5,762 school-aged children residing in 12 Southern California communities. Responses to a self- administered questionnaire completed by parents of 4th, 7th, and 10th grade students were used to ascertain children with wheezing or physician-diagnosed asthma. Lifetime household exposures to tobacco smoke were assessed using responses about past and current smoking histories of household members and any history of maternal smoking during pregnancy. Logistic regression models were fitted to cross-sectional data to estimate the effects of in utero exposure to maternal smoking and previous and current ETS exposure on the prevalence of wheezing and physician-diagnosed asthma. In utero exposure to maternal smoking without subsequent postnatal ETS exposure was associated with increased prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.9), asthma with current symptoms (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3 to 4.0), asthma requiring medication use in the previous 12 mo (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.6), lifetime history of wheezing (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.6), current wheezing with colds (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.4) and without colds (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.4), persistent wheezing (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.6 to 6.1), wheezing with exercise (OR, 2.4; 95% CI; 1.3 to 4.3), attacks of wheezing causing shortness of breath (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3 to 4.4) or awakening at night in the previous 12 mo (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.7 to 5.8), and wheezing requiring medication (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.7) or emergency room visits during the previous year (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.4 to 7.8). In contrast, current and previous ETS exposure was not associated with asthma prevalence, but was consistently associated with subcategories of wheezing. Current ETS exposure was associated with lifetime wheezing (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.5), current wheezing with colds (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.0) and without colds (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.9), wheezing with exercise (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.2), attacks of wheezing causing shortness of breath (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.1) or awakening at night (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.0), and wheezing requiring medication (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.8) or emergency room visits within the previous year (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.0). The effects of current ETS exposure on subcategories of wheezing were most pronounced among children exposed to two or more smokers and remained significant after adjusting for maternal smoking during pregnancy. We conclude that maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the occurrence of physician-diagnosed asthma and wheezing during childhood. In contrast, current ETS exposure is associated with wheezing, but not physician-diagnosed asthma. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that ETS operates as a cofactor with other insults such as intercurrent infections as a trigger of wheezing attacks, rather than as a factor that induces asthma, whereas in utero exposure acts to increase physician-diagnosed asthma Descriptors Adolescent, Asthma/etiology, California, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Pregnancy, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Risk Factors, Smoking/adverse effects, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Gilliland,F. D., Li,Y. F., Peters,J. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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