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Title Sort ascending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
The power of product innovation: Smokersâ€™ perceptions of capsule cigarettes	2017		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine and Tobacco Research Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 20 Issue 9 Start Page 1157 Other Pages 1160 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Oxford University Press US Data Source google Authors Moodie, Crawford, Ford, Allison, Dobbie, Fiona, Thrasher, James F, McKell, Jennifer, Purves, Richard Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The potential of solvent-minimized extraction methods in the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish oils	2013	Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Chemistry Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem. Pub Date Free Form 15-Aug Volume 139 Issue 4-Jan Start Page 1036 Other Pages 1043 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 7702639; 0 (Fish Oils); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 2012/07/13 [received]; 2012/11/08 [revised]; 2013/02/04 [accepted]; 2013/02/16 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0308-8146; 0308-8146 Accession Number PMID: 23561207 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.012 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23561207 Abstract Fish oil has been identified as one of the most important contributors to the level of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in feed products. The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish oils is complicated due to the fat matrix, which affects both extraction efficiency and analytical quality. This article reviews and addresses two of the most relevant analytical methods for determining 11 mutagenic and carcinogenic PAHs, as well as two EPA indicator PAHs in fish oils. We discuss and critically evaluate two different extraction procedures, such as ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (USAE) and ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction (USAEME). Clean-up of extracts was performed by solid-phase extraction using C18 and glass columns containing silica gel and florisil for USAE or only C18 for USAEME. Detection of the selected PAHs was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection for determination. Optimization of the variables affecting extraction by the selected extraction techniques was conducted and recoveries ranged from 70% to 100% by USAE and from 70% to 108% by USAEME with estimated quantification limits between 0.020 and 2.6 mug/kg were achieved. Moreover, the applicability of the selected methods was evaluated by the analysis of real samples. To our knowledge, this is the first time that USAEME has been applied to the determination of PAHs in food matrices, such as oil fish samples. The methods proposed were applied to the determination of the target PAHs in fish samples from different countries, and it was found that the low PAH contamination of the selected fish oils could mainly occur by atmospheric sources. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Yebra-Pimentel,I., Martinez-Carballo,E., Regueiro,J., Simal-Gandara,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130216 PMCID Editors
The potential of a polyphasic PCR-dGGE approach in evaluating microbial diversity of natural whey cultures for water-buffalo Mozzarella cheese production: bias of culture-dependent and culture-independent analyses	2001	Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Alimentare e Ambientale e di Igiene, Stazione di Microbiologia Industriale, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Systematic and applied microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Syst.Appl.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 24 Issue 4 Start Page 610 Other Pages 617 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 8306133; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 0723-2020; 0723-2020 Accession Number PMID: 11876368 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0723-2020(04)70075-2 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11876368 Abstract A polyphasic PCR-DGGE approach was used to describe the microbial population occurring in natural whey cultures (NWCs) for water-buffalo Mozzarella cheese production. Total microbial community was assessed without cultivation by analyzing DNA directly extracted from the original samples of NWC. In addition, DNA extracted from bulks of cells formed by harvesting colonies from the serial dilution agar plates of a variety of culture media was used to profile the "cultivable" community. The 16S rDNA V3 region was amplified using DNA from NWC as well as DNA from bulks as templates and the amplicons were separated by DGGE. The microbial entities occurring in NWCs were identified by partial 16S rDNA sequencing of DGGE bands: four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) closest relative of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus crispatus were revealed by the analysis of DNA directly extracted from NWC while two other LAB, Lactobacillus fermentum and Enterococcus faecalis, were identified by analyzing DNA from the cultivable community. The developed PCR-DGGE analysis of the "cultivable" community showed good potential in evaluating microbial diversity of a dairy environment: it usefully highlighted the bias introduced by selective amplification when compared to the analysis of the total community from NWC and allowed suitability of media and growth conditions to be evaluated. Moreover, it could be used to complete the culture independent study of microbial diversity to give information on concentration ratios among species occurring in a particular environment and can be proposed for rapid identification of dominant microorganisms in alternative to traditional tools. Descriptors Animals, Base Sequence, Buffaloes, Cheese/microbiology, Colony Count, Microbial, DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Enterococcus faecalis/genetics/isolation & purification, Food Microbiology, Italy, Lactobacillus/genetics/isolation & purification, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Streptococcus/genetics/isolation & purification Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ercolini,D., Moschetti,G., Blaiotta,G., Coppola,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The possible role of contact current in cancer risk associated with residential magnetic fields.	2000	Kavet, R., EPRI, Palo Alto, California 94303, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bioelectromagnetics Periodical, Abbrev. Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date Free Form / Volume 21 Issue 7 Start Page 538 Other Pages 553 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0197-8462 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Residential electrical wiring safety practices in the US result in the possibility of a small voltage (up to a few tenths of a volt) on appliance surfaces with respect to water pipes or other grounded surfaces. This "open circuit voltage" (V(OC)) will cause "contact current" to flow in a person who touches the appliance and completes an electrical circuit to ground. This paper presents data suggesting that contact current due to V(OC) is an exposure that may explain the reported associations of residential magnetic fields with childhood leukemia. Our analysis is based on a computer model of a 40 house (single-unit, detached dwelling) neighborhood with electrical service that is representative of US grounding practices. The analysis was motivated by recent research suggesting that the physical location of power lines in the backyard, in contrast to the street, may be relevant to a relationship of power lines with childhood leukemia. In the model, the highest magnetic field levels and V(OC)s were both associated with backyard lines, and the highest V(OC)s were also associated with long ground paths in the residence. Across the entire neighborhood, magnetic field exposure was highly correlated with V(OC) (r = 0.93). Dosimetric modeling indicates that, compared to a very high residential level of a uniform horizontal magnetic field (10 mu T) or a vertical electric field (100 V/m), a modest level of contact current (approximately 18 mu A) leads to considerably greater induced electric fields (> 1 mV/m) averaged across tissue, such as bone marrow and heart. The correlation of V(OC) with magnetic fields in the model, combined with the dose estimates, lead us to conclude that V(OC) is a potentially important exposure with respect to childhood leukemia risks associated with residential magnetic fields. These findings, nonetheless, may not apply to residential service used in several European countries or to the Scandinavian studies concerned with populations exposed to magnetic fields from overhead transmission lines. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Descriptors article, biological model, child, comparative study, electromagnetic field, human, leukemia, radiation injury, radiometry, risk factor, United States Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Kavet,R., Zaffanella,L. E., Daigle,J. P., Ebi,K. L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The pollution levels of BTEX and carbonyls under haze and non-haze days in Beijing, China	2014	State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. Electronic a	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Science of the total environment Periodical, Abbrev. Sci.Total Environ. Pub Date Free Form 15-Aug Volume 490 Issue Start Page 391 Other Pages 396 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 0330500; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/10/24 [received]; 2014/04/27 [revised]; 2014/05/06 [accepted]; 2014/05 Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1879-1026; 0048-9697 Accession Number PMID: 24867703 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.025 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24867703 Abstract The North China Plain including Beijing is frequently suffering from serious haze days in recent years. To best recognize the influence of haze days on regional air quality, the pollution levels of deleterious gases of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene) and carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone) under haze and non-haze days were contrastively investigated during the period of September 2008-August 2010 in Beijing. In comparison with non-haze days, remarkable enhancement of BTEX and the carbonyls under haze days in winter was found, with enhancement factors of 1.9-5.7 for BTEX and of 1.5-4.2 for the carbonyls. Whereas the enhancement factors for both BTEX (1.0-3.0) and the carbonyls (1.2-1.9) under haze days in summer were relatively small. The ratios of each BTEX to CO under both haze days and non-haze days exhibited a minimal value in the afternoon, whereas maximal values for the ratios of the carbonyls to CO were usually found in the afternoon. The ratios of each BTEX to CO were extremely greater under haze days than those under non-haze days in winter, but no evident difference was found in summer. The ratios of each carbonyl under both haze days and non-haze days in summer were at least a factor of 2 greater than those in winter and only enhancement of the ratios under haze days was found in winter. The remarkably higher ratios of ethylbenzene to m,p-xylene under haze days than non-haze days in both winter and summer revealed high reactivity of photochemical reactions initiated by OH radicals under haze days. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Zhang,Y., Mu,Y., Meng,F., Li,H., Wang,X., Zhang,W., Mellouki,A., Gao,J., Zhang,X., Wang,S., Chai,F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140524 PMCID Editors
The Po River Delta (north Italy) indoor epidemiological study: effects of pollutant exposure on acute respiratory symptoms and respiratory function in adults	2002	Department of Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Ferrara, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Archives of Environmental Health Periodical, Abbrev. Arch.Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form Mar-Apr Volume 57 Issue 2 Start Page 130 Other Pages 136 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0212627; 0 (Oxidants, Photochemical); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); S7G510RUBH (Nitrogen Dioxide); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0003-9896; 0003-9896 Accession Number PMID: 12194158 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI 10.1080/00039890209602928 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12194158 Abstract The authors studied the effects of relatively low doses of nitrogen dioxide and respirable suspended particulate matter (i.e., < 2.5 mu) on acute respiratory symptoms and on peak expiratory flow in 383 adults (15-72 yr of age) who lived in the Po River Delta area, located near Venice. During 2 wk-1 wk in winter and 1 wk in summer--the authors monitored each participant's house to measure nitrogen dioxide (in parts per billion) and respirable suspended particulate (microgram/m3) concentration. Information on sex, age, height, weight, daily activity patterns, active and passive smoking, chronic respiratory diseases, daily peak expiratory flow, and presence of acute respiratory symptoms during the weeks monitoring occurred were also collected. Peak expiratory flow variation was studied as mean amplitude percentage (i.e., amplitude/mean) and percentage of diurnal variation (maximum/minimum). The exposure indices to nitrogen dioxide (nitrogen dioxide--index of exposure) and to respirable suspended particulate matter (respirable suspended particulate matter-index of exposure) were computed as the product of pollutant concentration and time of exposure. The authors considered indices as "low" or "high" on the basis of the median value. The median nitrogen dioxide was 20 ppb in winter and 14 ppb in summer; the highest nitrogen dioxide levels occurred in the kitchen in the winter (33 ppb) and summer (20 ppb). The median respirable suspended particulate matter was 68 micrograms/m3 in winter and 45 micrograms/m3 in summer. Only in winter were there significant associations between bronchitic/asthmatic symptoms and "high" nitrogen dioxide and respirable suspended particulate matter indices. In subjects who did not smoke, a significant influence of the "high" respirable suspended particulate matter-index of exposure was also observed in summer. With respect to peak expiratory flow and its variability, respirable suspended particulate matter-index of exposure was associated with an increase of both amplitude/mean and maximum/mean; however, with respect to the nitrogen dioxide--index of exposure, the association was significant only in subjects with chronic respiratory diseases (i.e., asthma and bronchitis). These relationships were significant only in winter. In conclusion, the results of the current study indicate that there is an association between relatively low doses of pollutants and acute respiratory symptoms and peak expiratory flow in adults. Descriptors Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects/analysis, Chronic Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects/analysis, Italy/epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis/poisoning, Oxidants, Photochemical/analysis/poisoning, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate, Residence Characteristics/statistics & numerical data, Respiratory Tract Diseases/chemically induced/diagnosis/epidemiology, Seasons, Time Factors, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects/analysis, Urban Health Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Simoni,M., Carrozzi,L., Baldacci,S., Scognamiglio,A., Di Pede,F., Sapigni,T., Viegi,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The physiological kinetics of nitrogen and the prevention of decompression sickness	2001	Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. David.Doolette@adelaide.edu.au	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Clinical pharmacokinetics Periodical, Abbrev. Clin.Pharmacokinet. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 40 Issue 1 Start Page 1 Other Pages 14 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 7606849; N762921K75 (Nitrogen); EIN: Clin Pharmacokinet 2001;40(3):235; RF: 97; ppublish Place of Publication New Zealand ISSN/ISBN 0312-5963; 0312-5963 Accession Number PMID: 11236806 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.2165/00003088-200140010-00001 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11236806 Abstract Decompression sickness (DCS) is a potentially crippling disease caused by intracorporeal bubble formation during or after decompression from a compressed gas underwater dive. Bubbles most commonly evolve from dissolved inert gas accumulated during the exposure to increased ambient pressure. Most diving is performed breathing air, and the inert gas of interest is nitrogen. Divers use algorithms based on nitrogen kinetic models to plan the duration and degree of exposure to increased ambient pressure and to control their ascent rate. However, even correct execution of dives planned using such algorithms often results in bubble formation and may result in DCS. This reflects the importance of idiosyncratic host factors that are difficult to model, and deficiencies in current nitrogen kinetic models. Models describing the exchange of nitrogen between tissues and blood may be based on distributed capillary units or lumped compartments, either of which may be perfusion- or diffusion-limited. However, such simplistic models are usually poor predictors of experimental nitrogen kinetics at the organ or tissue level, probably because they fail to account for factors such as heterogeneity in both tissue composition and blood perfusion and non-capillary exchange mechanisms. The modelling of safe decompression procedures is further complicated by incomplete understanding of the processes that determine bubble formation. Moreover, any formation of bubbles during decompression alters subsequent nitrogen kinetics. Although these factors mandate complex resolutions to account for the interaction between dissolved nitrogen kinetics and bubble formation and growth, most decompression schedules are based on relatively simple perfusion-limited lumped compartment models of blood: tissue nitrogen exchange. Not surprisingly, all models inevitably require empirical adjustment based on outcomes in the field. Improvements in the predictive power of decompression calculations are being achieved using probabilistic bubble models, but divers will always be subject to the possibility of developing DCS despite adherence to prescribed limits. Descriptors Algorithms, Brain/metabolism, Capillaries/metabolism, Decompression/adverse effects, Decompression Sickness/blood/prevention & control, Diving/adverse effects, Humans, Models, Biological, Musculoskeletal System/metabolism, Nitrogen/blood/pharmacokinetics, Spinal Cord/metabolism, Tissue Distribution Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Doolette,D. J., Mitchell,S. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The pharmacological effect of fractions obtained by smoking cannabis through a water-pipe. II. A second fractionation step	1980	Dept. Biol. Chem., Med. Sch., Univ. Athens	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Experientia Periodical, Abbrev. Experientia Pub Date Free Form 1980/ Volume 36 Issue 12 Start Page 1407 Other Pages 1408 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0014-4754 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The catatonic activity, prolongation of phenobarbital sleeping-time, convulsant action and disruption of nest building activity were assessed in mice subjected to 4 cannabis pyrolysis products and their tobacco analogues. All but one of the cannabis fractions prolonged the pentobarbital sleeping-time and disrupted the nest-building activity of mice in a way not related to their content in the main cannabinoids. Nest-building activity seems to be the most valid assay we have used so far. Descriptors cannabinol derivative, cannabis, phenobarbital, phenytoin, placebo, tetrahydrocannabinol, animal experiment, behavior, catatonia, central nervous system, convulsion, drug screening, mouse, sleep time, epanutin Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Lazaratou,H., Moschovakis,A., Armaganidis,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The periodontal status of irregular dental attenders	1994	Division of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of clinical periodontology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Periodontol. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 21 Issue 8 Start Page 544 Other Pages 548 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 0425123; ppublish Place of Publication DENMARK ISSN/ISBN 0303-6979; 0303-6979 Accession Number PMID: 7989618 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 7989618 Abstract The aim of this investigation was to assess the prevalence and severity of periodontal destruction in irregular dental attenders. 50 subjects aged between 20 and 49 years completed a questionnaire and had a periodontal examination. Measurements of plaque, calculus, bleeding, probing depth and clinical attachment level were made at 4 proximal sites per tooth. Results were compared to those for 132 regular attenders. The irregular attenders had more sites with plaque (46.3 +/- 27% versus 17.3 +/- 21.1%) than the regulars and significantly more sites which bled (53.7 +/- 20.4% versus 33.6 +/- 20.7%) and with calculus (35 +/- 21.1% versus 13.4 +/- 12.8%). However, the irregulars had virtually the same number of teeth as the regular attenders, 25.6 +/- 3.3 compared with 25.4 +/- 4.3. Irregular attenders had slightly deeper mean probing depths (2.9 +/- 0.4 versus 2.7 +/- 0.4 mm) but the prevalence and extent of attachment loss was no different between the groups. It was concluded that the prevalence and severity of destructive periodontal disease as indicated by periodontal attachment loss was not related to the regularity of dental attendance in the groups studied. Descriptors Adult, Dental Calculus/etiology/pathology, Dental Care, Dental Plaque/etiology/pathology, Female, Furcation Defects/etiology, Gingival Hemorrhage/etiology/pathology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oral Hygiene, Periodontal Attachment Loss/etiology/pathology, Periodontal Diseases/etiology/pathology, Periodontal Pocket/etiology/pathology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Smoking, Social Class, Tooth/pathology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mullally,B. H., Linden,G. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The perceptions of UK youth of branded and standardized, 'plain' cigarette packaging	2014	1 School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.; 1 School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.; 2 Action on Smoking and Health, London, UK.; 2 Action on Smoking and Health, Lond	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full European journal of public health Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 24 Issue 4 Start Page 537 Other Pages 543 Notes CI: (c) The Author 2013; JID: 9204966; 2013/10/08 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1464-360X; 1101-1262 Accession Number PMID: 24108274 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/eurpub/ckt142 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24108274 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco packaging is an important form of promotion. Standardizing cigarette packages ('plain' packaging) represents a novel tobacco control policy. This study examined perceptions of branded and standardized cigarette packages among British youth. METHODS: Seven hundred twelve youth aged 11-17 completed an online survey. Participants viewed pairs of packages altered using a 3 x 2 factorial design: health warning type (40% text, 40% pictorial or 80% pictorial) x standardized pack colour (white vs. brown). A discrete-choice task was used in which participants selected packs based on attractiveness, taste, tar, health risk, impact of health warning and enticement to start smoking. Participants also compared regular Silk Cut and 'Superslims' Silk Cut packs. Participants completed a final selection task from two standardized and two branded packs. RESULTS: Warning type was significantly associated with all six outcomes: packs with larger pictorial warnings were more likely to be perceived as less attractive, less smooth, greater health risk, higher tar delivery, more effective health warnings and less likely to encourage initiation. The same pattern was found for brown vs. white standardized packages, with the exception of attractiveness and initiation. Compared with the regular Silk Cut pack, the 'Superslims' Silk Cut pack was perceived as significantly more favourable on all six outcomes. Finally, among respondents who selected a pack in the pack selection task, 95.1% selected a branded pack vs. 4.9% who selected a standardized pack. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the size of pictorial health warnings and standardizing the appearance and shape of packages may discourage smoking initiation among young people. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association Data Source Authors Hammond,D., White,C., Anderson,W., Arnott,D., Dockrell,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131008 PMCID Editors

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