WTS database

Title	Pub Year	SearchLink
Short term effect of hubble-bubble smoking on voice	2011	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Laryngol Otol Periodical, Abbrev. J.Laryngol.Otol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 125 Issue 5 Start Page 486 Other Pages 91 Notes ID: 21281535 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate the short term effect of hubble-bubble smoking on voice. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. MATERIAL: Eighteen non-dysphonic subjects (seven men and 11 women) with a history of hubble-bubble smoking and no history of cigarette smoking underwent acoustic analysis and laryngeal video-stroboscopic examination before and 30 minutes after hubble-bubble smoking. RESULTS: On laryngeal video-stroboscopy, none of the subjects had vocal fold erythema either before or after smoking. Five patients had mild vocal fold oedema both before and after smoking. After smoking, there was a slight increase in the number of subjects with thick mucus between the vocal folds (six, vs four before smoking) and with vocal fold vessel dilation (two, vs one before smoking). Acoustic analysis indicated a drop in habitual pitch, fundamental frequency and voice turbulence index after smoking, and an increase in noise-to-harmonics ratio. CONCLUSION: Even 30 minutes of hubble-bubble smoking can cause a drop in vocal pitch and an increase in laryngeal secretions and vocal fold vasodilation. Descriptors Smoking/adverse effects, Speech Acoustics, Vocal Cords/pathology, Voice Disorders/pathology, Voice Quality/drug effects, Adolescent, Adult, Edema/epidemiology, Edema/etiology, Equipment Design, Erythema/epidemiology, Erythema/etiology, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Mucus, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Stroboscopy/methods, Vocal Cords/blood supply, Vocal Cords/physiopathology, Voice Disorders/diagnosis, Voice Disorders/etiology, Young Adult Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022215110003051 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Hamdan,A-L, Sibai,A., Mahfoud,L., Oubari,D., Ashkar,J., Fuleihan,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Global patterns of nicotine and tobacco consumption	2009	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Handb Exp Pharmacol Periodical, Abbrev. Handb.Exp.Pharmacol. Pub Date Free Form Volume Issue 192 Start Page 3 Other Pages 28 Notes ID: 19184644 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Humans consume tobacco in dozens of guises, all of which are toxic; globally, a tenth of deaths among adults are caused by tobacco. Tobacco may be combusted (e.g., cigarettes, bidis, kreteks); heated (e.g., waterpipes, hookah, nargile); or taken orally or nasally (e.g., snuff, betel quid, chewing tobacco). The predominant forms vary among cultures, but the use of cigarettes has grown most dramatically in the past century. While smoking rates among women are comparable to those among men in Europe and North America, in other regions the rate is ten or more times higher among men; this gender gap is closing among young people. Per capita tobacco use in the USA doubled in the first half of the twentieth century, and has since declined to less than the 1900 levels. While cigarettes were only 2% of tobacco consumed in the USA in 1900 (half was chewing tobacco) 50 years later they were over 80%. A similar increase in tobacco consumption, and a shift to cigarettes, has been occurring globally, with a concomitant increase in tobacco-related death and disease that is not expected to peak for another two decades. Descriptors Smoking/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/history, Tobacco, Adolescent, Age Distribution, History, 15th Century, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Humans, Sex Distribution, Smoking/history, Tobacco/adverse effects, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Tobacco, Smokeless/adverse effects, Tobacco, Smokeless/history Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_1 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Hammond,S. K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of female nargile smoking on in vitro fertilization outcome	2010	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.J.Obstet.Gynecol.Reprod.Biol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 150 Issue 2 Start Page 171 Other Pages 4 Notes ID: 20223580 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract OBJECTIVE: Smoking is a significant health hazard that has been associated with poor reproductive outcome and reduced fertility in reproductive age women. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of nargile smoking on intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcome. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective analysis of the outcomes of 297 women who underwent ICSI treatment at the ART Unit at the American University of Beirut Medical Center between January 1, and December 31, 2006 was done. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on their smoking status: cigarette smokers (n=42), nargile smokers (n=51) and non-smokers (n=204). RESULTS: The mean age of nargile smokers was significantly lower than the other groups; however, the 3 groups were similar with respect to the cause of infertility, total dose of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), number of oocytes and embryos obtained, and number and quality of embryos transferred. There was no significant difference in the clinical pregnancy rate between nargile smokers and non-smokers (51.0% vs 43.6%). However, cigarette smokers had a significantly lower clinical pregnancy rate compared to non-smokers (23.8% vs 43.6%, p=0.0238). On multiple logistic regression analysis, factors that decreased the clinical pregnancy rates were cigarette smoking and maternal age. CONCLUSION: Although this study did not find a deleterious effect of nargile smoking on ICSI outcome, the results need to be confirmed in prospective studies that would include larger number of women with more objective measures of nargile smoke exposure. Descriptors Fertilization in Vitro, Infertility/therapy, Smoking, Adult, Female, Humans, Maternal Age, Oocytes, Ovulation Induction, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy Rate, Prospective Studies, Statistics, Nonparametric, Treatment Outcome Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.02.036 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Hannoun,Antoine, Nassar,Anwar H., Usta,Ihab M., Abu Musa,Antoine Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Comparison of cigarette and waterpipe smoking among pupils in the urban area of Sousse, Tunisia. Tunis Med. 2010 Jul; 88(7):470-3. (Reply). Con	2011	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tunis Med Periodical, Abbrev. Tunis.Med. Pub Date Free Form Volume 89 Issue 5 Start Page 507 Other Pages 8 Notes ID: 21557195 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Descriptors Smoking/epidemiology, Students/statistics & numerical data, Urban Population/statistics & numerical data, Humans Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-21557195 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Harrabi,I., Maaloul,J. M., Gaha,R., Kebaili,R., Maziak,W., Ghannem,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Comparison of cigarette and waterpipe smoking among pupils in the urban area of Sousse, Tunisia	2010	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tunis Med Periodical, Abbrev. Tunis.Med. Pub Date Free Form Volume 88 Issue 7 Start Page 470 Other Pages 3 Notes ID: 20582881 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Epidemiological and observational evidence suggests that waterpipe use is growing in popularity worldwide. AIM: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of cigarette and water pipe tobacco use among pupils aged 13-17 years in the urban area of Sousse, Tunisia and to identify the factors which predict current cigarette and/or waterpipe smoking in this population. METHODS: Across-sectional study was carried out on a representative sample of schoolchildren aged between 13 and 17 years in colleges and public secondary schools of the urban area of Sousse. We used a pre tested and self administered questionnaire to measure tobacco consumption. The significance level for all analyses was p<0.05. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 10.0 software. RESULTS: Participants were 1569 youth. Fifty two percent of them were male. The mean age of the sample was 15+/-1.5 years. Total cigarette smoking percentage for ever and current use were 33.1% and 7.6% respectively. Total water pipe smoking percentage for ever and current use were 19.3% and 5.2% respectively. Overall, the total percentages of cigarette and water pipe smoking (ever and current) were higher for male and aged pupils. Multivariate regression analyses showed that the two types of tobacco use were related. CONCLUSION: Despite the growing adoption of water-pipe smoking, there remains limited research in this area. Increased surveillance and additional research are necessary to address this growing threat to public health. Descriptors Smoking/epidemiology, Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Tunisia/epidemiology, Urban Health, Water Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-20582881 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Harrabi,Imed, Maaloul,Jihen Maatoug, Gaha,Rafika, Kebaili,Raoudha, Maziak,Wassim, Ghannem,Hassen Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Utilization of DXA Bone Mineral Densitometry in Ontario: An Evidence-Based Analysis	2006	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Ontario health technology assessment series Periodical, Abbrev. Ont.Health.Technol.Assess.Ser. Pub Date Free Form Volume 6 Issue 20 Start Page 1 Other Pages 180 Notes LR: 20151026; JID: 101521610; OID: NLM: PMC3379167; 2006/11/01 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1915-7398; 1915-7398 Accession Number PMID: 23074491 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23074491 Abstract ISSUE: Systematic reviews and analyses of administrative data were performed to determine the appropriate use of bone mineral density (BMD) assessments using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and the associated trends in wrist and hip fractures in Ontario. BACKGROUND: DUAL ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY BONE MINERAL DENSITY ASSESSMENT: Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry bone densitometers measure bone density based on differential absorption of 2 x-ray beams by bone and soft tissues. It is the gold standard for detecting and diagnosing osteoporosis, a systemic disease characterized by low bone density and altered bone structure, resulting in low bone strength and increased risk of fractures. The test is fast (approximately 10 minutes) and accurate (exceeds 90% at the hip), with low radiation (1/3 to 1/5 of that from a chest x-ray). DXA densitometers are licensed as Class 3 medical devices in Canada. The World Health Organization has established criteria for osteoporosis and osteopenia based on DXA BMD measurements: osteoporosis is defined as a BMD that is >2.5 standard deviations below the mean BMD for normal young adults (i.e. T-score /=-2.5). DXA densitometry is presently an insured health service in Ontario. CLINICAL NEED: BURDEN OF DISEASE: The Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study (CaMos) found that 16% of Canadian women and 6.6% of Canadian men have osteoporosis based on the WHO criteria, with prevalence increasing with age. Osteopenia was found in 49.6% of Canadian women and 39% of Canadian men. In Ontario, it is estimated that nearly 530,000 Ontarians have some degrees of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis-related fragility fractures occur most often in the wrist, femur and pelvis. These fractures, particularly those in the hip, are associated with increased mortality, and decreased functional capacity and quality of life. A Canadian study showed that at 1 year after a hip fracture, the mortality rate was 20%. Another 20% required institutional care, 40% were unable to walk independently, and there was lower health-related quality of life due to attributes such as pain, decreased mobility and decreased ability to self-care. The cost of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in Canada was estimated to be $1.3 billion in 1993. GUIDELINES FOR BONE MINERAL DENSITY TESTING: With 2 exceptions, almost all guidelines address only women. None of the guidelines recommend blanket population-based BMD testing. Instead, all guidelines recommend BMD testing in people at risk of osteoporosis, predominantly women aged 65 years or older. For women under 65 years of age, BMD testing is recommended only if one major or two minor risk factors for osteoporosis exist. Osteoporosis Canada did not restrict its recommendations to women, and thus their guidelines apply to both sexes. Major risk factors are age greater than or equal to 65 years, a history of previous fractures, family history (especially parental history) of fracture, and medication or disease conditions that affect bone metabolism (such as long-term glucocorticoid therapy). Minor risk factors include low body mass index, low calcium intake, alcohol consumption, and smoking. CURRENT FUNDING FOR BONE MINERAL DENSITY TESTING: The Ontario Health Insurance Program (OHIP) Schedule presently reimburses DXA BMD at the hip and spine. Measurements at both sites are required if feasible. Patients at low risk of accelerated bone loss are limited to one BMD test within any 24-month period, but there are no restrictions on people at high risk. The total fee including the professional and technical components for a test involving 2 or more sites is $106.00 (Cdn). METHOD OF REVIEW: This review consisted of 2 parts. The first part was an analysis of Ontario administrative data relating to DXA BMD, wrist and hip fractures, and use of antiresorptive drugs in people aged 65 years and older. The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences extracted data from the OHIP claims database, the Canadian Ins Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Health Quality Ontario Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20061101 PMCID PMC3379167 Editors
Osteogenic protein-1 for long bone nonunion: an evidence-based analysis	2005	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Ontario health technology assessment series Periodical, Abbrev. Ont.Health.Technol.Assess.Ser. Pub Date Free Form Volume 5 Issue 6 Start Page 1 Other Pages 57 Notes LR: 20151026; JID: 101521610; OID: NLM: PMC3382627; 2005/04/01 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1915-7398; 1915-7398 Accession Number PMID: 23074475 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23074475 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) for long bone nonunion. CLINICAL NEED: Although most fractures heal within a normal period, about 5% to 10% do not heal and are classified as delayed or nonunion fractures. Nonunion and segmental bone loss after fracture, reconstructive surgery, or lesion excision can present complex orthopedic problems, and the multiple surgical procedures often needed are associated with patient morbidity and reduced quality of life. Many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of a delayed union or nonunion fractures, including deficiencies of calcium, vitamin D, or vitamin C, and side effects of medications such as anticoagulants, steroids, some anti-inflammatory drugs, and radiation. It has been shown that smoking interferes with bone repair in several ways. INCIDENCE OF NONUNION AND DELAYED UNION CASES: An estimated 5% to 10% of fractures do not heal properly and go on to delayed union or nonunion. If this overall estimate of incidence were applied to the Ontario population, the estimated number of delayed union or nonunion in the province would be between 3,863 and 7,725. TREATMENT OF NONUNION CASES: The treatment of nonunion cases is a challenge to orthopedic surgeons. However, the basic principle behind treatment is to provide both mechanical and biological support to the nonunion site. Fracture stabilization and immobilization is frequently used with the other treatment modalities that provide biological support to the fractured bone. Biological support includes materials that could be served as a source of osteogenic cells (osteogenesis), a stimulator of mesenchymal cells (osteoinduction), or a scaffold-like structure (osteoconduction). The capacity to heal a fracture is a latent potential of the stromal stem cells, which synthesize new bone. This process has been defined as osteogenesis. Activation of the stem cells to initiate osteogenic response and to differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts is called osteoinduction. These 2 properties accelerate the rate of fracture healing or reactivate the ineffective healing process. Osteoconduction occurs when passive structures facilitate the migration of osteoprogenitor cells, the perivascular tissue, and capillaries into these structures. BONE GRAFTS AND BONE GRAFT SUBSTITUTES: Bone graft and bone graft substitutes have one or more of the following components: Undifferentiated stem cellsGrowth factorsStructural latticeUndifferentiated stem cells are unspecialized, multipotential cells that can differentiate into a variety of specialized cells. They can also replicate themselves. The role of stem cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are residing. A single stem cell can generate all cell types of that tissue. Bone marrow is a source of at least 2 kinds of stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells that form all types of blood cells, and bone marrow stromal stem cells that have osteogenic properties and can generate bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. Bone marrow has been used to stimulate bone formation in bone defects and cases of nonunion fractures. Bone marrow can be aspirated from the iliac crest and injected percutaneously with fluoroscopic guidance into the site of the nonunion fracture. The effectiveness of this technique depends on the number and activity of stem cells in the aspirated bone marrow. It may be possible to increase the proliferation and speed differentiation of stem cells by exposing them to growth factor or by combining them with collagen. Many growth factors and cytokines induced in response to injury are believed to have a considerable role in the process of repair. Of the many bone growth factors studied, bone morphogenetics (BMPs) have generated the greatest attention because of their osteoinductive potential. The BMPs that have been most widely studied for their ability to induce bone regeneration in humans include BMP-2 and BMP-7 (osteogenic protein). Human osteogenic protein-1 (O Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Health Quality Ontario Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20050401 PMCID PMC3382627 Editors
The re-shaping of the life-world: male British Bangladeshi smokers and the English smoke-free legislation	2011	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Ethn Health Periodical, Abbrev. Ethn.Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 16 Issue 6 Start Page 519 Other Pages 33 Notes ID: 21671202 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract OBJECTIVE: To explore how male Bangladeshi smokers adapted to the English smoke-free legislation. DESIGN: We draw on data derived from the Evaluation of Smoke-free England (ESME), a qualitative, longitudinal study conducted between 2007 and 2008 in two English metropolitan areas. Repeat interviews (n = 34) were conducted before and after the legislation with 15 male Bangladeshi panel informants and from two focus groups: one with Bangladeshi men and the other with Bangladeshi women. RESULTS: Bangladeshi smokers who participated in this study had largely accommodated to the smoke-free legislation and most had reduced their consumption of cigarettes, albeit to a modest degree. However, at the same time some Bangladeshi smokers appeared to have increased their use of shisha, a popular alternative method of smoking tobacco in this community. Smoke-free legislation also had an impact on the social and cultural forces that shape smoking behaviour in this group. In particular, family homes continued to be a key space where tobacco is consumed, although the legislation may have helped to shift the balance in favour of forces that oppose smoking and against enduring cultural pro-smoking norms. Smoking in public was also less socially acceptable, especially in the vicinity of local mosques and at community events. In some older groups, however, smoking remains a deeply embedded social habit which can undermine smokers' efforts to quit. CONCLUSION: For maximum impact, tobacco control interventions aimed at whole populations may need to be supplemented by culturally sensitive measures in local areas where there is a high concentration of Bangladeshi people. Similar considerations may apply to other minority communities with a high prevalence of smoking. Descriptors Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence, Men&apos, s Health/statistics & numerical data, Smoking Cessation/legislation & jurisprudence, Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence, Bangladesh/ethnology, Culture, Focus Groups, Great Britain/epidemiology, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Status Disparities, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Qualitative Research, Risk-Taking, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking/prevention & control Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2011.578734 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Highet,Gill, Ritchie,Deborah, Platt,Stephen, Amos,Amanda, Hargreaves,Katrina, Martin,Claudia, White,Martin Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Resin adhesion to the ground enamel. Influence of the ground depths of the enamel and etching times (1)	1989	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Shoni shikagaku zasshi.The Japanese journal of pedodontics Periodical, Abbrev. Shoni Shikagaku Zasshi Pub Date Free Form Volume 27 Issue 4 Start Page 922 Other Pages 935 Notes LR: 20091111; JID: 0136612; 0 (Resins, Synthetic); ppublish Place of Publication JAPAN ISSN/ISBN 0583-1199; 0583-1199 Accession Number PMID: 2489898 Language jpn SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 2489898 Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the ground depths of the enamel and etching times on the adhesion of the resin on the ground enamel. Seventy-five extracted and frozen bovine mandibular young permanent incisors were used. The etchant used in this study was 40% phospholic acid gel and the etching times were 0, 10, 20, 30 and 60 seconds. All of the specimens were washed with an air water spray for 30 seconds after etching. The bonding agent and composite resin used in this study were Photo Bond and Photo Clearfil A (Kuraray Co.). Shear bond strengths to the outer enamel layers and inner enamel layers of the same teeth were measured. After the shear bond strength test, all the test surfaces of the enamel and resin specimens were observed using the SEM. The following conclusions were obtained. 1) The etching times which showed the highest bond strength were 20 seconds on the outer enamel layers (bond strength: 35.25 +/- 6.60 MPa) and 30 seconds on the inner enamel layers (bond strength: 40.15 +/- 6.59 MPa). 2) When the enamel was etched with all of the etching times, the bond strengths were significantly higher than those of the enamel without etching on the outer and inner enamel layers. 3) In the etched groups, significant differences between the bond strengths were not obtained among the different etching times on the outer and inner enamel layers. 4) In the comparison of the bond strengths between the outer enamel layers and the inner enamel layers, the bond strengths of the inner enamel layer were higher than those of the outer enamel layer with 0, 10, 30 and 60 seconds of etching times. However, a significant difference between the bond strengths was obtained only in the cases with 30 seconds of etching time. 5) In the etched groups, such a tendency toward a higher bond strength was observed in cases which showed poor enamel prism structures and poor resin tags, and resin widely adhered on the enamel surface. 6) Thirty seconds is a sufficient time for etching on the ground young permanent enamel using Photo Bond and Photo Clearfil A. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Animals, Cattle, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel, Resins, Synthetic Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hosoya,Y., Nakamura,N., Shinagawa,H., Goto,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A case-control study of risk factors for prostate cancer in Iran	2010	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Acta Med Iran Periodical, Abbrev. Acta Med.Iran. Pub Date Free Form Volume 48 Issue 1 Start Page 61 Other Pages 6 Notes ID: 21137672 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Prostate cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Iran, yet there are few studies examining risk factors specific to the Iranian context. We conducted a case-control study to explore risk factors for prostate cancer in Mazandaran, Iran from 2005 to 2008. The cases were 137 men with clinicopathologically confirmed prostate cancer. Controls were 137 neighborhood and age match men without prostate cancer by PSA and digit examination. Analysis comprised an exploratory stage to identify potential risk factors, defined as variables associated with case status at the P < 0.20 level in conditional logistic regression. A second stage included all potential risk factors in multiple conditional logistic regression analysis, retaining those associated with prostate cancer at the P < 0.05 level. Potential risk factors for prostate cancer in exploratory analysis included family history of prostate cancer, history of other cancer, prostatitis, alcohol consumption, pipe or hookah smoking, walking to work, duration of occupational physical activity, intensity of occupational physical activity, body mass index, and older age. Multivariate analysis found intensity of occupational physical activity, prostatitis, and older age as independent predictors of increased risk for prostate cancer in this Iranian population. Our study confirms several recognized risk factors for prostate cancer, contributes evidence to the discussions of other hypothesized risk factors, and points to potentially new factors. Findings, along with confirmatory studies, can help guide efforts for early detection, treatment, and prevention for this common malignancy that is set to increase in Iran in future decades. Descriptors Prostatic Neoplasms/etiology, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Humans, Iran/epidemiology, Logistic Models, Male, Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology, Risk Factors Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-21137672 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Hosseini,Mostafa, SeyedAlinaghi,SeyedAhmad, Mahmoudi,Mahmoud, McFarland,Willi Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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