WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Smoking among medical students in Tunisia: trends in behavior and attitudes	1996	Centre national de formation pedagogique des cadres de la sante, El Omrane, Tunisie.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Sante (Montrouge, France) Periodical, Abbrev. Sante Pub Date Free Form Jan-Feb Volume 6 Issue 1 Start Page 37 Other Pages 42 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9212437; ppublish Place of Publication FRANCE ISSN/ISBN 1157-5999; 1157-5999 Accession Number PMID: 8612012 Language fre SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8612012 Abstract We report a cross sectional survey to analyze the effects of medical training on the smoking habits of Tunisian medical students, and their attitudes and knowledge about smoking. Two groups of medical students were studied. One group was 257 first year students at the Medical Faculties of Tunis and Sfax, in 1987, the other 211 final year students at the same Faculties in 1994 and who had been in the first year in 1987. A questionnaire bases on that of the WHO and International Union against Lung Disease for health professionals was administered. It was completed by 95% of the students. Fifty-four % were men and 46% women, and 70.2% lived in an urban area before attending university (table 1). Nonsmokers were defined as those who had never smoked. Exsmokers were those who had formerly smoked but no longer did so. Smokers were divided into those who smoked occasionally and those who smoked daily. The prevalence of smoking was higher among the final year students than the first year students. Combined daily and occasional smoking was 24.1% among first year students and 37.1% among final year students (table 2). The rates among men for daily smoking were 19.2% in the first year and 38.9% in the final year, whereas for women the corresponding rates were 1.8% and 2% (table 3). The prevalence of occasional smoking among men was 17.8% for the first year and 17.7% in the final year. Among women, this behavior increased from 5.5% to 16.8%. Men exsmokers increased from 6.2% to 16.8% and women from 4.6% to 13.4% from the first to the final year. The proportion of first year smokers who reported a serious attempt to stop was 64.8% and that of final year students was 50%. Protected personal health was the most common reason (table 4). In the final year, 94.1% of te students agreed strongly with the view that smoking is harmful to health (table 5). However, there was substantial underestimation of the contribution of tobacco to causing serious diseases including bladder cancer, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, emphysema and neonatal morality (table 6). The study evidences insufficient awareness of medical students about their responsibility for health education and prevention. There was little interest in preventive action for patients. Only 4.5% of the final year students felt that they were equipped to advise patients about smoking. Similarly, 65.7% would not advise patients to stop smoking if they had no smoking-related symptoms and did not raise the question themselves (table 7). There were major deficiences in knowledge of preventive measures. Only 45.5% of final year students considered that they had adequate knowledge to advise patients about smoking (table 8) and 72.5% thought that they should have received more specific training about counseling (table 9). This work shows that, like in Africa, Asia and Europe, Tunisian medical students have an unsatisfactory knowledge of tobacco and its effects. There were no substantial changes in the students' knowledge of, or attitude to, smoking between the first and final year of training. Simply stimulating the interest of these future doctors in the problem of smoking is insufficient. Descriptors Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prevalence, Smoking/psychology/trends, Students, Medical/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tunisia Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Fakhfakh,R., Hsairi,M., Ben Romdhane,H., Achour,N., Ben Ammar,R., Zouari,B., Nacef,T. Original/Translated Title Le tabagisme des etudiants en medecine en Tunisie: tendances des comportements et des attitudes URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Tobacco use and usual source of cigarettes among high school students--United States, 1995	1996		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 24-May Volume 45 Issue 20 Start Page 413 Other Pages 418 Notes LR: 20080214; JID: 7802429; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0149-2195; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 8614397 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8614397 Abstract Approximately 90% of all initiation of tobacco use occurs among persons aged < or = 18 years, and the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescents is increasing. Despite laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco to minors in all states and the District of Columbia, most minors are able to purchase tobacco products. To determine current prevalences of the use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products (i.e., chewing tobacco and snuff) by high school students, the usual source of cigarettes among those who smoked, and the percentage of students who were asked to show proof of age when buying cigarettes, CDC analyzed data from the 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). This report summarizes the results of the analysis, which indicate a higher prevalence of smoking among high school students in 1995 than in 1993 and 1991, a doubling of the prevalence of current smoking among non-Hispanic black male students during 1991-1995, and that most high school students aged < or = 17 years who buy cigarettes from stores are not asked to show proof of age. Descriptors Adolescent, Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Male, Plants, Toxic, Prevalence, Smoking/epidemiology/trends, Students, Tobacco, Tobacco, Smokeless/supply & distribution, United States/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Risk factors for childhood asthma and wheezing. Importance of maternal and household smoking	1996	Department of Community Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 154 Issue 3 Pt 1 Start Page 681 Other Pages 688 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9421642; 0 (Sodium Chloride, Dietary); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); AYI8EX34EU (Creatinine); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 1073-449X; 1073-449X Accession Number PMID: 8810605 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI 10.1164/ajrccm.154.3.8810605 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8810605 Abstract To identify modifiable risk factors for wheezing illness in childhood, the associations between current asthma or wheezing and factors such as household smoking, damp and dietary salt preference were measured in a questionnaire-based prevalence study of schoolchildren 7 to 9 yr of age in Cape Town. In a random sample of 15 schools, questionnaires were completed by parents of 1,955 children, from which 368 cases and 294 controls were selected on the basis of reported asthma diagnosis or symptoms. Urinary cotinine concentrations were measured, and the parents were interviewed. An exposure-response relationship between the urinary cotinine creatinine ratio and asthma/wheeze was observed. In multivariate analysis, predictors of asthma/wheeze were hay fever (odds ratio [OR] - 5.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.16 to 8.89), eczema (OR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.33-3.62), parental asthma (OR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.84), absence of paternal contribution to income (OR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.17 to 2.54), maternal smoking in pregnancy (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.25 to 2.81), and each additional household smoker (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.30). Findings were similar, with higher odds ratios for most variables, except number of household smokers, when the group was restricted to children with parent-reported asthma. The findings confirm that household smoking is an important modifiable risk factor in asthma/wheeze among young schoolchildren, and they suggest that maternal smoking in pregnancy and current household exposure are independent contributors to this effect. Descriptors Asthma/epidemiology/etiology/genetics, Child, Cotinine/urine, Creatinine/urine, Female, Humans, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prevalence, Random Allocation, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Risk Factors, Sampling Studies, Smoking/epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Sodium Chloride, Dietary/adverse effects, South Africa/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ehrlich,R. I., Du Toit,D., Jordaan,E., Zwarenstein,M., Potter,P., Volmink,J. A., Weinberg,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Assessment of air quality in Stockholm by personal monitoring of nonsmokers for respirable suspended particles and environmental tobacco smoke	1996	Corning Hazleton (Europe), Harrogate North Yorkshire, England.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health Periodical, Abbrev. Scand.J.Work Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 22 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page 1 Other Pages 24 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 7511540; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); ppublish Place of Publication FINLAND ISSN/ISBN 0355-3140; 0355-3140 Accession Number PMID: 8817762 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 125 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8817762 Abstract Exposure to respirable suspended particles (RSP) from all sources and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) was assessed for 190 nonsmokers in Stockholm during 1994. Each subject wore a personal monitor for 24-h, provided saliva samples for cotinine analysis, and completed a detailed questionnaire about air quality and life-style. The subjects consisted of housewives and househusbands in one main group and working men and women in the second. The housewives and househusbands wore a single monitor throughout the 24-h period and the working subjects wore one monitor at work and a separate monitor while not at work. The geodemographic distribution of the recruited subjects accurately reflected the population of Stockholm. For most of the subjects, exposure to ETS and nicotine was at or below the limits of quantification (LOQ). This finding was supported by the fact that about 80% of the recruited subjects claimed that their exposure to ETS was "none" or "low". The concentration of RSP was found to be highest (median 39 micrograms.m-3) in homes where smoking occurred and below the LOQ in the workplace irrespective of its smoking status. These levels are at the lowest end of typical indoor air levels for RSP. For the housewives and househusbands living in smoking homes (nonsmoking homes in parentheses), the median exposure levels were 39 micrograms.m-3 (18 micrograms.m-3) for RSP, 17 micrograms . m-3 (0.12 micrograms . m-3) for ETS particles, and 1.1 micrograms.m-3 (0.05 micrograms.m-3) for nicotine. Both the pre- and postmonitoring continine saliva levels measured for these housewives and househusbands were 2.9 ng.ml-1 (pre-0.56 ng.ml-1, post-0.41 ng.ml-1). The highest exposure levels were recorded for the housewives and househusbands in the age range of 35-49 years. For the working subjects, the exposure measured in smoking workplaces (nonsmoking workplaces in parentheses) gave median levels of 16 micrograms.m-3 (16 micrograms.m-3) for RSP, 1.1 micrograms.m-3) for ETS particles and 0.2 micrograms.m-3 (0.15 microgram.m-3) for nicotine. Similarly measured exposures at home (nonsmoking homes in parentheses), including all other locations outside the workplace, gave median levels of 24 micrograms.m-3 (19 micrograms.m-3) for RSP, 1.4 micrograms. m-3 (0.2 microgram.m-3) for ETS particles, and 0.15 microgram.m-3 (0.07 microgram.m-3) for nicotine. Overall, the exposure levels of ETS due to living with smokers in Stockholm was found to be much lower than similar exposures measured previously in the United Kingdom and the United States. Over 70% of all the nicotine measurements and 60% of all the ETS measurements were below the LOQ. When the median values for nicotine and ETS particles are converted to cigarette equivalents, Stockholm housewives and househusbands living with smokers would receive 6-9 cigarette equivalents per year, working nonsmokers living with smokers would receive 0.6-0.7 cigarette equivalents at home, and nonsmokers working with smokers would be exposed to 0.1-0.2 cigarette equivalent at work. The exposures were therefore up to six times greater at home than in workplaces where smoking was occurring. Although all the subjects were recruited as nonsmokers on the basis of their self-reported nonsmoking status, saliva continine measurements were used for confirmation. Subjects with continine levels below 25 ng.ml-1 were considered to be nonsmokers although the selection of a threshold level within the range of 10-50 ng.ml-1 was not considered to be critical. With a threshold of 25 ng.ml-1, between 2.7% and 5.3% were later shown to be misclassified as nonsmokers, depending on the definition of misclassification used. During the study period the air quality in Stockholm could be described according a British nomenclature as "very good" for the majority of the time. The daily average at no time fell below "good," and the maximum hourly nitrogen dioxide level was 111 micrograms.m-3 (inner c Descriptors Adult, Aged, Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Cotinine/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Saliva/chemistry, Sweden, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Phillips,K., Bentley,M. C., Howard,D. A., Alvan,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Sustainability of a water, sanitation and hygiene education project in rural Bangladesh: a 5-year follow-up	1996	Environmental Health Programme, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bulletin of the World Health Organization Periodical, Abbrev. Bull.World Health Organ. Pub Date Free Form Volume 74 Issue 4 Start Page 431 Other Pages 437 Notes LR: 20130919; JID: 7507052; OID: NLM: PMC2486877; OID: PIP: 127290; OID: POP: 00268484; OTO: PIP; GN: PIP: TJ: BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.; ppublish Place of Publication SWITZERLAND ISSN/ISBN 0042-9686; 0042-9686 Accession Number PMID: 8823966 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; J DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8823966 Abstract An integrated water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WSH) education intervention project was run by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, over the period 1983-87. In the intervention area the project provided handpumps, pit latrines, and hygiene education to about 800 households. The control population did not receive any interventions, but had access to the usual government and private WSH facilities. After 1987 no external support was provided to maintain these provisions. A cross-sectional follow-up survey, which was carried out in 1992, involved about 500 randomly selected households from the intervention and control areas. In 1992 about 82% of the pumps were still in good functional condition and of these, 94% had been functioning well in 1987. Fewer latrines were functional in 1992 (64%) than at the end of 1987 (93%). In the former intervention area about 84% of the adults were using sanitary latrines in 1992 compared with only 7% in the control area. Knowledge related to disease transmission, however, was poor and similar in both areas. People claimed that they used the WSH facilities to improve the quality of their lives. The prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases in the 1992 survey among the control population was about twice that among those in the intervention area.; PIP: This study presents the findings of a 1992 follow-up survey to determine the behavioral and health benefits of the Mirzapur Handpump Project during 1984-92. The project was part of an integrated water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WSH) education intervention project run by the International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research in Bangladesh. The project was implemented during 1984-87 in five villages in Mirzapur subdistrict among 880 households with 148 improved handpumps, one twin pit latrine for almost every household, and extensive hygiene education. The control area included 750 households with about 42 handpumps. Local women participated in selecting installation sites, maintaining tubewells and latrines, and collecting data. The last program repairs were made in 1987. Findings from the 1992 survey reveal that the percentage of working pumps declined from 100% to 82% during 1987-92. 75% of respondents believed that maintenance was shared by users. The remaining 25% in the intervention area and all in the control area claimed that repair was taken care of by the owners. 84% used tubewell water because of the improved quality. Use of sanitary latrines was the same over time. Use was 83% in the intervention area and only 8% in the control area. There was a decline in the percentage of proper functioning latrines from 98% in 1987 to 64% in 1993. Hygiene practices remained poor in 1993, but still higher than in the control area. Knowledge of the transmission of diarrhea was poor in 1992 and similar in control and intervention areas. Diarrheal morbidity in the previous 24 hours was significantly lower in the intervention area. Findings indicate improvement in health practices but little understanding of WSH practices and improved health. The monitoring measures were useful in determining project sustainability. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diarrhea/prevention & control, Female, Health Education, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Hygiene/standards, Male, Quality of Life, Sampling Studies, Sanitation/standards, Water Supply/standards, Asia, Bangladesh, Demographic Factors, Developing Countries, Education, Environment, Follow-up Studies, Health, Hygiene, Natural Resources, Organization And Administration, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Education, Program Evaluation, Program Sustainability, Programs, Public Health, Research Methodology, Research Report, Rural Population, Sanitation, Southern Asia, Studies, Surveys, Water Supply Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hoque,B. A., Juncker,T., Sack,R. B., Ali,M., Aziz,K. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2486877 Editors
Presence of Legionella spp. in thermal springs of the Campania region of south Italy	1996	Istituto di Microbiologia, Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Universita degli Studi di Napoli, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The new microbiologica Periodical, Abbrev. New Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 19 Issue 4 Start Page 315 Other Pages 320 Notes LR: 20110225; JID: 9516291; ppublish Place of Publication ITALY ISSN/ISBN 1121-7138; 1121-7138 Accession Number PMID: 8914132 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8914132 Abstract Water samples from 66 thermal springs in the Campania region of South Italy were cultured for Legionella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and indicators of faecal pollution. The temperature of the sources ranged from 21 degrees C to 59.5 degrees C. Legionella pneumophila, serogroup 7-10, was isolated from two out of 60 sources on the Island of Ischia and Legionella dumoffii from one mainland source. The temperatures of these sources were 35.2 degrees C, 48.2 degrees C, and 52.0 degrees C respectively. Twelve sources were positive for P. aeruginosa and 6 for Escherichia coli. Our results found that Legionella spp. were present in only three thermal springs, indicating that in the hydrothermal area of the Campania region the presence of this microbial species is very scarce. Descriptors Italy, Legionella/isolation & purification, Legionella pneumophila/isolation & purification, Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification, Water Microbiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sommese,L., Scarfogliero,P., Vitiello,M., Catalanotti,P., Galdiero,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications with Barrett's esophagus	1997	University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The American Journal of Gastroenterology Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Gastroenterol. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 92 Issue 1 Start Page 27 Other Pages 31 Notes LR: 20071114; GR: P30 DK34987/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: T32 DK07634/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; JID: 0421030; CIN: Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Jan;92(1):1-3. PMID: 8995929; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0002-9270; 0002-9270 Accession Number PMID: 8995932 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8995932 Abstract BACKGROUND: Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by a columnar epithelium with malignant potential. Chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is accepted as the primary risk factor for the development of Barrett's esophagus, but only a small fraction of individuals with GERD develop Barrett's esophagus. We sought to identify factors that increase the risk of Barrett's esophagus in those with GERD. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this matched case-control study was to investigate possible clinical risk factors for Barrett's esophagus. METHODS: The study was based on 79 case patients with Barrett's esophagus and 180 control patients. Each case patient was matched to one control patient whose indication for endoscopy was GERD and one control patient who underwent endoscopy for other indications. The case and control patients were matched for age, gender, and race. All patients underwent endoscopy at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, between July 1992 and August 1994. RESULTS: On average, patients with Barrett's esophagus developed reflux symptoms at an earlier age than age- and gender-matched control patients and also had a longer duration of symptoms. Complications of reflux, including esophagitis, stricture, and ulceration, were reported significantly more frequently in the group of case patients than either group of control patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pilot study indicate that age of onset, duration of symptoms, and complications of GERD may be markers of increased risk of Barrett's esophagus. Descriptors Age of Onset, Aged, Barrett Esophagus/etiology/pathology, Case-Control Studies, Chronic Disease, Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal, Female, Gastroesophageal Reflux/complications/physiopathology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Eisen,G. M., Sandler,R. S., Murray,S., Gottfried,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoking behaviour and attitudes among adult Saudi nationals in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia	1996	Department of Community Health Sciences, College Of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Autumn Volume 5 Issue 3 Start Page 215 Other Pages 219 Notes LR: 20081120; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC1759520; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0964-4563; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 9035357 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9035357 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To measure the smoking behaviour and attitudes among Saudi adults residing in Riyadh City, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Primary health care centres (PHCCs) in Riyadh City were selected by stratified random sampling. Subjects resident in each PHCC catchment area were selected by systematic sampling from their records in the PHCCs; 1534 adults aged 15 years and older were interviewed during January to April 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported smoking prevalence; age of smoking initiation; daily cigarette consumption; duration of smoking; reasons for smoking, not smoking, and quitting smoking; intentions to smoke in the future; and attitudes toward various tobacco control measures. RESULTS: 25.3% of respondents were current smokers, 10.2% were ex-smokers, and 64.5% had never smoked. About 79% of all smokers started smoking between the ages of 15 and 30 years, and 19.5% before age 15. Significantly higher smoking prevalence and daily cigarette consumption were associated with being male, single, and being more highly educated. Relief of psychological tension, boredom, and imitating others were the most important reasons for smoking, whereas health and religious considerations were the most important reasons for not smoking among never-smokers, for quitting among ex-smokers, and for attempting to quit or thinking about quitting among current smokers. About 90% of all subjects thought that they would not smoke in the future. Physicians and religious men were identified as the most effective anti-smoking advocates by a much higher proportion of respondents (44%) than nurses, health educators, and teachers (each less than 5%). Health and religious education were generally cited as more effective in deterring smoking than tobacco control laws and policies. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking is prevalent among Saudi adults in Riyadh, particularly males, most of whom begin to smoke rather early in life and continue for many years. Health and religious education should be the cornerstone for any organised tobacco control activities, which are urgently needed to combat the expected future epidemic of smoking-related health problems. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age of Onset, Attitude to Health, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Random Allocation, Saudi Arabia/epidemiology, Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Saeed,A. A., Khoja,T. A., Khan,S. B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1759520 Editors
Smoking habits and risk of fatal stroke: 18 years follow up of the Oslo Study	1996	Life Insurance Companies Institute of Medical Statistics, Oslo, Norway.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of epidemiology and community health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Epidemiol.Community Health Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 50 Issue 6 Start Page 621 Other Pages 624 Notes LR: 20130918; JID: 7909766; 0 (Blood Glucose); OID: NLM: PMC1060377; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0143-005X; 0143-005X Accession Number PMID: 9039379 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9039379 Abstract STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk of fatal stroke in relation to smoking habits in men screened for the Oslo study. DESIGN: The Oslo study is a prospective, cohort study of the epidemiology and preventive aspects of cardiovascular diseases in middle aged men. Screening started in May 1972 and results after 18 years of follow up are reported. PARTICIPANTS: There were 16209 men aged 40-49 years, of whom 16173 had no stroke history. Eighty five men died from stroke, of whom 48 were daily cigarettes smokers, 7 were pipe and cigar smokers, 15 smoked cigarettes and pipe or cigars daily, 11 were previous cigarette smokers, and 4 had never smoked cigarettes. MAIN RESULTS: Results of proportional hazards regression analysis adjusted for age, diastolic blood pressure, and glucose concentration showed the following rate ratios (RR) (95% confidence interval) of smoking groups compared with those who had never smoked or had previously smoked: combined cigarette and cigar or pipe smokers, RR = 6.1 (3.0, 12.5); cigarettes only, RR = 4.1 (2.3,7.4); and pipe and/or cigars only RR = 2.2 (0.9,5.5). The overall, age adjusted risk of smoking cigarettes daily was 3.5 and was found to increase with increasing cigarette consumption. Regardless of their smoking group, stroke cases had increased diastolic (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) when compared with men who had not had a stroke. The absolute differences in DBP and SBP between stroke cases and others for never and previous cigarette smokers versus daily smokers were twice as large: DBP, 12.1 mmHg versus 6.5 mmHg respectively and SBP, 16.0 mmHg versus 7.1 mmHg respectively. A high BMI increased the risk of fatal stroke of never and previous cigarette smokers. Men being treated for hypertension at the time of screening had three times the crude risk of fatal stroke of men who were not taking hypertensive treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Daily cigarette smoking increased the risk of fatal stroke three and a half times. Combined cigarette and pipe or cigar smoking had a higher risk than smoking cigarettes only. An increased risk was found in relation to increased daily cigarette consumption. Descriptors Adult, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, Cerebrovascular Disorders/etiology/mortality, Cohort Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Norway/epidemiology, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Smoking/adverse effects, Survival Rate Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Haheim,L. L., Holme,I., Hjermann,I., Leren,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1060377 Editors
The sociodemographic pattern of tobacco cessation in the 1980s: results from a panel study of living condition surveys in Sweden	1996	Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Sundbyberg, Sweden.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of epidemiology and community health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Epidemiol.Community Health Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 50 Issue 6 Start Page 625 Other Pages 630 Notes LR: 20130918; JID: 7909766; OID: NLM: PMC1060378; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0143-005X; 0143-005X Accession Number PMID: 9039380 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9039380 Abstract STUDY OBJECTIVES: To analyse the factors that determined whether or not people were successful in quitting tobacco during the 1980s in Sweden. DESIGN: A logistic regression model was used for the analyses and included: education, marital status, socioeconomic group, social network, physical activities, cigarette consumption, and years spent smoking as independent variables. Men and women were analysed separately for smoking. A specific univariate analysis was also performed for men who used snuff. SETTING: Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: A panel of 5104 randomised people aged 16-84 years was interviewed in 1980-81 and followed up in 1988-89 in the survey of living conditions undertaken by Statistics Sweden. The participation rate was 86%. The panel included 1546 men and women who were daily smokers. There were 418 daily users of snuff among the men, and 129 men both smoked and used snuff. MAIN RESULTS: Together 26% of women and 23% of men had quit smoking. Five percent in both groups were new smokers. Among men, 26% had quit using snuff and 5% had begun smoking. New snuff users among men were 5%. In the multivariate analysis, unmarried men kept smoking at significantly higher rates (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2,3.6), as did those men who smoked 11-20 cigarettes/day (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.5, 3.4), or more than 20 cigarettes/day (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.4,5.7). Among women, smoking 11-20 cigarettes/day was also a significant factor (OR 3.3; 95% CI 2.1,5.0). Men and women aged 25-44 were significantly more likely to continue smoking (OR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.1,3.7, and 2.2; 95% CI 1.2,4.4) as were those who had smoked for 20 years or more (OR 4.7; 95% CI 2.0,10.8 and OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.1,5.5, respectively). For women, low education (up to grade 9) was also a significant factor (OR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.2,5.1). Among men who had quit using snuff we did not find any values of significance. CONCLUSIONS: One in four smokers had quit during the 1980s and a few started smoking (5%). Some men quit smoking and started using snuff instead. For both sexes, the daily consumption of cigarettes, years spent smoking, and age were the most important determinants of successful quitting. In men, being married/ cohabiting was an important factor as was higher education in women. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Plants, Toxic, Sex Factors, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation, Socioeconomic Factors, Sweden/epidemiology, Time Factors, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tillgren,P., Haglund,B. J., Lundberg,M., Romelsjo,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1060378 Editors

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