WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
One solution to the arsenic problem: A return to surface (improved dug) wells	2006	Wilson, R., Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition Periodical, Abbrev. J.Health Popul.Nutr. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 24 Issue 3 Start Page 363 Other Pages 375 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1606-0997 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Arsenic contamination in drinking-water in Bangladesh is a major catastrophe, the consequences of which exceed most other man-made disasters. The national policy encourages the use of surface water as much as possible without encountering the problems of sanitation that led to the use of groundwater in the first place. This paper describes the success of the Dhaka Community Hospital (DCH) team and the procedure in implementing sanitary, arsenic-free, dugwells. The capital cost for running water is US$ 5-6 per person. Sixty-six sanitary dugwells were installed in phases between 2000 and 2004 in Pabna district of Bangladesh where there was a great need of safe water because, in some villages, 90% of tubewells were highly contaminated with arsenic. In total, 1,549 families now have access to safe arsenic-free dugwell water. Some of them have a water-pipe up to their kitchen. All of these were implemented with active participation of community members. They also pay for water-use and are themselves responsible for the maintenance and water quality. The DCH helped the community with installation and maintenance protocol and also with monitoring water quality. The bacteria levels are low but not always zero, and studies are in progress to reduce bacteria by chlorination. Â© 2006 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Descriptors arsenic, fresh water, article, Bangladesh, chemistry, consumer, cost benefit analysis, economics, filtration, health, human, methodology, microbiology, standard, water management, water pollutant, water supply Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Joya,S. A., Mostofa,G., Yousuf,J., Islam,A., Elahi,A., Mahiuddin,G., Rahman,M., Qaumruzzaman,Q., Wilson,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Variations in 13C discrimination during CO2 exchange by Picea sitchensis branches in the field.	2007	Wingate, L., School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Plant, Cell & Environment Periodical, Abbrev. Plant Cell Environ. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 30 Issue 5 Start Page 600 Other Pages 616 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0140-7791 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract We report diurnal variations in (13)C discrimination ((13)Delta) of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. branches measured in the field using a branch chamber technique. The observations were compared to predicted (13)Delta based on concurrent measurements of branch gas exchange. Observed (13)Delta values were described well by the classical model of (13)Delta including isotope effects during photorespiration, day respiration and CO(2) transfer through a series of resistances to the sites of carboxylation. A simplified linear of model (13)Delta did not capture the observed diurnal variability. At dawn and dusk, we measured very high (13)Delta values that were not predicted by either of the said models. Exploring the sensitivity of (13)Delta to possible respiratory isotope effects, we conclude that isotopic disequilibria between the gross fluxes of photosynthesis and day respiration can explain the high observed (13)Delta values during net photosynthetic gas exchange. Based on the classical model, a revised formulation incorporating an isotopically distinct substrate for day respiration was able to account well for the high observed dawn and dusk (13)Delta values. Descriptors carbon, carbon dioxide, water, article, cell respiration, circadian rhythm, metabolism, microclimate, physiology, plant leaf, spruce Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Wingate,L., Seibt,U., Moncrieff,J. B., Jarvis,P. G., Lloyd,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Shisha versus cigarette smoking and endothelial function	2014	Wiwanitkit House, Bangkhae, Bangkok-Thailand. somsriwiwan@hotmail.com.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Anadolu kardiyoloji dergisi : AKD = the Anatolian journal of cardiology Periodical, Abbrev. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 14 Issue 4 Start Page 408 Other Pages Notes JID: 101095069; CON: Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2013 Dec;13(8):759-65. PMID: 24287354; 2014/05/06 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Turkey ISSN/ISBN 1308-0032; 1302-8723 Accession Number PMID: 24818978 Language eng SubFile Comment; Letter; IM DOI 10.5152/akd.2014.5410 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24818978 Abstract Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Wiwanitkit,S., Wiwanitkit,V. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140506 PMCID Editors
The digital water pipe stock plans of Energie- und Wasserversorgung Nurnberg (EWAG) from the standpoint of its internal and external links to other GIS	1993	Wolf, C.A., Energie-Wasserversorgung AG Nurnberg, Nurnberg, Germany	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water Supply Periodical, Abbrev. Water Supply Pub Date Free Form 1993/ Volume 11 Issue 2 Start Page 119 Other Pages 125 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0735-1917 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract In Nuremberg a GIS association encompassing all institutions operating in the public road sector with their specialist applications is currently being formed. The concept originates from a national German recommendation (MERKIS), takes shape in a data structure guideline (DatRi DFK 1000) applicable throughout Bavaria and culminates in the establishment of a local system. At present the measures implemented cover approx. 15-30% of the urban area in spatial terms with active participation by approx. 1/3 of the members of the association. It is intended that the GIS association currently being established will be fully capable of operation by the turn of the century including its core applications. The project is warranted by the synergy effects which are already making themselves felt. Descriptors audiovisual equipment, conference paper, data base, Germany, information system, pipeline, topography, urban area, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Wolf,C. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in a chloraminated distribution sytem: Seasonal occurrence, distribution, and disinfection resistance	1990	Wolfe, R.L., Metropolitan Water District, La Verne, CA 91750, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Applied and Environmental Microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form 1990/ Volume 56 Issue 2 Start Page 451 Other Pages 462 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0099-2240 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Nutrification in chloraminated drinking water can have a number of adverse effects on water quality, including a loss of total chlorine and ammonia-N and an increase in the concentration of heterotrophic plate count bacteria and nitrite. To understand how nitrification develops, a study was conducted to examine the factors that influence the occurrence of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in a chloraminated distribution system. Samples were collected over an 18-month period from a raw-water source, a conventional treatment plant effluent, and two covered, finished-water reservoirs that previously experienced nitrification episodes. Sediment and biofilm samples were collected from the interior wall surfaces of two finished-water pipelines and one of the covered reservoirs. The AOB were enumerated by a most-probable-number technique, and isolates were isolated and identified. The resistance of naturally occurring AOB to chloramines and free chlorine was also examined. The results of the monitoring program indicated that the levels of AOB, identified as members of the genus Nitrosomonas, were seasonally dependent in both source and finished waters, with the highest levels observed in the warm summer months. The concentrations of AOB in the two reservoirs, both of which have floating covers made of synthetic rubber (Hypalon; E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.), had most probable numbers that ranged from 300/ml and correlated significantly with temperature and levels of heterotrophic plate count bacteria. No AOB were detected in the chloraminated reservoirs when the water temperature was below 16 to 18Â°C. The study indicated that nitrifiers occur throughout the chloraminated distribution system. Higher concentrations of AOB were found in the reservoir and pipe sediment materials than in the pipe biofilm samples. The AOB were approximately 13 times more resistant to monochloramine than to free chlorine. After 33 min of exposure to 1.0 mg of monochloramine per liter (pH 8.2, 23Â°C), 99% of an AOB culture was inactivated. The amounts of this disinfectant that are currently used (1.5 mg/liter at a 3:1 ratio of chlorine to ammonia-N) may be inadequate to control the growth of these organisms in the distribution system. Descriptors drinking water, antibiotic resistance, article, bacterial growth, chloramination, nitrification, Nitrosomonas, nonhuman, oxidation, priority journal, quality control, ultrastructure Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Wolfe,R. L., Lieu,N. I., Izaguirre,G., Means,E. G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction	2014	Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 55 Philpot Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2HJ UK. h.j.mcrobbie@qmul.ac.uk.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form Volume (12):CD010216. doi Issue 12 Start Page CD010216 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 25515689 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25515689 Abstract BACKGROUND: Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are electronic devices that heat a liquid - usually comprising propylene glycol and glycerol, with or without nicotine and flavours, stored in disposable or refillable cartridges or a reservoir - into an aerosol for inhalation. Since ECs appeared on the market in 2006 there has been a steady growth in sales. Smokers report using ECs to reduce risks of smoking, but some healthcare organisations have been reluctant to encourage smokers to switch to ECs, citing lack of evidence of efficacy and safety. Smokers, healthcare providers and regulators are interested to know if these devices can reduce the harms associated with smoking. In particular, healthcare providers have an urgent need to know what advice they should give to smokers enquiring about ECs. OBJECTIVES: To examine the efficacy of ECs in helping people who smoke to achieve long-term abstinence; to examine the efficacy of ECs in helping people reduce cigarette consumption by at least 50% of baseline levels; and to assess the occurrence of adverse events associated with EC use. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Groups Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, and two other databases for relevant records from 2004 to July 2014, together with reference checking and contact with study authors. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which current smokers (motivated or unmotivated to quit) were randomized to EC or a control condition, and which measured abstinence rates or changes in cigarette consumption at six months or longer. As the field of EC research is new, we also included cohort follow-up studies with at least six months follow-up. We included randomized cross-over trials and cohort follow-up studies that included at least one week of EC use for assessment of adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: One review author extracted data from the included studies and another checked them. Our main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up, and we used the most rigorous definition available (continuous, biochemically validated, longest follow-up). For reduction we used a dichotomous approach (no change/reduction Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors McRobbie,H., Bullen,C., Hartmann-Boyce,J., Hajek,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141217 PMCID Editors
Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation	2013	Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 55 Philpot Street, London, UK, E1 2HJ.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 20-Aug Volume (8):CD003999. doi Issue 8 Start Page CD003999 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; GR: 14135/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom; JID: 100909747; 0 (Benzazepines); 0 (Chewing Gum); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Quinoxalines); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); W6HS99O8ZO (Varenicline); epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 23963584 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003999.pub4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23963584 Abstract BACKGROUND: A number of treatments can help smokers make a successful quit attempt, but many initially successful quitters relapse over time. Several interventions have been proposed to help prevent relapse. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether specific interventions for relapse prevention reduce the proportion of recent quitters who return to smoking. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register in May 2013 for studies mentioning relapse prevention or maintenance in title, abstracts or keywords. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of relapse prevention interventions with a minimum follow-up of six months. We included smokers who quit on their own, were undergoing enforced abstinence, or were participating in treatment programmes. We included trials that compared relapse prevention interventions with a no intervention control, or that compared a cessation programme with additional relapse prevention components with a cessation programme alone. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Studies were screened and data extracted by one review author, and checked by a second. Disagreements were resolved by discussion or by referral to a third review author. MAIN RESULTS: Sixty-three studies met inclusion criteria but were heterogeneous in terms of populations and interventions. We considered 41 studies that randomly assigned abstainers separately from studies that randomly assigned participants before their quit date.Upon looking at studies of behavioural interventions that randomly assigned abstainers, we detected no benefit of brief and 'skills-based' relapse prevention methods for women who had quit smoking because of pregnancy, or for smokers undergoing a period of enforced abstinence during hospitalisation or military training. We also failed to detect significant effects of behavioural interventions in trials in unselected groups of smokers who had quit on their own or through a formal programme. Amongst trials randomly assigning smokers before their quit date and evaluating the effects of additional relapse prevention components, we found no evidence of benefit of behavioural interventions or combined behavioural and pharmacotherapeutic interventions in any subgroup. Overall, providing training in skills thought to be needed for relapse avoidance did not reduce relapse, but most studies did not use experimental designs best suited to the task and had limited power to detect expected small differences between interventions. For pharmacological interventions, extended treatment with varenicline significantly reduced relapse in one trial (risk ratio (RR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to 1.36). Pooling of six studies of extended treatment with bupropion failed to detect a significant effect (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.35). Two small trials of oral nicotine replacement treatment (NRT) failed to detect an effect, but treatment compliance was low, and in two other trials of oral NRT in which short-term abstainers were randomly assigned, a significant effect of intervention was noted. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: At the moment, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of any specific behavioural intervention to help smokers who have successfully quit for a short time to avoid relapse. The verdict is strongest for interventions focused on identifying and resolving tempting situations, as most studies were concerned with these. Little research is available regarding other behavioural approaches.Extended treatment with varenicline may prevent relapse. Extended treatment with bupropion is unlikely to have a clinically important effect. Studies of extended treatment with nicotine replacement are needed. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hajek,P., Stead,L.F., West,R., Jarvis,M., Hartmann-Boyce,J., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130820 PMCID Editors
Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation	2009	Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Turner Street, London, UK, E1 2AD.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 21-Jan Volume (1):CD003999. doi Issue 1 Start Page CD003999 Other Pages Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100909747; 0 (Chewing Gum); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); CIN: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Jul 21;151(2):JC1-11. PMID: 19620155; UIN: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8:CD003999. PMID: 23963584; RF: 93; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 19160228 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003999.pub3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19160228 Abstract BACKGROUND: A number of treatments can help smokers make a successful quit attempt, but many initially successful quitters relapse over time. Several interventions were proposed to help prevent relapse. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether specific interventions for relapse prevention reduce the proportion of recent quitters who return to smoking. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register in August 2008 for studies mentioning relapse prevention or maintenance in title, abstracts or keywords. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of relapse prevention interventions with a minimum follow up of six months. We included smokers who quit on their own, or were undergoing enforced abstinence, or who were participating in treatment programmes. We included trials that compared relapse prevention interventions to a no intervention control, or that compared a cessation programme with additional relapse prevention components to a cessation programme alone. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Studies were screened and data extracted by one author and checked by a second. Disagreements were resolved by discussion or referral to a third author. MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-four studies met inclusion criteria, but were heterogeneous in terms of populations and interventions. We considered 36 studies that randomized abstainers separately from studies that randomized participants prior to their quit date.Looking at studies of behavioural interventions which randomised abstainers, we detected no benefit of brief and 'skills-based' relapse prevention methods for women who had quit smoking due to pregnancy, or for smokers undergoing a period of enforced abstinence during hospitalisation or military training. We also failed to detect significant effects of behavioural interventions in trials in unselected groups of smokers who had quit on their own or with a formal programme. Amongst trials randomising smokers prior to their quit date and evaluating the effect of additional relapse prevention components we also found no evidence of benefit of behavioural interventions in any subgroup. Overall, providing training in skills thought to be needed for relapse avoidance did not reduce relapse, but most studies did not use experimental designs best suited to the task, and had limited power to detect expected small differences between interventions. For pharmacological interventions, extended treatment with varenicline significantly reduced relapse in one trial (risk ratio 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.36). Pooling of five studies of extended treatment with bupropion failed to detect a significant effect (risk ratio 1.17; 95% confidence interval 0.99 to 1.39). Two small trials of oral nicotine replacement treatment (NRT) failed to detect an effect but treatment compliance was low and in two other trials of oral NRT randomizing short-term abstainers there was a significant effect of intervention. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: At the moment there is insufficient evidence to support the use of any specific behavioural intervention for helping smokers who have successfully quit for a short time to avoid relapse. The verdict is strongest for interventions focusing on identifying and resolving tempting situations, as most studies were concerned with these. There is little research available regarding other behavioural approaches. Extended treatment with varenicline may prevent relapse. Extended treatment with bupropion is unlikely to have a clinically important effect. Studies of extended treatment with nicotine replacement are needed. Descriptors Behavior Therapy, Chewing Gum, Female, Humans, Male, Nicotine/therapeutic use, Nicotinic Agonists, Pregnancy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Secondary Prevention, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hajek,P., Stead,L. F., West,R., Jarvis,M., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090121 PMCID Editors
A skim milk stabilized water vaccine for Newcastle disease (B1-type LaSota): its effectiveness under modern commercial cage layer methods of delivery.	1975	Woodward, H.L.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Poultry science Periodical, Abbrev. Poult.Sci. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 54 Issue 3 Start Page 866 Other Pages 871 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0032-5791 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract For flock vaccination, B1-type LaSota Newcastle disease water vaccine was used in chicken under commercial cage layer conditions using two different methods, Swish Corporation pipes and cups, and stainless stell troughs, in an effort to determine their effectiveness. The concentration of virus in trough and cup samples collected at the beginning and the end of the lines were the same except in one instance where little or no virus was transported to the end of the trough. Satisfactory results were obtained when the test was repeated a year later. Serum HI titers determined before and after vaccination demonstrated adequate flock serum titers and indicated that both methods of application were reasonably effective. In laboratory trials, different water pipes (black, polyvinyl chloride pipe and Hart cups, green, polyvinyl chloride pipe and Swish cups, and old, rusty, galvanized pipe) normally used in cage operations were tested. Our findings indicated that dried skim milk powder (DSMP) was essential in stabilizing vaccine virus in the containers tested and that an adequate vaccine virus concentration was maintained in the three types of pipe tested when DSMP was used. Without DSMP the vaccine titers were adversely affected. Descriptors virus vaccine, water, animal, animal housing, article, bird disease, chicken, fat intake, hemagglutination inhibition test, immunology, milk, Newcastle disease virus, oral drug administration, procedures, temperature Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Woodward,H. L., Tudor,D. C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Evaluation of the use of Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data for developing evidence-based tobacco control policies in Turkey	2008	World Health Organization Country Office, Birlik Mahallesi 2, Cadde No: 11, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey. ergudert@euro.who.int	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 15-Dec Volume 8 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page S4 Other Pages 2458-8-S1-S4 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100968562; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC2604868; 2008/12/15 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 19091047 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-8-S1-S4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19091047 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The tobacco control effort in Turkey has made significant progress in recent years. Turkey initiated its tobacco control effort with the passing of Law 4207 (The Prevention of Harmful Effects of Tobacco Products) in 1996 and ratified the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2004. It is important to base policy decisions on valid and reliable evidence from population-based, representative studies that are periodically repeated to enable policy makers to monitor the results of their interventions and to appropriately tailor anti-tobacco activities towards future needs. METHODS: The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) was developed to track tobacco use among young people and enhance the capacity of countries to design, implement, and evaluate tobacco control and prevention programs. Turkey conducted the GYTS in 2003 and data from this survey can be used as baseline measures for evaluation of the tobacco control programs implemented by the Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Turkish government. RESULTS: The GYTS was conducted in 2003 on a representative sample of students aged 13 to 15 years. It indicated that almost 3 in 10 students in Turkey had ever smoked cigarettes, with significantly higher rates among boys. Current cigarette smoking rates were lower, at 9% for boys and 4% for girls. The prevalence of current use of other tobacco products was about half these figures for each gender. About 80% were exposed to secondhand smoke. Exposure to pro-smoking media messages was not rare. Almost half of the smokers 'usually' bought their tobacco from a store, despite the law prohibiting this. Exposure to teaching against smoking in schools was not universal. CONCLUSION: Findings from the GYTS, with periodic repeats of the survey, can be used to monitor the impact of enforcing various provisions of the present law (No: 4207), the progress made in achieving the goals of the WHO FCTC, and the effectiveness of various preventive interventions against smoking. Such data would inform and help in the development of public health strategy. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior/psychology, Female, Focus Groups, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, National Health Programs, Population Surveillance, Public Health Administration, Public Health Informatics, Public Policy, Risk-Taking, School Health Services, Smoking/epidemiology/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Industry, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/prevention & control, Turkey/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Erguder,T., Cakir,B., Aslan,D., Warren,C. W., Jones,N. R., Asma,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20081215 PMCID PMC2604868 Editors

E-mail