WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Predicting smoking cessation. Who will quit with and without the nicotine patch	1994	Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706-1532.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Jama Periodical, Abbrev. JAMA Pub Date Free Form 23-Feb Volume 271 Issue 8 Start Page 589 Other Pages 594 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 7501160; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0098-7484; 0098-7484 Accession Number PMID: 8301790 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8301790 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of smoking cessation success or failure with and without transdermal nicotine patch treatment. DESIGN: Two independent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies using the nicotine patch assessing outcome at the end of treatment and at 6-month follow-up; each study used a different mode of adjuvant counseling. PATIENTS: Subjects were daily smokers (> or = 15 cigarettes per day), aged 21 to 65 years with expired air carbon monoxide levels of at least 10 ppm, and motivated to quit. Eighty-eight subjects participated in study 1, and 112 subjects participated in study 2. INTERVENTION: Study 1 consisted of 8 weeks of 22-mg nicotine patch therapy with intensive group counseling. Study 2 consisted of 4 weeks of 22-mg nicotine patch therapy and 2 weeks of 11-mg nicotine patch therapy with brief individual counseling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prediction of smoking cessation (at end of treatment and after 6 months) based on pretreatment and intratreatment measures in smokers using active or placebo nicotine patches. RESULTS: Pretreatment markers, such as the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire score, number of cigarettes smoked per day, years smoked, expired air carbon monoxide level, or baseline blood nicotine and cotinine levels, showed no consistent relationship with successful smoking cessation across both studies. Of the intratreatment markers examined, withdrawal severity and nicotine replacement levels also were not consistently predictive of cessation success. However, any smoking during the second week of treatment was a consistent and powerful predictor of failure at the end of treatment and after 6 months. Among active nicotine patch patients who smoked at all during week 2 after quitting, 83% and 97% (studies 1 and 2, respectively) were smoking at 6-month follow-up. Conversely, abstinence during the second week of treatment predicted successful smoking cessation. Among active nicotine patch patients who were totally abstinent during week 2 after quitting, 46% and 41% (studies 1 and 2, respectively) were abstinent at 6-month follow-up. Of all nicotine patch patients in both studies who were smoking at 6-month follow-up, 74% began smoking during week 1 or 2. Among all placebo patch patients who were smoking at 6-month follow-up, 86% began smoking during week 1 or 2. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking status (abstinent or smoking) during the first 2 weeks of nicotine patch therapy, particularly week 2, was highly correlated with clinical outcome and can serve as a powerful predictor of smoking cessation. Early smoking behavior also predicted outcome among placebo patch users. Traditional measures of dependence are not consistently predictive of cessation success. Clinicians are advised to emphasize the importance of total abstinence after a quit attempt and to follow-up with patients within the first 2 weeks of quitting; smoking during this critical time should be assessed and treatment may be altered as appropriate. Descriptors Administration, Cutaneous, Adult, Aged, Breath Tests, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Confidence Intervals, Cotinine/blood, Counseling, Double-Blind Method, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine/administration & dosage/blood, Odds Ratio, Smoking/therapy, Smoking Cessation/methods/statistics & numerical data, Treatment Outcome Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kenford,S. L., Fiore,M. C., Jorenby,D. E., Smith,S. S., Wetter,D., Baker,T. B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Nicotine patch therapy for smoking cessation combined with physician advice and nurse follow-up. One-year outcome and percentage of nicotine replacement	1994	Nicotine Dependence Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Jama Periodical, Abbrev. JAMA Pub Date Free Form 23-Feb Volume 271 Issue 8 Start Page 595 Other Pages 600 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 7501160; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); CIN: JAMA. 1994 Jul 6;272(1):32. PMID: 8007075; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0098-7484; 0098-7484 Accession Number PMID: 8301791 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8301791 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of a 22-mg nicotine patch combined with the National Cancer Institute program for physician advice and nurse follow-up in providing withdrawal symptom relief, 1-year smoking cessation outcome, and percentage of nicotine replacement. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SUBJECTS: Two-hundred forty healthy volunteers who were smoking at least 20 cigarettes per day. INTERVENTIONS: Based on the National Cancer Institute program, subjects received smoking cessation advice from a physician. Follow-up and relapse prevention were provided by a study nurse during individual counseling sessions. Subjects were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of a 22-mg nicotine or placebo patch. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Abstinence from smoking was verified by expired air carbon monoxide levels. Withdrawal symptoms were recorded during patch therapy, and the percentage of nicotine replacement was calculated by dividing serum nicotine and cotinine levels at week 8 of patch therapy by levels obtained while smoking. RESULTS: Higher smoking cessation rates were observed in the active nicotine patch group at 8 weeks (46.7% vs 20%) (P < .001) and at 1 year (27.5% vs 14.2%) (P = .011). Higher smoking cessation rates were also observed in subjects assigned to the active patch who had lower serum levels of nicotine and cotinine at baseline, and withdrawal symptom relief was better in the active patch group compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically significant smoking cessation can be achieved using nicotine patch therapy combined with physician intervention, nurse counseling, follow-up, and relapse prevention. Smokers with lower baseline nicotine and cotinine levels had better cessation rates, which provides indirect evidence that they had more adequate nicotine replacement with this fixed dose of transdermal nicotine than those smokers with higher baseline levels. Descriptors Administration, Cutaneous, Adult, Aged, Breath Tests, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Cotinine/blood, Counseling/methods, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Nicotine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/blood, Nurses, Physician's Role, Smoking/therapy, Smoking Cessation/methods/statistics & numerical data, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/therapy, Treatment Outcome Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hurt,R. D., Dale,L. C., Fredrickson,P. A., Caldwell,C. C., Lee,G. A., Offord,K. P., Lauger,G. G., Marusic,Z., Neese,L. W., Lundberg,T. G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Involuntary smoking in the restaurant workplace. A review of employee exposure and health effects	1993	University of California, Berkeley/University of California.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Jama Periodical, Abbrev. JAMA Pub Date Free Form 28-Jul Volume 270 Issue 4 Start Page 490 Other Pages 493 Notes LR: 20140917; JID: 7501160; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); CIN: JAMA. 1994 Feb 23;271(8):584-5. PMID: 8301782; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0098-7484; 0098-7484 Accession Number PMID: 8320789 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8320789 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative exposure to environmental tobacco smoke for bar and restaurant employees compared with office employees and with nonsmokers exposed in the home (part 1) and to determine whether this exposure is contributing to an elevated lung cancer risk in these employees (part 2). DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE and bibliographies from identified publications. STUDY SELECTION: In part 1, published studies of indoor air quality were included if they reported a mean concentration of carbon monoxide, nicotine, or particulate matter from measurements taken in one or more bars, restaurants, offices, or residences with at least one smoker. In part 2, published epidemiologic studies that reported a risk estimate for lung cancer incidence or mortality in food-service workers were included if they controlled, directly or indirectly, for active smoking. DATA EXTRACTION: In part 1, a weighted average of the mean concentration of carbon monoxide, nicotine, and respirable suspended particulates reported in studies was calculated for bars, restaurants, offices, and residences. In part 2, the relative lung cancer risk for food-service workers compared with that for the general population was examined in the six identified studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Levels of environmental tobacco smoke in restaurants were approximately 1.6 to 2.0 times higher than in office workplaces of other businesses and 1.5 times higher than in residences with at least one smoker. Levels in bars were 3.9 to 6.1 times higher than in offices and 4.4 to 4.5 times higher than in residences. The epidemiologic evidence suggested that there may be a 50% increase in lung cancer risk among food-service workers that is in part attributable to tobacco smoke exposure in the workplace. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental tobacco smoke is a significant occupational health hazard for food-service workers. To protect these workers, smoking in bars and restaurants should be prohibited. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/statistics & numerical data, Housing, Humans, Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology, Occupational Diseases/epidemiology, Occupational Exposure/adverse effects/statistics & numerical data, Restaurants, Risk Factors, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects/statistics & numerical data, Workplace Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Siegel,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Arterial gas bubbles after decompression in pigs with patent foramen ovale	1993	Section for Extreme Work Environment, Sintef Unimed, Trondheim, Norway.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Undersea & hyperbaric medicine : journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc Periodical, Abbrev. Undersea Hyperb.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 20 Issue 2 Start Page 121 Other Pages 131 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 9312954; 0 (Gases); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 1066-2936; 1066-2936 Accession Number PMID: 8329939 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8329939 Abstract With patent foramen ovale (PFO), thought to be a risk factor for some forms of DCS, venous bubbles may pass through the patent opening to become arterial bubbles. We exposed 14 anesthetized, spontaneously breathing pigs to air at 5 bar (500 kPa, absolute pressure) for 30 min and then rapidly decompressed at 2 bar/min to 1 bar. We measured intravascular pressures, blood gases, and, with transesophageal echocardiology, bubbles in the pulmonary artery and ascending aorta. Autopsy showed that six of the pigs had a PFO. Arterial bubbles occurred more frequently in the PFO group (in six out of six) than in the non-PFO group (in two out of eight, P < 0.01). When arterial bubbles were detected, the venous bubble count and the pulmonary artery pressure tended to be lower in pigs with PFO than in pigs without a PFO. We conclude that a PFO increases the risk of arterial bubbles after decompression. Descriptors Animals, Atmosphere Exposure Chambers, Decompression Sickness/blood/etiology/physiopathology, Embolism, Air/blood/etiology/physiopathology, Gases/blood, Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/blood/complications/physiopathology, Hemodynamics/physiology, Swine Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Vik,A., Jenssen,B. M., Brubakk,A. O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Environmental tobacco smoke concentrations in no-smoking and smoking sections of restaurants	1993	New Mexico Tumor Registry, University of New Mexico Medical Center, Albuquerque 87131.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 83 Issue 9 Start Page 1339 Other Pages 1341 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 1254074; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); OID: NLM: PMC1694959; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0090-0036; 0090-0036 Accession Number PMID: 8363015 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8363015 Abstract To characterize the effectiveness of a local ordinance that restricts smoking in restaurants to one third of the seating area, this study made simultaneous measurements of two markers of environmental tobacco smoke, respirable suspended particles and nicotine, in the smoking and no-smoking sections of seven restaurants. The mean concentrations of respirable suspended particles and nicotine were 40% and 65% lower, respectively, in the no-smoking than in the smoking sections, indicating substantial but not complete protection against exposure. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Nicotine/analysis, Restaurants, Smoking/prevention & control, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lambert,W. E., Samet,J. M., Spengler,J. D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1694959 Editors
Experimental studies of the effects of enriched air nitrox dive on shortening of decompression time and reduction of risks of decompression sickness	1993	Department of Hygiene, Saitama Medical School.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Sangyo igaku.Japanese journal of industrial health Periodical, Abbrev. Sangyo Igaku Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 35 Issue 4 Start Page 294 Other Pages 301 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0150531; 37291-87-5 (nitrox); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); S88TT14065 (Oxygen); ppublish Place of Publication JAPAN ISSN/ISBN 0047-1879; 0047-1879 Accession Number PMID: 8377268 Language jpn SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8377268 Abstract Enriched air nitrox diving has been conducted to shorten decompression time as well as to reduce risks of decompression sickness. Nine volunteer divers served as subjects for nitrox (-a: 60% N2 and 40% O2, and -b: 67.5% N2 and 32.5% O2) and air chamber dives of 20 m/60 min, 30 m/60 min and 40 m/60 min. Venous gas emboli (VGE) were examined after surfacing in a series of nitrox dives and of air dives to compare the risks of decompression sickness (DCS). Three divers as a group were compressed in a chamber for each dive. Decompression was carried out according to the Norwegian Navy nitrox decompression tables for the nitrox dives, and for the air dives the Japanese Ministry of Labor tables were used. Decompression time was much shorter in nitrox diving than in air dives for the same dive profiles. All of nitrox-a and air divers showed no VGE nor DCS symptoms after surfacing of 20 m dives. In case of 30 m dives, VGE appeared in one diver (33%) without DCS symptoms in nitrox-a dive but no VGE nor DCS in nitrox-b dive, whereas for the same air dives two subjects (66%) had VGE and DCS symptoms. When the depth was increased to 40 m in the nitrox dive, nitrox-b did not show both VGE and DCS, while the air dive showed one VGE and one DCS. These results suggest that the nitrox dive with suitable decompression schedule reduces the risks of DCS as well as shortening decompression obligation. Descriptors Adult, Air, Decompression/methods, Decompression Sickness/prevention & control, Diving, Humans, Middle Aged, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kobayashi,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Bubble formation and decompression sickness on direct ascent from shallow air saturation diving	1993	Maritime Self-Defense Force, Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Japan.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Aviat.Space Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 64 Issue 2 Start Page 121 Other Pages 125 Notes LR: 20041117; JID: 7501714; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0095-6562; 0095-6562 Accession Number PMID: 8431185 Language eng SubFile Case Reports; Journal Article; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8431185 Abstract To find the minimum supersaturation pressure for detectable bubble formation and for contraction of decompression sickness (DCS), three shallow air saturation dives at the depth of 6 m, 7 m, and 8 m were performed. The ultrasonic M-mode method was used for detecting bubbles. The exposure period was 3 d for all dives. Ten subjects were compressed to both 6 m and 7 m, and nine subjects were compressed to 8 m. One bubble streak was shown in the 6-m dive group. A small number of bubbles were seen in four subjects in the 7-m dive. All subjects in the 8-m dive presented various amounts of bubbles. DCS was not observed in the 6-m and 7-m dives. On the other hand, in the 8-m dive, four subjects suffered from DCS and required recompression treatment. The minimum depth for detectable bubble formation was assessed at around 6 m and the direct ascent from saturation at 8 m seems to have a high risk of DCS. Descriptors Adult, Decompression Sickness, Diving, Embolism, Air/etiology/ultrasonography, Humans, Male, Middle Aged Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ikeda,T., Okamoto,Y., Hashimoto,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Laser etching of enamel for direct bonding	1993	Department of Biological and Biophysical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, KY 40292.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Angle Orthodontist Periodical, Abbrev. Angle Orthod. Pub Date Free Form Spring Volume 63 Issue 1 Start Page 73 Other Pages 76 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 0370550; 0 (Phosphoric Acids); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0003-3219; 0003-3219 Accession Number PMID: 8507035 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D; IM DOI 10.1043/0003-3219(1993)063<0073:LEOEFD>2.0.CO;2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8507035 Abstract The application of laser irradiation to etch dental enamel in preparation for direct bonding of orthodontic appliances has been studied. Forty extracted human teeth were divided into four groups of 10 teeth. Within each group, five teeth were subjected to a 30 sec acid etch of the buccal enamel surface; the other five in each group were etched with a laser. Four power settings on the laser etching unit were used: 80mJ, 1W, 2W and 3W. After etching, brackets were adhered to the prepared buccal enamel surfaces with composite resin. Shear bond strength was tested 7 days later. The findings showed that an acceptable shear bond strength, viz. > or = 0.6 kg/mm, could be achieved at laser power settings of 1 to 3W but not at the lowest setting (80 mJ). However, the mean shear bond strengths obtained with laser treatment of the enamel at 80mJ, 1W and 2W were lower (p < 0.01 or 0.001) than that achieved with acid etching. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Dental Bonding/instrumentation/methods, Dental Enamel/drug effects/radiation effects, Humans, Lasers, Phosphoric Acids/pharmacology, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors von Fraunhofer,J. A., Allen,D. J., Orbell,G. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Environmental tobacco smoke, wheezing, and asthma in children in 24 communities	1996	Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 153 Issue 1 Start Page 218 Other Pages 224 Notes LR: 20071114; GR: ES-0002/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: ES-04595/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: ES-07069/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9421642; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 1073-449X; 1073-449X Accession Number PMID: 8542119 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; AIM; IM DOI 10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542119 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8542119 Abstract The association of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home with asthma and several measures of wheeze was examined among 11,534 children aged 8 to 11 yr in 24 communities in the United States and Canada in 1988 through 1990. Information on the child's respiratory symptoms in the past year and history of exposure to ETS was provided by the child's mother on a questionnaire. After adjusting for potential confounders, children currently exposed to ETS were at greater risk of wheezing with colds (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.4 to 1.9), going to a hospital emergency room for wheeze (OR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.2), and having persistent wheeze (OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.8). The relative odds of these symptoms increased with exposure level, and there was no evidence of a difference in the association with smoking by mother, father, or other adults. In contrast to wheeze symptoms, active doctor-diagnosed asthma and asthma medication use were not significantly associated with ETS exposure at home, possibly reflecting underdiagnosis of asthma, reporting bias, or smoking cessation by parents whose child is labeled asthmatic. We conclude that exposure to ETS is associated with wheezing symptoms, medical therapy for wheezing, and wheezing-related emergency department visits in U.S. and Canadian children. Descriptors Adult, Asthma/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology, Canada/epidemiology, Child, Common Cold/etiology, Confidence Intervals, Emergencies, Female, Humans, Male, Odds Ratio, Respiratory Sounds, Risk Factors, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects, United States/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cunningham,J., O'Connor,G. T., Dockery,D. W., Speizer,F. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Shear strength of ceramic brackets bonded to etched or unetched enamel	1995	Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78284-7888, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Pediatr.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Spring Volume 19 Issue 3 Start Page 181 Other Pages 183 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9100079; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dental Cements); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 1053-4628; 1053-4628 Accession Number PMID: 8611486 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8611486 Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths and enamel surface morphology after debonding a polycrystalline ceramic bracket (Transcend 2000) bonded with a light-cured resin cement (Transbond) without enamel etching or by etching for 15 seconds with 10% or 37% phosphoric acid and 10% maleic acid. Forty extracted noncarious human premolars were used. The buccal enamel surfaces were used and the teeth randomly divided in to four groups of 10 teeth each: Group 1: No enamel etching; Group 2: Enamel etching for 15 seconds with 10% phosphoric acid; Group 3: Enamel etching for 15 seconds with 37% phosphoric acid; and Group 4: Enamel etching for 15 seconds with 10% maleic acid. The brackets were bonded to the etched enamel surfaces according to manufacturers' instructions except the etching time variations. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours and then thermocycled for 300 cycles between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C. The specimens were mounted in dental stone and placed in the Instron at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min using a knife-edged blade. Immediately after debonding, the enamel surface and bracket-enamel interface were evaluated visually and with a stereomicroscope. Representative samples were then examined with the SEM. ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests were performed. The results (in MPa) were: Group 1:11.83 (+3.9); Group 2: 28.80 (+12.6); Group 3: 26.25 (+5.3); Group 4: 18.06 (+6.9). Groups 2 and 3 were statistically significantly different (p<0.0001) from Groups 1 and 4. Groups 2 vs. 3 or 1 vs. 4 were not statistically different. Debonding occurred mainly at the bracket-resin interface in all groups, except Group 2 which displayed two samples with enamel cohesive failures and two fracturing the bracket. The SEM evaluation revealed that after debonding, the group etched with the 37% phosphoric acid gel had the roughest enamel surface and was the only group to present enamel fractures. Bracket bonding with unetched enamel and enamel etched with 10% phosphoric acid gel should be clinically investigated using the products tested. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Analysis of Variance, Ceramics, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding, Dental Cements/chemistry, Dental Enamel/ultrastructure, Dental Stress Analysis, Humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Orthodontic Brackets, Stress, Mechanical, Surface Properties, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Garcia-Godoy,F., Martin,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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