WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
Managing electromagnetic fields from residential electrode grounding systems: a predecision analysis.	1996	von Winterfeldt, D., University of Southern California, Institute of Safety and Systems Management, University Park, Los Angeles, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bioelectromagnetics Periodical, Abbrev. Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date Free Form / Volume 17 Issue 2 Start Page 71 Other Pages 84 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0197-8462 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Several epidemiological studies have linked exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with health effects, including leukemia and brain cancer, but the research is still inconclusive. In particular, no clear causal mechanism has been identified by which EMFs may promote cancers. Nevertheless, the concerns raised by the positive epidemiological studies have led to increasing efforts to reduce EMFs from a number of sources. One source of EMFs are home grounding systems that are connected through water pipes in homes to water mains. This paper analyzes whether home owners who are concerned about electromagnetic fields exposure from home grounding systems should take any action to reduce fields. Assuming that the grounding system produces elevated magnetic fields (e.g., 2-3 mG or higher), this study investigates several readily available alternatives and evaluates them with respect to five criteria: risk reduction, cost, fire risk increase, worker risk, and electrical shock risk. Because of the lack of conclusive evidence about an EMF-cancer relationship, this study uses a parameterized approach that makes conditional estimates of health risk depending on future research outcomes and on the nature of the EMF/health effects relationship. This type of analysis, which is called predecision analysis because of its preliminary nature, is therefore highly dependent on a set of assumptions. Nevertheless, this predecision analysis had some fairly clear results. First, waiting for more research or taking a fairly inexpensive corrective action (insulating the water pipe to reduce ground current flow) seem to be the main contenders for the best decision for many different assumptions and parameters. Second, the choice between these two actions is very sensitive to variations in assumptions and parameters. Homeowners who accept the base-case assumptions and parameters of this study should prefer to wait. If any of the base-case parameters are changed to more pessimistic estimates or if psychological concerns (like worry and regret) are considered, then the best action is to insulate the pipe to reduce the current flow through the water pipes. Descriptors article, building material, decision support system, electric injury, electricity, electrode, electromagnetic field, fire, housing, human, leukemia, probability, risk factor, sanitation, sensitivity and specificity Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors von Winterfeldt,D., Trauger,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Second hand smoke in alfresco areas	2010	WA Tobacco Document Searching Program, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia. j.stafford@curtin.edu.au	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals Periodical, Abbrev. Health.Promot.J.Austr Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 21 Issue 2 Start Page 99 Other Pages 105 Notes JID: 9710936; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1036-1073; 1036-1073 Accession Number PMID: 20701558 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20701558 Abstract ISSUE ADDRESSED: There are moves to ban smoking in outdoor areas of pubs, restaurants and cafes. Some argue that this is unnecessary as exposure to second hand smoke (SHS) is minimal. The aim of this study was to determine potential exposure of patrons to SHS in outdoor areas of eating and drinking venues. METHODS: Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured in the alfresco areas of 28 cafes and pubs. Data were collected on the number of smokers present during sampling and factors that could influence PM2.5concentrations. PM2.5concentrations for periods with and without smokers were compared using paired and independent sample tests. RESULTS: PM2.5 concentrations were significantly increased when there was at least one smoker compared to periods with no smoking (14.25 microg/m3 and 3.98 g/m3, respectively). There was evidence of a dose response increase with mean concentrations for none, one and two or more smokers of 3.98, 10.59and 17.00microg/m3, respectively. The differences remained significant after controlling for other factors. When two or more people were smoking, average PM2.5reached levels the US Environmental Protection Agency warns may put particularly sensitive people at risk of respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking increases PM2.5concentrations in outdoor areas to levels that are potentially hazardous to health. Descriptors Environmental Exposure/analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/analysis, New South Wales, Particulate Matter/analysis, Restaurants, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stafford,J., Daube,M., Franklin,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Occurrence of bisphenols, bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs), and novolac glycidyl ethers (NOGEs) in indoor air from Albany, New York, USA, and its implications for inhalation exposure	2016	Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States.; Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yangtze	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Chemosphere Periodical, Abbrev. Chemosphere Pub Date Free Form May Volume 151 Issue Start Page 1 Other Pages 8 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2016; JID: 0320657; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/12/24 [received]; 2016/02/06 [revised]; 2016/02/08 [accepted]; 2016/03/15 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1879-1298; 0045-6535 Accession Number PMID: 26923236 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.038 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26923236 Abstract Bisphenols, bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs), and novolac glycidyl ethers (NOGEs) are used in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. Despite the widespread application of these chemicals in household products, studies on their occurrence in indoor air are limited. In this study, 83 indoor air samples were collected in 2014 from various locations in Albany, New York, USA, to determine the concentrations of bisphenols, BADGEs (refer to BADGE and its derivatives), and NOGEs (refer to NOGE and its derivatives) and to calculate inhalation exposure to these compounds. Among eight bisphenols measured, BPA, BPF, and BPS were found in bulk air (i.e., vapor plus particulate phases), at geometric mean (GM) concentrations of 0.43, 0.69 and 0.09 ng m(-3), respectively. Among 11 BADGEs and NOGEs determined, BADGE.2H2O was the predominant compound found in indoor air (detection rate [DR]: 85.5%), at concentrations as high as 6.71 ng m(-3). Estimation of inhalation exposure to these chemicals for various age groups showed that teenagers had the highest exposure doses to BPA, BPF, BPS, and BADGE.2H2O at 5.91, 9.48, 1.24, and 3.84 ng day(-1), respectively. The body weight-normalized estimates of exposure were the highest for infants, with values at 0.24, 0.39, 0.05, and 0.16 ng kg bw(-1) day(-1) for BPA, BPF, BPS, and BADGE.2H2O, respectively. This is the first survey to report inhalation exposure to bisphenols, BADGEs, and NOGEs. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Xue,J., Wan,Y., Kannan,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160315 PMCID Editors
Occurrence and human exposure of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), and their hydrolysis products in indoor dust from the United States and three East Asian countries	2012	Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12210-0509, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental science & technology Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Sci.Technol. Pub Date Free Form 6-Nov Volume 46 Issue 21 Start Page 11584 Other Pages 11593 Notes GR: 1U38EH000464-01/EH/NCEH CDC HHS/United States; JID: 0213155; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzhydryl Compounds); 0 (Dust); 0 (Epoxy Compounds); 0 (Parabens); F3XRM1NX4H (2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane); 2012/10/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1520-5851; 0013-936X Accession Number PMID: 23025715 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1021/es303516u [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23025715 Abstract p-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens) and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) are widely present in personal care products, food packages, and material coatings. Nevertheless, little is known about the occurrence of these compounds in indoor dust. In this study, we collected 158 indoor dust samples from the U.S., China, Korea, and Japan and determined the concentrations of 11 target chemicals, viz., six parabens and their common hydrolysis product, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), as well as BADGE and its three hydrolysis products (BADGE.H(2)O, BADGE.2H(2)O, and BADGE.HCl.H(2)O). All of the target compounds were found in dust samples from four countries. Concentrations of sum of six parabens in dust were on the order of several hundred to several thousands of nanogram per gram. Geometric mean concentrations of BADGEs in dust ranged from 1300 to 2890 ng/g among four countries. Methyl paraben (MeP), propyl paraben (PrP), BADGE.2H(2)O, and BADGE.HCl.H(2)O were the predominant compounds found in dust samples. This is the first report of BADGE and its hydrolysis products (BADGEs) in indoor dust samples and of parabens in indoor dust from Asian countries. On the basis of the measured concentrations of target chemicals, we estimated the daily intake (EDI) via dust ingestion. The EDIs of parabens via dust ingestion were 5-10 times higher in children than in adults. Among the four countries studied, the EDIs of parabens (5.4 ng/kg-bw/day) and BADGEs (6.5 ng/kg-bw/day) through dust ingestion were the highest for children in Korea and Japan. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Wang,L., Liao,C., Liu,F., Wu,Q., Guo,Y., Moon,H.B., Nakata,H., Kannan,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121010 PMCID Editors
E-cigarette use in the past and quitting behavior in the future: a population-based study	2015	Wael K. Al-Delaimy, Eric C. Leas, and David R. Strong are with the Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego. Mark G. Myers is with the Psychology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, and the De	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 105 Issue 6 Start Page 1213 Other Pages 1219 Notes LR: 20160105; JID: 1254074; CIN: Am J Public Health. 2015 Nov;105(11):e1. PMID: 26270297; CIN: Am J Public Health. 2015 Nov;105(11):e1-2. PMID: 26378864; EIN: Am J Public Health. 2015 Sep;105(9):e7. PMID: 26252076; 2015/04/16 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1541-0048; 0090-0036 Accession Number PMID: 25880947 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302482 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25880947 Abstract OBJECTIVES: We examined whether smokers who used e-cigarettes are more likely to quit after 1 year than smokers who had never used e-cigarettes. METHODS: We surveyed California smokers (n = 1000) at 2 time points 1 year apart. We conducted logistic regression analyses to determine whether history of e-cigarette use at baseline predicted quitting behavior at follow-up, adjusting for demographics and smoking behavior at baseline. We limited analyses to smokers who reported consistent e-cigarette behavior at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: Compared with smokers who never used e-cigarettes, smokers who ever used e-cigarettes were significantly less likely to decrease cigarette consumption (odds ratio [OR] = 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30, 0.87), and significantly less likely to quit for 30 days or more at follow-up (OR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.18, 0.93). Ever-users of e-cigarettes were more likely to report a quit attempt, although this was not statistically significant (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.67, 1.97). CONCLUSIONS: Smokers who have used e-cigarettes may be at increased risk for not being able to quit smoking. These findings, which need to be confirmed by longer-term cohort studies, have important policy and regulation implications regarding the use of e-cigarettes among smokers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Al-Delaimy,W.K., Myers,M.G., Leas,E.C., Strong,D.R., Hofstetter,C.R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150416 PMCID Editors
Provisional report on diving-related fatalities in Australian waters 2001	2006	Walker, D., 'Project Stickybeak', Collaroy, NSW 2097, Australia	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Diving Hyperbaric Med. Pub Date Free Form 2006/09 Volume 36 Issue 3 Start Page 122 Other Pages 138 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1833-3516 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract During 2001, 12 deaths in association with breath-hold and snorkel use were identified in Australia from official sources. There were also 11 fatalities in association with scuba use, and three where surface-supply air was involved. Case summaries are presented with attention to the medical, equipment and diver performance factors. Significant adverse factors are identified and discussed for each of the groups, with comments on possibilities for reducing the number of fatalities that occur. As in previous years, the scenarios and avoidable factors are diverse. Of particular note, all three of the 'hookah' deaths were due to carbon monoxide poisonin. Descriptors carbon monoxide, accidental death, adult, aged, article, Australia, brain embolism, breath holding, carbon monoxide intoxication, cause of death, clinical article, diver, diving, drowning, female, gas embolism, heart infarction, human, hyperbaric oxygen, male, mortality, risk reduction Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Walker,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Evaluation of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) for the control of biofilms	1997	Walker, J.T., Environmental and Biosafety Services, CAMR, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OJG, United Kingdom	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci.Technol. Pub Date Free Form 1997/ Volume 35 Issue 12-Nov Start Page 319 Other Pages 323 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0273-1223 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract A continuous culture chemostat model was used to simulate a flowing water pipe system such as those found in buildings. A primary vessel was set up to grow an inoculum that would represent a water storage tank feeding secondary and tertiary vessels downstream that simulated the water system. Filter-sterilised tap water was used as the growth medium in the continuous culture vessels with no exogenous carbon sources. In addition, the microbial culture consisted of a mixed consortium obtained from a potable water system. Secondary and tertiary vessels enabled the biofilms to be formed before being challenged with appropriate biocides. Even when testing the efficacy of the different biocides, the vessels were still being challenged with the microbial consortium which was constantly flowing from the primary reservoir vessel. This configuration ensured the reproducibility of the model when testing to destruction in the secondary vessels. The flexibility of the system enabled chlorine dioxide to be tested. Descriptors chlorine dioxide, drinking water, tap water, bacterial growth, biofilm, building, chemostat, conference paper, culture medium, disinfection, reproducibility, water quality, water treatment Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Walker,J. T., Morales,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Adapting smoking cessation interventions for developing countries: A model for the Middle East	2004	Ward, K.D., Center for Community Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38157, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 8 Issue 4 Start Page 403 Other Pages 413 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1027-3719 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the rationale and methods for the development of culturally-sensitive smoking cessation interventions for primary care settings in developing countries. RATIONALE: Smokers in the Middle East have great difficulty quitting. Effective smoking cessation programs are currently lacking in the Middle East, and the development of culturally sensitive programs is hindered by the dearth of standardized information regarding tobacco use and dependence in this region. METHODs. Epidemiological and clinical laboratory methods are needed to determine the prevalence and patterns of tobacco use and nicotine dependence. One strategy is to adapt smoking cessation methods widely used in industrialized countries to the Syrian and Middle Eastern environment. In a recently initiated project, the Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies has been established to address these issues. Initial work is focusing on collecting formative data including key informant interviews, focus groups, and epidemiological surveys to assess smokers' use patterns, needs, and resources. Clinical laboratory techniques are also being applied to assess the physiological, behavioral, and subjective effects of local tobacco use methods, such as narghile (water pipe) smoking. These data will be used to help adapt existing smoking cessation interventions from industrialized countries to be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. CONCLUSION: There is a great need to develop and disseminate effective cessation interventions in low-income countries. Successful interventions will contribute to a culturally sensitive and sustainable regional tobacco control infrastructure. This paper describes one approach to the development of such an infrastructure that is currency underway in the Middle East. Descriptors nicotine, developing country, epidemiological data, female, human, industrialization, male, Middle East, prevalence, primary medical care, priority journal, review, smoking, smoking cessation, standardization, tobacco dependence Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Maziak,W., Eissenberg,T., Klesges,R. C., Keil,U., Ward,K. D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Derivation and Internal Validation of the Ebola Prediction Score for Risk Stratification of Patients With Suspected Ebola Virus Disease	2015	Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI. Electronic address: adam_levine@brown.edu.; International Medical Corps, Los Angeles, CA.; International Medical Corps, Los Angeles, CA.; International Medical Corps, Los Angeles, CA.; Wa	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Annals of Emergency Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Ann.Emerg.Med. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 66 Issue 3 Start Page 285 Other Pages 2930 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 8002646; CIN: Ann Emerg Med. 2015 Sep;66(3):294-6. PMID: 26215669; 2015/02/03 [received]; 2015/03/01 [revised]; 2015/03/12 [accepted]; 2015/04/03 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1097-6760; 0196-0644 Accession Number PMID: 25845607 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.03.011 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25845607 Abstract STUDY OBJECTIVE: The current outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa is the largest on record and has overwhelmed the capacity of local health systems and the international community to provide sufficient isolation and treatment of all suspected cases. The goal of this study is to develop a clinical prediction model that can help clinicians risk-stratify patients with suspected Ebola virus disease in the context of such an epidemic. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of patient data collected during routine clinical care at the Bong County Ebola Treatment Unit in Liberia during its first 16 weeks of operation. The predictive power of 14 clinical and epidemiologic variables was measured against the primary outcome of laboratory-confirmed Ebola virus disease, using logistic regression to develop a final prediction model. Bootstrap sampling was used to assess the internal validity of the model and estimate its performance in a simulated validation cohort. RESULTS: Ebola virus disease testing results were available for 382 (97%) of 395 patients admitted to the Ebola treatment unit during the study period. A total of 160 patients (42%) tested positive for Ebola virus disease. Logistic regression analysis identified 6 variables independently predictive of laboratory-confirmed Ebola virus disease, including sick contact, diarrhea, loss of appetite, muscle pains, difficulty swallowing, and absence of abdominal pain. The Ebola Prediction Score, constructed with these 6 variables, had an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.70 to 0.80) for the prediction of laboratory-confirmed Ebola virus disease. Patients with higher Ebola Prediction Scores had higher likelihoods of laboratory-confirmed Ebola virus disease. CONCLUSION: The Ebola Prediction Score can be used by clinicians as an adjunct to current Ebola virus disease case definitions to risk-stratify patients with suspected Ebola virus disease. Clinicians can use this new tool for the purpose of cohorting patients within the suspected-disease ward of an Ebola treatment unit or community-based isolation center to prevent nosocomial infection or as a triage tool when patient numbers overwhelm available capacity. Given the inherent limitations of clinical prediction models, however, a low-cost, point-of-care test that can rapidly and definitively exclude Ebola virus disease in patients should be a research priority. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher American College of Emergency Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Levine,A.C., Shetty,P.P., Burbach,R., Cheemalapati,S., Glavis-Bloom,J., Wiskel,T., Kesselly,J.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150403 PMCID Editors
Tobacco cessation interventions for young people	2006	Warwick Medical School, Medical Teaching Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. gill.grimshaw@warwick.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 18-Oct Volume -4 Issue 4 Start Page CD003289 Other Pages Notes LR: 20140729; JID: 100909747; UIN: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8:CD003289. PMID: 23975659; RF: 96; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 17054164 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003289.pub4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17054164 Abstract BACKGROUND: Teenage smoking prevalence is around 15% in developing countries (with wide variation from country to country), and around 26% in the UK and USA. Although most tobacco control programmes for adolescents are based around prevention of uptake, there are also a number of initiatives to help those who want to quit. Since those who do not smoke before the age of 20 are significantly less likely to start as adults, there is a strong case for programmes for young people that address both prevention and treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of strategies that help young people to stop smoking tobacco. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's Specialized Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsyclNFO, ERIC, CINAHL, and the bibliographies of identified trials. We also searched the 'grey' literature (unpublished materials), and contacted authors and experts in the field where necessary. SELECTION CRITERIA: Types of studies: Randomized controlled trials, cluster-randomized controlled trials and controlled trials. TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS: Young people, aged less than 20, who are regular tobacco smokers. Types of interventions: The interventions ranged from simple ones such as pharmacotherapy, targeting individual young people, through complex programmes targeting people or organizations associated with young people (for example, their families or schools), or the community in which young people live. We included cessation programmes but excluded programmes primarily aimed at prevention of uptake. Types of outcome measures: The primary outcome was smoking status at six months follow up, among those who smoked at baseline. We report the definition of cessation used in each trial (e.g seven- or thirty-day point prevalence abstinence, or sustained or prolonged abstinence), and we preferred biochemically verified cessation when that measure was available. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both authors independently assessed the eligibility of candidate trials identified by the searches, and extracted data from them. We categorized included trials as being at low, medium or high risk of bias, based on concealment of allocation, blinding (where applicable) and the handling of attrition and losses to follow up. We conducted limited meta-analyses of some of the trials, provided that it was appropriate to group them and provided that there was minimal heterogeneity between them. We estimated pooled odds ratios using the Mantel-Haenszel method, based on the quit rates at longest follow up for trials with at least six months follow up from the start of the intervention. MAIN RESULTS: We found 15 trials, covering 3605 young people, which met our inclusion criteria (seven cluster-randomized controlled trials, six randomized controlled trials and two controlled trials). Three trials used or tested the transtheoretical model (stages of change) approach, two tested pharmacological aids to quitting (nicotine replacement and bupropion), and the remaining trials used various psycho-social interventions, such as motivational enhancement or behavioural management. The trials evaluating TTM interventions achieved moderate long-term success, with a pooled odds ratio (OR) at one year of 1.70 ( 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25 to 2.33) persisting at two-year follow up with an OR of 1.38 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.92). Neither of the pharmacological intervention trials achieved statistically significant results (data not pooled), but both were small-scale, with low power to detect an effect. The three interventions (5 trials) which used cognitive behavioural therapy interventions did not individually achieve statistically significant results, although when the three Not on Tobacco trials were pooled the OR 1.87; (95% CI 1.00 to 3.50) suggested some measure of effectiveness. Although the three trials that incorporated motivational interviewing as a component of t Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Clinical Trials as Topic, Cognitive Therapy, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Tobacco Use Cessation/methods/psychology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Grimshaw,G. M., Stanton,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20061018 PMCID Editors

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