WTS database

Title Sort ascending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in a chloraminated distribution sytem: Seasonal occurrence, distribution, and disinfection resistance	1990	Wolfe, R.L., Metropolitan Water District, La Verne, CA 91750, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Applied and Environmental Microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form 1990/ Volume 56 Issue 2 Start Page 451 Other Pages 462 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0099-2240 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Nutrification in chloraminated drinking water can have a number of adverse effects on water quality, including a loss of total chlorine and ammonia-N and an increase in the concentration of heterotrophic plate count bacteria and nitrite. To understand how nitrification develops, a study was conducted to examine the factors that influence the occurrence of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in a chloraminated distribution system. Samples were collected over an 18-month period from a raw-water source, a conventional treatment plant effluent, and two covered, finished-water reservoirs that previously experienced nitrification episodes. Sediment and biofilm samples were collected from the interior wall surfaces of two finished-water pipelines and one of the covered reservoirs. The AOB were enumerated by a most-probable-number technique, and isolates were isolated and identified. The resistance of naturally occurring AOB to chloramines and free chlorine was also examined. The results of the monitoring program indicated that the levels of AOB, identified as members of the genus Nitrosomonas, were seasonally dependent in both source and finished waters, with the highest levels observed in the warm summer months. The concentrations of AOB in the two reservoirs, both of which have floating covers made of synthetic rubber (Hypalon; E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.), had most probable numbers that ranged from 300/ml and correlated significantly with temperature and levels of heterotrophic plate count bacteria. No AOB were detected in the chloraminated reservoirs when the water temperature was below 16 to 18Â°C. The study indicated that nitrifiers occur throughout the chloraminated distribution system. Higher concentrations of AOB were found in the reservoir and pipe sediment materials than in the pipe biofilm samples. The AOB were approximately 13 times more resistant to monochloramine than to free chlorine. After 33 min of exposure to 1.0 mg of monochloramine per liter (pH 8.2, 23Â°C), 99% of an AOB culture was inactivated. The amounts of this disinfectant that are currently used (1.5 mg/liter at a 3:1 ratio of chlorine to ammonia-N) may be inadequate to control the growth of these organisms in the distribution system. Descriptors drinking water, antibiotic resistance, article, bacterial growth, chloramination, nitrification, Nitrosomonas, nonhuman, oxidation, priority journal, quality control, ultrastructure Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Wolfe,R. L., Lieu,N. I., Izaguirre,G., Means,E. G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Alveolar haemorrhage following a cannabis water pipe	2016	Service de pneumologie, hopital militaire principal d'instruction de Tunis, faculte de medecine de Tunis, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisie. Electronic address: moatemrizied@yahoo.fr.; Service de pneumologie, hopital militaire principal d'instruction de Tun	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revue de pneumologie clinique Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Pneumol.Clin. Pub Date Free Form 12-Jul Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes LR: 20160716; CI: Copyright (c) 2016; JID: 8406312; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/05/05 [received]; 2016/03/21 [accepted]; aheadofprint Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0761-8417; 0761-8417 Accession Number PMID: 27421143 Language FRE SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE; ENGLISH ABSTRACT DOI S0761-8417(16)30018-9 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27421143 Abstract Respiratory toxicity of cannabis is well-known today particularly with the new consumption patterns. We report the case of a 25-year-old man admitted for haemoptysis, with unfavourable outcome and acute respiratory failure. Various explorations concluded to acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to diffuse alveolar haemorrhage. Etiological assessment was initially negative. Outcome was favourable during hospitalization, authorizing the discharge of our patient. Two days later, alveolar haemorrhage recur, with positive toxicological tests for cannabis and the patient admits smoking cannabis by plastic "bang". We illustrate, through this case, the severity of respiratory complications caused by new methods of using cannabis, particularly with plastic 'bang', hence the need to insist of the importance of supported withdrawal and to inform young people how these techniques are serious.ssss. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Masson SAS Data Source Authors Moatemri,Z., Zaibi,H., Dabboussi,S., Mhamedi,S., Aichaouia,C., Khadhraoui,M., Cheikh,R. Original/Translated Title Hemorragie alveolaire suite a un bang de cannabis URL Date of Electronic 20160712 PMCID Editors
Alveolar bone loss and tooth loss in male cigar and pipe smokers	1999	VA Outpatient Clinic, Boston, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) Periodical, Abbrev. J.Am.Dent.Assoc. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 130 Issue 1 Start Page 57 Other Pages 64 Notes LR: 20071114; GR: DA 10073/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7503060; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0002-8177; 0002-8177 Accession Number PMID: 9919032 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; D; IM DOI S0002-8177(14)65673-7 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9919032 Abstract BACKGROUND: While cigarette smoking is recognized as being detrimental to oral health, the effects of cigar and pipe smoking on tooth-loss risk, alveolar bone loss and periodontal disease are not known. The authors conducted this study to determine whether cigar and pipe smokers were at greater risk of experiencing tooth loss and alveolar bone loss than were nonsmokers. METHODS: The authors studied 690 dentate men who participate in the Veterans Affairs Dental Longitudinal Study. Subjects are not VA patients, and they receive medical and dental care in the private sector. A board-certified periodontist conducted clinical examinations triennially for 23 years. These examinations included the number of teeth remaining, number of decayed and filled surfaces per tooth, and indicator scores for plaque, calculus, pocket probing depth, gingival bleeding and tooth mobility. Alveolar bone loss was assessed at each examination on intraoral periapical radiographs using the Schei ruler method, which measures loss of bone height in 20 percent increments. Multivariate analyses of tooth-loss rates and alveolar bone loss controlled for demographic and oral hygiene measures. RESULTS: The relative risk, or RR, of tooth loss compared with that of nonsmokers was significantly elevated in cigar smokers (RR = 1.3, 95 percent confidence interval, or CI, = 1.2, 1.5), pipe smokers (RR = 1.6, 95 percent CI = 1.4, 1.9) and cigarette smokers (RR = 1.6, 95 percent CI = 1.5, 1.7). The percentages of mesial and distal sites with moderate-to-severe progression of alveolar bone loss (a change of 40 percent or more from baseline) were 8 +/- 1 percent (mean +/- standard error) in nonsmokers, 16 +/- 3 percent in cigar smokers (P < .05), 13 +/- 4 percent in pipe smokers (P = .17), and 16 +/- 3 percent in cigarette smokers (P < .001). Pipe and cigar smokers did not differ significantly from nonsmokers with respect to the percentage of sites at baseline with moderate-to-severe scores for calculus, pocket probing depth, gingival bleeding or tooth mobility. Pipe smokers had fewer sites with moderate-to-severe plaque accumulation than did nonsmokers (7 +/- 11 vs. 13 +/- 17, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that men who smoke cigars or pipes were at increased risk of experiencing tooth loss. Cigar smokers also were at increased risk of experiencing alveolar bone loss. These elevations in risk are similar in magnitude to those observed in cigarette smokers. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The increases in risk related to cigar and pipe smoking provide a strong rationale for targeting smoking prevention and smoking cessation programs to smokers of all tobacco products. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Alveolar Bone Loss/etiology, Confidence Intervals, DMF Index, Demography, Dental Calculus/etiology, Dental Plaque Index, Disease Progression, Gingival Hemorrhage/etiology, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Oral Hygiene, Periodontal Diseases/etiology, Periodontal Pocket/etiology, Risk Factors, Smoking/adverse effects, Tooth Loss/etiology, Tooth Mobility/etiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Krall,E. A., Garvey,A. J., Garcia,R. I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Alternative tobacco use among college students: who is at highest risk?	2014	Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.; Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA. cjberg@emory.edu.; Dep	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Health Behavior Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Health Behav. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 38 Issue 2 Start Page 180 Other Pages 189 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: 1K07CA139114-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA139114/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9602338; NIHMS578500; OID: NLM: NIHMS578500; OID: NLM: PMC4043211; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1945-7359; 1087-3244 Accession Number PMID: 24629547 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.5993/AJHB.38.2.3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24629547 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examines smoking status, substance use, sociodemographics, and psychosocial characteristics in relation to alternative tobacco use among college students. METHODS: Current tobacco use (cigarettes, cigar-like products, hookah, chew, snus) and correlates (sociodemographics, sensation-seeking, attitudes toward tobacco and smokers, social factors) were assessed among students aged 18-25 at 6 Southeastern US colleges using an online survey. RESULTS: Those who were younger, male, black, cigarette and marijuana users, and demonstrating at-risk psychosocial factors were at increased risk of alternative tobacco product use (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Enofe,N., Berg,C.J., Nehl,E.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4043211 Editors
Alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation: a national study	2013	Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form May Volume 103 Issue 5 Start Page 923 Other Pages 930 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: R01 CA141661/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-CA141661/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 1254074; 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); NIHMS456593; OID: NLM: NIHMS456593; OID: NLM: PMC3661190; 2013/03/14 [aheadofprint]; p Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1541-0048; 0090-0036 Accession Number PMID: 23488521 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; AIM; IM DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301070 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23488521 Abstract OBJECTIVES: We investigated the frequency of alternative tobacco product use (loose leaf, moist snuff, snus, dissolvables, electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes]) among smokers and the association with quit attempts and intentions. METHODS: A nationally representative probability-based cross-sectional survey of 1836 current or recently former adult smokers was completed in November 2011. Multivariate logistic regressions evaluated associations between alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation behaviors. RESULTS: Of the smokers, 38% had tried an alternative tobacco product, most frequently e-cigarettes. Alternative tobacco product use was associated with having made a quit attempt, and those intending to quit were significantly more likely to have tried and to currently use the products than were smokers with no intentions to quit. Use was not associated with successful quit attempts. Interest in future use of alternative tobacco products was low, except for e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: Alternative tobacco products are attractive to smokers who want to quit smoking, but these data did not indicate that alternative tobacco products promote cessation. Unsubstantiated overt and implied claims that alternative tobacco products aid smoking cessation should be prohibited. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Popova,L., Ling,P.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130314 PMCID PMC3661190 Editors
Alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation among homeless youth in los angeles county	2014	RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA; jtucker@rand.org.; RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA.; RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA;; RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA;	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 16 Issue 11 Start Page 1522 Other Pages 1526 Notes CI: Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2014; JID: 9815751; 2014/08/21 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 25145375 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntu133 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25145375 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Approximately 70% of homeless youth smoke cigarettes, but their use of alternative tobacco products (ATPs) is unknown. This paper reports on ATP use among past-month smokers in Los Angeles County, including whether it differs by demographic characteristics, homelessness severity, past-year quit attempts, and readiness to quit smoking. Given the growing popularity of e-cigarettes, we also report on perceptions of harm and reasons for using this product. METHODS: We surveyed 292 unaccompanied homeless youth who were randomly sampled from street sites. Participants had smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime and 1 cigarette during the past month. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of youth reported past-month ATP use (e-cigarettes = 51%; little cigars/cigarillos = 46%; hookah = 31%; other smokeless tobacco product = 24%; chewing tobacco/moist snuff = 19%). Current ATP use was unrelated to most demographic characteristics or having a past-year quit attempt. However, youth who planned to quit smoking in the next 30 days were significantly less likely to report current use of hookahs, other smokeless tobacco products, or e-cigarettes. Among lifetime e-cigarette users, the most common reasons for use included not having to go outside to smoke (38%) and being able to deal with situations or places where they cannot smoke (36%); it was less common to report using e-cigarettes to quit smoking (17%-18%). DISCUSSION: Dual use of ATPs among homeless youth smokers is common and is more likely among those who have no immediate plans to quit smoking. Effective and easily disseminable strategies for reducing all forms of tobacco use among homeless youth are urgently needed. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US Data Source Authors Tucker,J.S., Shadel,W.G., Golinelli,D., Ewing,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140821 PMCID Editors
Alternative forms of tobacco use	2008	University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium. jacques.prignot@uclouvain.be	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 12 Issue 7 Start Page 718 Other Pages 727 Notes JID: 9706389; ppublish Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 1027-3719; 1027-3719 Accession Number PMID: 18544194 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18544194 Abstract BACKGROUND: A review of the available scientific literature concerning forms of tobacco use other than regular cigarettes, cigars and pipes, the nature of such products, prevalence data and trends, health effects, regulatory issues and preventive measures. RESULTS: Narghile (water pipe), bidis, kreteks and other forms of oral tobacco are traditionally used in many low-income countries, and some of these are currently spreading to the Western countries. They are all linked to negative effects similar to, and often greater than, those associated with common cigarette smoking. Various potentially reduced exposure products (PREPs), including snus, targeted at smokers aware of the health risks of regular cigarettes, have recently been developed by the tobacco industry. Their pathogenic potential varies widely and is not fully known; it is in any case greater than that of pure nicotine forms (such as medicinal nicotine). Their use as cigarette substitutes should not be considered even by inveterate smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit nicotine before further independent evaluation and control. CONCLUSIONS: There is no such thing as a safe tobacco product. Like cigarettes, alternative forms of tobacco use need regulatory measures that are adapted to local situations and supplemented by preventive measures within the World Health Organization's Framework Convention for Tobacco Control. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Tobacco, Smokeless/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Prignot,J. J., Sasco,A. J., Poulet,E., Gupta,P. C., Aditama,T. Y. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Alternate tobacco product and drug use among adolescents who use electronic cigarettes, cigarettes only, and never smokers	2014	Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Electronic address: deepa.camenga@yale.edu.; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.; Department of Psychiatry, Yale Univer	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adolesc.Health Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 55 Issue 4 Start Page 588 Other Pages 591 Notes LR: 20151213; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: K12 DA033312/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K12DA033012/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P30 CA016056/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA026450/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA026450/DA/NIDA NIH Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1879-1972; 1054-139X Accession Number PMID: 25085648 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.016 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25085648 Abstract PURPOSE: To determine whether use of alternative tobacco products (i.e., cigars, blunts, hookah, smokeless tobacco), alcohol, and marijuana differs among adolescents who currently use (1) electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes); (2) cigarettes only; and (3) never smokers. METHODS: Analysis of a self-reported survey from four high schools in 2010-2011 (n = 3,102) with a subsample (n = 1,556) surveyed on alcohol and marijuana. Analyses were conducted with multinomial logistic regression models accounting for clustering by schools. RESULTS: The sample contained 2.4% (n = 76) e-cigarette users, 12.4% (n = 386) cigarette smokers, and 85.1% (n = 3,197) never smokers. E-cigarette users were more likely than cigarette-only smokers to report blunt (adjusted odds ratio, 1.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-2.71) and hookah use (adjusted odds ratio, 3.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.90-5.13), but not cigar, smokeless tobacco, alcohol, or marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette users are more likely than cigarette smokers to use hookah and blunts. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Camenga,D.R., Kong,G., Cavallo,D.A., Liss,A., Hyland,A., Delmerico,J., Cummings,K.M., Krishnan-Sarin,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140729 PMCID PMC4175192 Editors
Alterations in oral microbial flora induced by waterpipe tobacco smoking	2018	Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Irbid, Jordan.; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Irbid, Jordan.; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy,(TRUNCATED	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of general medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Gen.Med. Pub Date Free Form 2-Feb Volume 11 Issue Start Page 47 Other Pages 54 Notes LR: 20181113; JID: 101515487; OTO: NOTNLM; 2018/02/15 06:00 [entrez]; 2018/02/15 06:00 [pubmed]; 2018/02/15 06:01 [medline]; epublish Place of Publication New Zealand ISSN/ISBN 1178-7074; 1178-7074 Accession Number PMID: 29440924 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.2147/IJGM.S150553 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 29440924 Abstract Background: Waterpipe smoking is a global health problem and a serious public concern. Little is known about the effects of waterpipe smoking on oral health. In the current study, we examined the alterations of oral microbial flora by waterpipe smoking. Methods: One hundred adult healthy subjects (59 waterpipe smokers and 41 non-smokers) were recruited into the study. Swabs were taken from the oral cavity and subgingival regions. Standard culturing techniques were used to identify types, frequency, and mean number of microorganisms in cultures obtained from the subjects. Results: It was notable that waterpipe smokers were significantly associated with a history of oral infections. In subgingiva, Acinetobacter and Moraxella species were present only in waterpipe smokers. In addition, the frequency of Candida albicans was higher in the subgingiva of waterpipe smokers (p = 0.023) while the frequency of Fusobacterium nucleatum was significantly lower in the subgingiva of waterpipe smokers (p = 0.036). However, no change was observed in other tested bacteria, such as Campylobacter species; Viridans group streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus aureus. In oral cavity and when colony-forming units were considered, the only bacterial species that showed significant difference were the black-pigmented bacteria (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Shakhatreh,M.A.K., Khabour,O.F., Alzoubi,K.H., Masadeh,M.M., Hussein,E.I., Bshara,G.N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20180202 PMCID PMC5799848 Editors
Alterations in oral microbial flora induced by waterpipe tobacco smoking	2018	Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Irbid, Jordan.; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Irbid, Jordan.; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy,(TRUNCATED	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of general medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Gen.Med. Pub Date Free Form 2-Feb Volume 11 Issue Start Page 47 Other Pages 54 Notes LR: 20181113; JID: 101515487; OTO: NOTNLM; 2018/02/15 06:00 [entrez]; 2018/02/15 06:00 [pubmed]; 2018/02/15 06:01 [medline]; epublish Place of Publication New Zealand ISSN/ISBN 1178-7074; 1178-7074 Accession Number PMID: 29440924 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.2147/IJGM.S150553 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 29440924 Abstract Background: Waterpipe smoking is a global health problem and a serious public concern. Little is known about the effects of waterpipe smoking on oral health. In the current study, we examined the alterations of oral microbial flora by waterpipe smoking. Methods: One hundred adult healthy subjects (59 waterpipe smokers and 41 non-smokers) were recruited into the study. Swabs were taken from the oral cavity and subgingival regions. Standard culturing techniques were used to identify types, frequency, and mean number of microorganisms in cultures obtained from the subjects. Results: It was notable that waterpipe smokers were significantly associated with a history of oral infections. In subgingiva, Acinetobacter and Moraxella species were present only in waterpipe smokers. In addition, the frequency of Candida albicans was higher in the subgingiva of waterpipe smokers (p = 0.023) while the frequency of Fusobacterium nucleatum was significantly lower in the subgingiva of waterpipe smokers (p = 0.036). However, no change was observed in other tested bacteria, such as Campylobacter species; Viridans group streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus aureus. In oral cavity and when colony-forming units were considered, the only bacterial species that showed significant difference were the black-pigmented bacteria (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Shakhatreh,M.A.K., Khabour,O.F., Alzoubi,K.H., Masadeh,M.M., Hussein,E.I., Bshara,G.N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20180202 PMCID PMC5799848 Editors

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