WTS database | WHO FCTC

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Analysis and modeling of airborne BTEX concentrations from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill	2011	ChemRisk LLC, 4840 Pearl East Circle, Suite 300 West, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States. havens@chemrisk.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental science & technology Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Sci.Technol. Pub Date Free Form 1-Sep Volume 45 Issue 17 Start Page 7372 Other Pages 7379 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0213155; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Vehicle Emissions); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); 2011/08/11 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1520-5851; 0013-936X Accession Number PMID: 21797246 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1021/es200963x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21797246 Abstract Concerns have been raised about whether the Deepwater Horizon oil spill cleanup workers experienced adverse health effects from exposure to airborne benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) which volatilized from surfaced oil. Thus, we analyzed the nearly 20 000 BTEX measurements of breathing zone air samples of offshore cleanup workers taken during the six months following the incident (made publicly available by British Petroleum). The measurements indicate that 99% of the measurements taken prior to capping the well were 32-, 510-, 360-, and 77-fold lower than the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for BTEX, respectively. BTEX measurements did not decrease appreciably during the three months after the well was capped. Moreover, the magnitudes of these data were similar to measurements from ships not involved in oil slick remediation, suggesting that the BTEX measurements were primarily due to engine exhaust rather than the oil slick. To supplement the data analysis, two modeling approaches were employed to estimate airborne BTEX concentrations under a variety of conditions (e.g., oil slick thickness, wind velocity). The modeling results corroborated that BTEX concentrations from the oil were well below PELs and that the oil was not the primary contributor to the measured BTEX. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Avens,H.J., Unice,K.M., Sahmel,J., Gross,S.A., Keenan,J.J., Paustenbach,D.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110811 PMCID Editors
Analysing compliance of cigarette packaging with the FCTC and national legislation in eight former Soviet countries	2013	European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 22 Issue 4 Start Page 231 Other Pages 234 Notes JID: 9209612; OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/10/09 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 23047889 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050567 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23047889 Abstract AIM: To analyse compliance of cigarette packets with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and national legislation and the policy actions that are required in eight former Soviet Union countries. METHODS: We obtained cigarette packets of each of the 10 most smoked cigarette brands in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. The packets were then analysed using a standardised data collection instrument. The analysis included the placing, size and content of health warning labels and deceptive labels (eg, 'Lights'). Findings were assessed for compliance with the FCTC and national legislation. RESULTS: Health warnings were on all packets from all countries and met the FCTC minimum recommendations on size and position except Azerbaijan and Georgia. All countries used a variety of warnings except Azerbaijan. No country had pictorial health warnings, despite them being mandatory in Georgia and Moldova. All of the countries had deceptive labels despite being banned in all countries except Russia and Azerbaijan where still no such legislation exists. CONCLUSIONS: Despite progress in the use of health warning messages, gaps still remain-particularly with the use of deceptive labels. Stronger surveillance and enforcement mechanisms are required to improve compliance with the FCTC and national legislation. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mir,H., Roberts,B., Richardson,E., Chow,C., McKee,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121009 PMCID Editors
An overview of smoking practices in Pakistan	2015	Dr. Noreen Shah, MBBS, MAMS (Austria), Senior Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan.; Dr. Saad Siddiqui, MBBS (AKU), Resident, Department of Radiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pakistan journal of medical sciences Periodical, Abbrev. Pak.J.Med.Sci. Pub Date Free Form Mar-Apr Volume 31 Issue 2 Start Page 467 Other Pages 470 Notes LR: 20150625; JID: 100913117; OID: NLM: PMC4476364; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/11/08 [received]; 2015/01/05 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Pakistan ISSN/ISBN 1682-024X; 1681-715X Accession Number PMID: 26101513 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review DOI 10.12669/pjms.312.6816 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26101513 Abstract Smoking remains a major player in morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a matter of immense public health importance as single leading cause of preventable deaths. The aim of this study was to assess smoking practices that prevail across Pakistan & Attitude of people towards this issue. We conducted an extensive search on major databases as well as search of bibliography of published literature for studies assessing Attitudes and Practices of tobacco smoking that prevail across Pakistan. Data from available studies was abstracted and utilized in preparation of this manuscript. After screening of 613 articles, we were able to identify 22 studies matching our criteria for inclusion. Majority of studies reported adolescence as time of initiation. Average national prevalence was 21.6%. A significant portion of smokers comprised of females. The prevalence of smoking in healthcare professionals ranged from 32 - 37%. Passive smoking was a major contributor of tobacco exposure. Prevalence of 'Shisha' use was 33%. Smoking continues to be a major Public Health issue in Pakistan. The prevalence in healthcare professionals and adolescents is alarming. Adequate measures need to be taken to ensure its control. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Shah,N., Siddiqui,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4476364 Editors
An outbreak of Ebola in Uganda	2002	Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH Periodical, Abbrev. Trop.Med.Int.Health Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 7 Issue 12 Start Page 1068 Other Pages 1075 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 9610576; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1360-2276; 1360-2276 Accession Number PMID: 12460399 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI 944 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12460399 Abstract An outbreak of Ebola disease was reported from Gulu district, Uganda, on 8 October 2000. The outbreak was characterized by fever and haemorrhagic manifestations, and affected health workers and the general population of Rwot-Obillo, a village 14 km north of Gulu town. Later, the outbreak spread to other parts of the country including Mbarara and Masindi districts. Response measures included surveillance, community mobilization, case and logistics management. Three coordination committees were formed: National Task Force (NTF), a District Task Force (DTF) and an Interministerial Task Force (IMTF). The NTF and DTF were responsible for coordination and follow-up of implementation of activities at the national and district levels, respectively, while the IMTF provided political direction and handled sensitive issues related to stigma, trade, tourism and international relations. The international response was coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) under the umbrella organization of the Global Outbreak and Alert Response Network. A WHO/CDC case definition for Ebola was adapted and used to capture four categories of cases, namely, the 'alert', 'suspected', 'probable' and 'confirmed cases'. Guidelines for identification and management of cases were developed and disseminated to all persons responsible for surveillance, case management, contact tracing and Information Education Communication (IEC). For the duration of the epidemic that lasted up to 16 January 2001, a total of 425 cases with 224 deaths were reported countrywide. The case fatality rate was 53%. The attack rate (AR) was highest in women. The average AR for Gulu district was 12.6 cases/10 000 inhabitants when the contacts of all cases were considered and was 4.5 cases/10 000 if limited only to contacts of laboratory confirmed cases. The secondary AR was 2.5% when nearly 5000 contacts were followed up for 21 days. Uganda was finally declared Ebola free on 27 February 2001, 42 days after the last case was reported. The Government's role in coordination of both local and international support was vital. The NTF and the corresponding district committees harmonized implementation of a mutually agreed programme. Community mobilization using community-based resource persons and political organs, such as Members of Parliament was effective in getting information to the public. This was critical in controlling the epidemic. Past experience in epidemic management has shown that in the absence of regular provision of information to the public, there are bound to be deleterious rumours. Consequently rumour was managed by frank and open discussion of the epidemic, providing daily updates, fact sheets and press releases. Information was regularly disseminated to communities through mass media and press conferences. Thus all levels of the community spontaneously demonstrated solidarity and response to public health interventions. Even in areas of relative insecurity, rebel abductions diminished considerably. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Community Health Services, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology/prevention & control, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Isolation, Public Health Practice, Sex Distribution, Uganda/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Okware,S. I., Omaswa,F. G., Zaramba,S., Opio,A., Lutwama,J. J., Kamugisha,J., Rwaguma,E. B., Kagwa,P., Lamunu,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
An outbreak of cholera in Medipally village, Andhra Pradesh, India, 2013	2015	SHARE India, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.; SHARE India, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.; SHARE India, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.; Directorate of Health, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.; Directorate of	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of health, population, and nutrition Periodical, Abbrev. J.Health Popul.Nutr. Pub Date Free Form 24-Jul Volume 33 Issue Start Page 7 Other Pages 015-0021-1 Notes JID: 100959228; 2015/05/29 [received]; 2015/06/26 [accepted]; 2015/07/24 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication Bangladesh ISSN/ISBN 2072-1315; 1606-0997 Accession Number PMID: 26825056 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1186/s41043-015-0021-1 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26825056 Abstract BACKGROUND: Cholera continues to remain endemic in over 50 countries and has caused large epidemics with around 3-5 million cases occurring every year in Asia alone. In India, cholera is endemic in many states. However, etiological information and age-specific incidence related to cholera outbreaks is limited. In November 2013, district authorities reported a cluster of diarrheal disease among residents of Medipally to the state surveillance unit. We investigated this cluster to confirm its etiology, describe its magnitude, identify potential risk factors, and make recommendations for control. FINDINGS: A house-to-house active search was conducted to identify cases of acute diarrhea and collect information on drinking water source. Drinking water samples were collected from common water sources and sampled households to test for bacteriological quality. Ten stool samples were collected for culture. A matched case-control study was conducted to identify the risk factors. A total of 138 case-patients of diarrhea (Attack rate: 11.5/100; POPULATION: 15 1,200) and 1 death (Case Fatality Ratio: 0.72/100) were identified. Five of the 10 stool samples were culture positive for V. cholerae, serogroup O1 El Tor. Drinking water from the overhead tank [Adjusted OR (AOR): 31.94, 95% CI: 7.3-139.5] was associated with risk of developing illness. CONCLUSIONS: This outbreak affected nearly 11% of the village population and was due to contamination of the main drinking water source. Outbreaks such as this can be prevented by constructing the drain away from the water pipelines and by monitoring regular chlorination of drinking water source and inspection of pipelines for damage. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Uthappa,C.K., Allam,R.R., Nalini,C., Gunti,D., Udaragudi,P.R., Tadi,G.P., Murhekar,M.V. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150724 PMCID Editors
An online survey of tobacco use, intentions to quit, and cessation strategies among people living with bipolar disorder	2011	Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA. jprochaska@ucsf.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bipolar disorders Periodical, Abbrev. Bipolar Disord. Pub Date Free Form Aug-Sep Volume 13 Issue 6-May Start Page 466 Other Pages 473 Notes LR: 20150129; CI: (c) 2011; GR: K23 DA018691/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K23 DA018691/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K23 DA018691-05/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50 DA009253/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50 DA009253-10/DA/NIDA NIH Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 1399-5618; 1398-5647 Accession Number PMID: 22017216 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00944.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22017216 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Tobacco use is prevalent among people living with bipolar disorder. We examined tobacco use, attempts to quit, and tobacco-related attitudes and intentions among 685 individuals with bipolar disorder who smoked >/= 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. METHODS: Data were collected online through the website of the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance, a mood disorder peer-support network. RESULTS: The sample was 67% female, 67% aged 26 to 50, and 89% Caucasian; 87% were current smokers; 92% of current smokers smoked daily, averaging 19 cigarettes/day (SD=11). The sample began smoking at a mean age of 17 years (SD=6) and smoked a median of 7 years prior to bipolar disorder diagnosis. Among current smokers, 74% expressed a desire to quit; intent to quit smoking was unrelated to current mental health symptoms [chi(2) (3)=5.50, p=0.139]. Only 33% were advised to quit smoking by a mental health provider, 48% reported smoking to treat their mental illness, and 96% believed being mentally healthy was important for quitting. Ex-smokers (13% of sample) had not smoked for a median of 2.7 years; 48% quit 'cold turkey.' Most ex-smokers (64%) were in poor or fair mental health when they quit smoking. At the time of the survey, however, more ex-smokers described their mental health as in recovery than current smokers [57% versus 40%; chi(2) (3)=11.12, p=0.011]. CONCLUSIONS: Most smokers living with bipolar disorder are interested in quitting. The Internet may be a useful cessation tool for recruiting and potentially treating smokers with bipolar disorder who face special challenges when trying to quit and rarely receive cessation treatment from their mental health providers. Descriptors Adult, Attitude, Bipolar Disorder/epidemiology/psychology, Chi-Square Distribution, Female, Health Behavior, Health Surveys, Humans, Intention, Male, Middle Aged, Online Systems, Smoking Cessation/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/psychology Links Book Title Database Publisher John Wiley and Sons A/S Data Source Authors Prochaska,J. J., Reyes,R. S., Schroeder,S. A., Daniels,A. S., Doederlein,A., Bergeson,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC3341941 Editors
An observational study of group waterpipe use in a natural environment	2014	Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV;	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 16 Issue 1 Start Page 93 Other Pages 99 Notes LR: 20150423; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC3864492; 2013/08/13 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 23943842 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntt120 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23943842 Abstract INTRODUCTION: To date research on tobacco smoking with a waterpipe (hookah, narghile, and shisha) has focused primarily on the individual user in a laboratory setting. Yet, waterpipe tobacco smoking is often a social practice that occurs in cafes, homes, and other natural settings. This observational study examined the behavior of waterpipe tobacco smokers and the social and contextual features of waterpipe use among groups in their natural environment. METHODS: Trained observers visited urban waterpipe cafes on multiple occasions during an 8-month period. Observations of 241 individual users in naturally formed groups were made on smoking topography (puff frequency, duration, and interpuff interval [IPI]) and engagement in other activities (e.g., food and drink consumption, other tobacco use, and media viewing). RESULTS: Most users were male in group sizes of 3-4 persons, on average, and each table had 1 waterpipe, on average. The predominant social features during observational periods were conversation and nonalcoholic drinking. Greater puff number was associated with smaller group sizes and more waterpipes per group, while longer IPIs were associated with larger group sizes and fewer waterpipes per group. Additionally, greater puff frequency was observed during media viewing and in the absence of other tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results suggest that waterpipe smoking behavior is affected by group size and by certain social activities. Discussion focuses on how these findings enhance our understanding of factors that may influence exposure to waterpipe tobacco smoke toxicants in naturalistic environments. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Blank,M.D., Brown,K.W., Goodman,R.J., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130813 PMCID PMC3864492 Editors
An observation of venous gas emboli in divers and susceptibility to decompression sickness	2015	Fremantle Hyperbaric Unit, Fremantle Hospital, Alma Street, PO Box 480, WA 6959, Australia, Phone: +61-(0)8-9431-2233, E-mail: ian.gawthrope@health.wa.gov.au.; The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia.; The University of Notre Dame, Frem	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Diving and hyperbaric medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Diving.Hyperb.Med. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 45 Issue 1 Start Page 25 Other Pages 29 Notes JID: 101282742; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/12/24 [received]; 2014/12/28 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1833-3516; 1833-3516 Accession Number PMID: 25964035 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Observational Study; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25964035 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Decompression sickness (DCS) results from the formation of bubbles within the tissues and blood in response to a reduction in environmental pressure. Venous gas emboli (VGE) are common after diving and are usually only present in small numbers. Greater VGE numbers are an indication of decompression stress, and can be reliably detected using ultrasound imaging. AIM: To examine the relationship between production of VGE following a routine dive and the risk of DCS. METHODS: A matched population of divers with and without a history of DCS were monitored for the production of VGE at 15-minute intervals using ultrasound, following a 405 kPa air dive in a hyperbaric chamber using the DCIEM air decompression table. VGE production was graded using a validated grading system and the data analysed to compare maximum VGE grade and duration of VGE formation. RESULTS: Eleven divers with a history of DCS were compared with 13 divers with no history of DCS. Divers with a history of DCS demonstrated both a higher maximum grade (P=0.04) and longer duration (P=0.002) of VGE production compared to divers without a history of DCS. CONCLUSION: Higher maximum VGE grades and longer durations of VGE following decompression were associated with a history of DCS and, in particular, musculoskeletal DCS. Although the exact mechanism of DCS remains poorly understood, our data suggest some individuals are inherently more prone to develop VGE, increasing the probability of DCS. Modification of diving practices in those with high VGE grades could potentially decrease DCS risk in these individuals. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Gawthrope,I.C., Summers,M., Macey,D.J., Playford,D.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
An intervention to stop smoking among patients suspected of TB--evaluation of an integrated approach	2010	Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Charles Thackrah Building, 101 Clarendon Road, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9LJ, UK. hssks@leeds.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 25-Mar Volume 10 Issue Start Page 160 Other Pages 2458-10-160 Notes LR: 20141204; ISRCTN/ISRCTN08829879; GR: Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; JID: 100968562; 2010/03/09 [received]; 2010/03/25 [accepted]; 2010/03/25 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 20338041 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-10-160 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20338041 Abstract BACKGROUND: In many low- and middle-income countries, where tobacco use is common, tuberculosis is also a major problem. Tobacco use increases the risk of developing tuberculosis, secondary mortality, poor treatment compliance and relapses. In countries with TB epidemic, even a modest relative risk leads to a significant attributable risk. Treating tobacco dependence, therefore, is likely to have benefits for controlling tuberculosis in addition to reducing the non-communicable disease burden associated with smoking. In poorly resourced health systems which face a dual burden of disease secondary to tuberculosis and tobacco, an integrated approach to tackle tobacco dependence in TB control could be economically desirable. During TB screening, health professionals come across large numbers of patients with respiratory symptoms, a significant proportion of which are likely to be tobacco users. These clinical encounters, considered to be "teachable moments", provide a window of opportunity to offer treatment for tobacco dependence. METHODS/DESIGN: We aim to develop and trial a complex intervention to reduce tobacco dependence among TB suspects based on the WHO 'five steps to quit' model. This model relies on assessing personal motivation to quit tobacco use and uses it as the basis for assessing suitability for the different therapeutic options for tobacco dependence.We will use the Medical Research Council framework approach for evaluating complex interventions to: (a) design an evidence-based treatment package (likely to consist of training materials for health professionals and education tools for patients); (b) pilot the package to determine the delivery modalities in TB programme (c) assess the incremental cost-effectiveness of the package compared to usual care using a cluster RCT design; (d) to determine barriers and drivers to the provision of treatment of tobacco dependence within TB programmes; and (e) support long term implementation. The main outcomes to assess the effectiveness would be point abstinence at 4 weeks and continuous abstinence up to 6 months. DISCUSSION: This work will be carried out in Pakistan and is expected to have relevance for other low and middle income countries with high tobacco use and TB incidence. This will enhance our knowledge of the cost-effectiveness of treating tobacco dependence in patients suspected of TB. TRIAL REGISTRATION: TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN08829879. Descriptors Epidemics, Female, Health Promotion/methods, Humans, Male, Pakistan/epidemiology, Patient Compliance, Poverty, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/methods, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/microbiology/prevention & control, Treatment Outcome, Tuberculosis/complications/epidemiology/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Siddiqi,K., Khan,A., Ahmad,M., Shafiq-ur-Rehman Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100325 PMCID PMC2850346 Editors
An international survey of indoor air quality, ventilation, and smoking activity in restaurants: a pilot study	2003	R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Expo.Anal.Environ.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 13 Issue 5 Start Page 378 Other Pages 392 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9111438; 0 (Pyridines); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 0 (Vinyl Compounds); 142M471B3J (Carbon Dioxide); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); R9ZU09Z27A (3-vinylpyridine); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1053-4245; 1053-4245 Accession Number PMID: 12973366 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Multicenter Study; IM DOI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500284 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12973366 Abstract During a pilot study of indoor air quality in restaurants, a survey was performed in 34 medium-priced restaurants in six countries in Asia, Europe, and North America using a uniform protocol. The concentration of selected constituents of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) present in occupied areas was determined during lunch and dinner periods by measuring the levels of four particulate-phase markers and two gas-phase markers. The particulate-phase markers determined were respirable suspended particles, ultraviolet particulate matter, fluorescing particulate matter, and solanesol particulate matter. The gas-phase markers were nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP). Correlation between the markers was investigated to explore an improved monitoring approach. It was concluded that at least one marker in each phase was necessary to describe adequately the ETS load. An assessment was made of the ventilation system in each restaurant, and effective ventilation rates were determined based on CO(2) measurements. Smoking activity was also monitored. These data were used to model nicotine and 3-EP concentrations that resulted in a satisfactory prediction of their levels, especially at the higher concentrations. A total number of 1370 questionnaires were returned by the restaurant patrons in five countries. In some countries, dissatisfaction rates above 20% were observed for draft, freshness of air, and noise. The dissatisfaction rates related to tobacco smoke were less than 20%, which is lower than would be predicted based on measured ETS levels. Based on the results of this international pilot study, recommendations are given for future studies of this type. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Carbon Dioxide/analysis, Europe, Far East, Humans, Nicotine/analysis, Pilot Projects, Pyridines/analysis, Restaurants, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology, Statistics, Nonparametric, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis, United States, Ventilation, Vinyl Compounds/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bohanon,H. R.,Jr, Piade,J. J., Schorp,M. K., Saint-Jalm,Y. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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