WTS database

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Arab-American adolescent tobacco use: four pilot studies	2003	Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. vrice@wayne.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventive medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 37 Issue 5 Start Page 492 Other Pages 498 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0322116; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0091-7435; 0091-7435 Accession Number PMID: 14572433 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0091743503001750 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 14572433 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Four pilot studies were conducted to determine the (1) current tobacco use patterns and predictors among 14- to 18-year-old Arab-American youths; (2) psychometric properties of study measures (English and Arabic); (3) cultural appropriateness of Project Toward No Tobacco (TNT) for intervention; (4) accessible population for a longitudinal study. METHODS: Three studies were descriptive and one used a pretest-posttest design. From four Pilot Focus groups (N = 28 smokers) key tobacco use themes emerged along with information on study measures and the Project TNT intervention; Pilot Intervention tested the tailored Project TNT intervention with 9 Arab-American teens; Pilot Clinic (N = 44) determined the characteristics of the accessible teen health clinic population; and Pilot School (N = 119) obtained tobacco use data only. RESULTS: From Pilot Focus seven themes (being cool, "nshar ma'a al shabab" [hanging out with the guys], present [time] orientation, smoking feels and tastes good, keeps your mind off trouble, easy to get, and (many) "barriers to quitting") emerged from the data. In the Pilot Intervention a 37.5% cessation rate was found. In the Pilot Clinic study, 24% males and 17% females smoked. The current smoking rate in the Pilot School (N = 119) sample was 17%; 34% admitted to having ever smoked (even a puff). Significant predictors for current tobacco use included poor grades, stress, having many family members and peers who smoke, being exposed to many hours of smoking each day, receiving offers of tobacco products, advertising and mail, and believing that tobacco can help one to make friends. CONCLUSIONS: The four pilots contributed unique and essential knowledge for designing a longitudinal clinical trial on tobacco use by Arab-American adolescents. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior/ethnology, Arabs/ethnology, Attitude to Health/ethnology, Cultural Characteristics, Female, Focus Groups, Friends, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Needs Assessment, Peer Group, Pilot Projects, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychology, Adolescent, Psychometrics, Qualitative Research, Risk Factors, Sample Size, Smoking/ethnology/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/ethnology/methods, Surveys and Questionnaires/standards, United States Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rice,V. H., Templin,T., Kulwicki,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Aptitude aÃ©robie sous-maximale et qualitÃ© de vie des fumeurs exclusifs de narguilÃ©	2010		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Rev Mal Respir Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Mal.Respir. Pub Date Free Form Volume 27 Issue 5 Start Page 489 Other Pages 95 Notes ID: 20569882 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language fr SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: It is well known that oxidative stress is increased significantly by regular water-pipe smoking (WPS). This could lead to muscle dysfunction and thus to impairments of exercise and quality of life (QOL). Considering the impressive number of WP smokers, we intend to investigate the potential effect of WPS on submaximal exercise capacity and QOL. AIMS: (1). To evaluate the submaximal exercise capacity by the 6-minutes walking test (6-MWT). (2). To compare the deficiency, incapacity and QOL data of exclusive WPS with those of two control groups (never smokers and exclusive cigarette smokers). (3). To determine the factors influencing the 6-minutes walk distance (6-MWD) of WPS subjects. METHODS: A multicentre study including 180 exclusive WPS > or =5 WP-year] men aged > or =40 years. Cigar or cigarette smoking, contraindications to the 6-MWT or cortico-steroid therapy will be exclusion criteria. QOL evaluation, spirometry, electrocardiogram and two 6-MWT will be performed. Signs of exercise impairment will be: 6-MWD or =5/10, haemoglobin saturation fall > or =5 points. Data from WPS subjects will be compared with those from 90 never smoking subjects and 90 exclusives cigarettes smokers. EXPECTED RESULTS: (1). WPS will affect significantly the submaximal exercise capacity. (2). Resting spirometric, 6-MWT and QOL data of exclusive WPS subjects will be significantly reduced compared to never smoking subjects. (3). The 6-MWD's of exclusive WPS subjects will be significantly influenced by cumulative WP consumption, by resting spirometric data, by obesity and by physical activity score. Descriptors Exercise Tolerance, Quality of Life, Smoking/physiopathology, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Water Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2010.03.009 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Ben Saad,H., Babba,M., Boukamcha,R., Latiri,I., Knani,J., Slama,R., Bougmiza,I., Zbidi,A., Tabka,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Application of ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction based on applying low-density organic solvent for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in water samples	2012	Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 24-Aug Volume 1252 Issue Start Page 67 Other Pages 73 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 9318488; 0 (Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated); 0 (Octanes); 0 (Pesticides); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 451W47IQ8X (Sodium Chloride); 540-84-1 (2,2,4-trimethylpentane); 2012/04/17 [received]; 2012/06/14 [revised]; 2 Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3778; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 22771061 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.065 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22771061 Abstract In this study, a polyethylene Pasteur pipette-based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) applying low-density organic solvent was successfully developed for the extraction of trace levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water samples and followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In this approach, a polyethylene Pasteur squeeze-type pipette was employed as a convenient extraction device and ultrasound radiation was applied to accelerate the emulsification of low-density organic solvent in aqueous solutions to enhance the microextraction efficiency of OCPs in water samples. Thirty microliters of extraction solvent (isooctane), of lower density than water, were injected into the aqueous sample solution held in the pipette. The latter was then immersed in an ultrasound water bath to form an emulsion. After 30s extraction, phase separation was achieved by centrifugation. The upper layer (isooctane) was collected and analyzed by GC-MS. No disperser solvent was required in this procedure. Significantly, fast analysis and high extraction efficiency were achieved. Another feature of the procedure was the use of the pipette as the extraction device, which permitted less dense than water organic solvent to be used as extraction solvent. This method broadens the applicability of USAEME to a wider range of solvent. Additionally, carry-over problems were avoided with the use of the disposable pipette. Parameters affecting the efficiency of polyethylene Pasteur pipette-based USAEME, such as the extraction solvent, extraction solvent volume, extraction and centrifugation time, ionic strength and extraction temperature were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed method provided good enrichment factors (EFs) in the range of 128 and 328, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 2.7% to 12.4%. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.8 and 10ng/L depending on the analytes. The linearities were between 0.01 and 50mug/L for hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, endrin and o,p'-DDD, 0.05-25mug/L for heptachlor, and 0.005-50mug/L for p,p'-DDE. Finally, the polyethylene Pasteur pipette-based USAEME was successfully used for the fast determination of OCPs in river and tap water samples. The proposed method provides a simple, convenient, rapid, sensitive, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly process for the determination of OCPs in water samples. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Zhang,Y., Lee,H.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120626 PMCID Editors
Application of hydraulic transients for leak detection in water supply systems	2004	Covas, D., Civil Eng. Dept., Instituto Superior TÃ©cnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology: Water Supply Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci.Technol.Water Supply Pub Date Free Form 2004/ Volume 4 Issue 6-May Start Page 365 Other Pages 374 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1606-9749 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The current paper reports the investigation of two transient-based techniques for leak detection in water pipe systems using physical data collected in the laboratory and in quasi-field conditions. The first is the analysis of the leak reflected wave during a transient event and the second is inverse transient analysis (ITA). This was approached through the development of an inverse transient analysis tool and the collection of transient data for the testing and validation of this model. Two experimental programmes were carried out at Imperial College and in cooperation with Thames Water for the validation and testing of these techniques. Evaluation of the presence, location and size of leaks was carried out using the collected data. Transient-based techniques have been shown to be successful in the detection and location of leaks and leak location uncertainties depended on the leak size and location, flow regime and location where the transient event was generated. These leak detection methods are very promising for identifying the general area of the trunk main with leakage, and can be combined with other leak location techniques (e.g. acoustic equipment) to more precisely pinpoint the leak position. Transient-based techniques are particularly important for the diagnosis, monitoring and control of existing water supply systems, not only to detect leaks, but also to better understand the causes of pipe bursts and accidents, particularly when these are due to natural transient events. Descriptors acoustics, analytic method, conference paper, cooperation, data analysis, equipment design, flow kinetics, hydraulic conductivity, inverse transient analysis, laboratory diagnosis, physical chemistry, tube, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Covas,D., Ramos,H., Graham,N., Maksimovic,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Application of counter-current chromatography as a new pretreatment method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water	2012	Beijing Technology and Business University, School of Food and Chimerical Engineering, Beijing, PR China. caoxl@th.btbu.edu.cn	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of separation science Periodical, Abbrev. J.Sep.Sci. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 35 Issue 4 Start Page 596 Other Pages 601 Notes LR: 20150325; CI: Copyright (c) 2012; GR: Z99 HL999999/Intramural NIH HHS/United States; JID: 101088554; 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); NIHMS339391; OID: NLM: NIHMS339391; OID: NLM: PMC3270381; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1615-9314; 1615-9306 Accession Number PMID: 22282420 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1002/jssc.201100852 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22282420 Abstract Counter-current chromatography (CCC) was investigated as a new sample pretreatment method for the determination of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water environmental samples. The experiment was performed with a non-aqueous binary two-phase solvent system composed of n-heptane and acetonitrile. The CCC column was first filled with the upper stationary phase, and then a large volume of water sample was pumped into the column while the CCC column was rotated at 1600 rpm. Finally, the trace amounts of PAHs extracted and enriched in the stationary phase were eluted out by the lower mobile phase and determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The enrichment and cleanup of PAHs can be fulfilled online by this method with high recoveries (84.1-103.2%) and good reproducibility (RSDs: 4.9-12.2%) for 16 EPA PAHs under the optimized CCC pretreatment conditions. This method has been successfully applied to determine PAHs in lake water where 8 PAHs were detected in the concentration of 40.9-89.9 ng/L. The present method is extremely suitable for the preparation of large volume of environmental water sample for the determination of trace amounts of organic pollutants including PAHs as studied in this paper. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Data Source Authors Cao,X., Yang,C., Pei,H., Li,X., Xu,X., Ito,Y. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC3270381 Editors
Application of chemometric assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction to the determination of personal care products in natural waters	2009	Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Analytica Chimica Acta Periodical, Abbrev. Anal.Chim.Acta Pub Date Free Form 7-Sep Volume 649 Issue 2 Start Page 135 Other Pages 140 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 0370534; 0 (Phthalic Acids); 0 (Polycyclic Compounds); 0 (Solvents); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 6O7F7IX66E (phthalic acid); 2009/05/28 [received]; 2009/07/07 [revised]; 2009/07/09 [accepted]; 2009/07/14 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-4324; 0003-2670 Accession Number PMID: 19699389 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.028 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19699389 Abstract A rapid and simple method for the determination of two phthalates and five polycyclic musks in water samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) mated to chemometrics and coupled to GC-MS was developed. Volume of extraction (CCl4) and disperser solvent (MeOH), pH, ionic strength, extraction time, centrifugation time as well as centrifugation speed were optimized in a 2(7-4) Plackett-Burman design. The obtained significant factors were optimized by using a central composite design (CCD) and the quadratic model between the dependent and the independent variables was built. The optimum experimental conditions of the proposed method were: 250 microL carbon tetrachloride, 0.62 mL methanol, 7.5 min centrifugation time, natural pH containing 0% (w/v) NaCl, while keeping centrifugation speed fixed at 4000 rpm. The calculated calibration curves gave high-level linearity for all target analytes with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.9970 and 0.9992. The repeatability and reproducibility of the proposed method, expressed as relative standard deviation, varied between 2.6% to 9.7% and 5.7% to 12.2%, respectively. The obtained LOD values were in the range of 8-63 ng L(-1). Descriptors Fresh Water/analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Osmolar Concentration, Phthalic Acids/analysis/isolation & purification, Polycyclic Compounds/analysis/isolation & purification, Solvents/chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/isolation & purification Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Panagiotou,A. N., Sakkas,V. A., Albanis,T. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090714 PMCID Editors
Application of beta-cyclodextrin-modified, carbon nanotube-reinforced hollow fiber to solid-phase microextraction of plant hormones	2014	Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of the CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; University of Chinese Academy o	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 29-Dec Volume 1374 Issue Start Page 23 Other Pages 30 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 9318488; 0 (Glycolates); 0 (Nanotubes, Carbon); 0 (Naphthaleneacetic Acids); 0 (Plant Growth Regulators); 0 (beta-Cyclodextrins); 33T7G7757C (1-naphthaleneacetic acid); 717GVR334R (2-naphthoxyacetic acid); JV039J Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3778; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 25435464 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.029 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25435464 Abstract A new, efficient, and environmental friendly solid-phase microextraction (SPME) medium based on beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD)-modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a hollow fiber (HF) was prepared. Functionalized beta-CD was covalently linked to the surface of the carboxylic CNTs and then the obtained nanocomposite was immobilized into the wall pores of HFs under ultrasonic-assisted effect. The scanning electron microscope was used to inspect surface characteristics of fibers, demonstrating the presence of nanocomposites in their wall pores. The reinforced HF was employed in SPME, and its extraction performance was evaluated by analyzing 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (2-NOA) in vegetables. Without any tedious clean-up procedure, analytes were extracted from the sample to the adsorbent and organic solvent immobilized in HFs and then desorbed in acetonitrile prior to chromatographic analysis. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the method provided 275- and 283-fold enrichment factors of NAA and 2-NOA, low limits of detection and quantification (at an ngg(-1) level), satisfactory spiked recoveries, good inter-fiber repeatability, and batch-to-batch reproducibility. The selectivity of the developed fiber was investigated to three structurally similar compounds and two reference compounds with recognition coefficients up to 3.18. The obtained results indicate that the newly developed fiber is a feasible, selective, green, and cost-effective microextraction medium and could be successfully applied for extraction and determination of naphthalene-derived plant hormones in complex matrices. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Song,X.Y., Ha,W., Chen,J., Shi,Y.P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141118 PMCID Editors
Application of an ozone disinfection apparatus for small drinking water supply systems in rural areas	2002	Sun, X., Office of Beijing Municipal Commission for Patriotic Health Campaign, Beijing 100053, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research Periodical, Abbrev. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu Pub Date Free Form / Volume 31 Issue 5 Start Page 386 Other Pages 388 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1000-8020 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract To design an ozone disinfection apparatus which is inexpensive and to practical for small drinking water supply system in rural areas. And test its effectiveness. Designed apparatus must be rapid, low cost, high automatic and easy for operation. The key technologies are to create ozone of high concentration and to mix it with water very well, and add it into main water pipe automatically. The results showed: In laboratory, at the condition of ozone of 0.2 mg/l for 3 minutes, all germs and bacteria coli were killed. In the field study, the water samples from three villages met the standard for drinking water very well. THE CONCLUSIONS: The apparatus reached the design requirement. An innovative part of the study is that we have improved a device for mixture of ozone with water. The laboratory and field study have proved the apparatus is low cost, high effectiveness, and easy to operate u. It is very useful for small drinking water supply system in rural areas. Descriptors ozone, article, disinfection, health, devices, microbiology, water management, water pollution, water supply Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Sun,X., Liu,Y., Wang,L., Zhang,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Application of a new parameter in the 6-minute walk test for manifold analysis of exercise capacity in patients with COPD	2014	Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.; Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Chron.Obstruct Pulmon Dis. Pub Date Free Form 3-Nov Volume 9 Issue Start Page 1235 Other Pages 1240 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 101273481; 0 (Biomarkers); S88TT14065 (Oxygen); OID: NLM: PMC4224096; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014 [ecollection]; 2014/11/03 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication New Zealand ISSN/ISBN 1178-2005; 1176-9106 Accession Number PMID: 25395845 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.2147/COPD.S71383 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25395845 Abstract BACKGROUND: New parameters in the 6-minute walk test (6 MWT) are required for comprehensive analysis of exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of the present study was to apply a novel index, the desaturation distance ratio (DDR), to clinical research on COPD as an estimate of exercise capacity and to examine whether DDR is a potential parameter for manifold analysis of exercise capacity in patients with COPD. METHODS: A total of 41 patients with COPD (median age [interquartile range] =75 [68-79] years; and body mass index [BMI] =22.3 [19.4-23.8] kg/m(2)) participated in the study. The 6 MWT was performed along with anthropometric measurements and a pulmonary function test. The "desaturation area" was measured as the total area above the curve created using peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) values observed at each minute during the 6 MWT. Then the DDR was calculated as the ratio of the desaturation area to the 6-minute walk distance (6 MWD). RESULTS: The 6 MWD was 370 (328-445) m, and the decline in SpO2 values (DeltaSpO2) was -5.0% (-8.0% to -1.5%). The DDR correlated modestly with baseline pulmonary function in patients with COPD (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [% of predicted value]: r=-0.658, P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ijiri,N., Kanazawa,H., Yoshikawa,T., Hirata,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141103 PMCID PMC4224096 Editors
Any tobacco use in 13 States --- behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2008	2010		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 6-Aug Volume 59 Issue 30 Start Page 946 Other Pages 950 Notes JID: 7802429; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-861X; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 20689499 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI mm5930a3 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20689499 Abstract Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, and cigarette smoking, the predominant form of tobacco use in the United States, causes 443,000 deaths annually. In 2008, 20.6% of U.S. adults were current smokers; however, other tobacco products (e.g., smokeless tobacco, cigars, bidis, and kreteks) also were used by some adults and youths. Persons who use cigarettes in combination with other tobacco products (polytobacco use) might have an in increased risk for adverse health effects. To estimate the prevalence of any tobacco and polytobacco use, CDC analyzed data from the 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) (the most recent data available) module on use of other tobacco products, which was implemented by 13 states. This analysis found that use of any tobacco product ranged from 18.4% (New Jersey) to 35.0% (West Virginia), cigarette use ranged from 14.6% (New Jersey) to 26.6% (West Virginia), and polytobacco use ranged from 1.0% (New Jersey) to 3.7% (West Virginia). Polytobacco use was more prevalent among men (4.4%), persons aged 18--24 years (5.7%), persons who were single (4.8%), persons with household incomes less than $35,000 (9.8%), and persons with less than a high school education (3.6%) or with a high school diploma or General Education Development (GED) certificate or diploma (3.6%). Because no form of tobacco is safe to use, prevention and cessation intervention programs need to address all forms of tobacco use to lower tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. Additionally, counter-marketing messages for tobacco products can be tailored for specific populations, such as young adults and males. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Advertising as Topic, African Continental Ancestry Group, Age Factors, Aged, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Educational Status, Female, Hispanic Americans, Humans, Income, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology/prevention & control, Tobacco Industry, Tobacco, Smokeless, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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