WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
The London low emission zone baseline study	2011	School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK. frank.kelly@kcl.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Research report (Health Effects Institute) Periodical, Abbrev. Res.Rep.Health Eff.Inst. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume -163 Issue 163 Start Page 3 Other Pages 79 Notes JID: 8812230; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Metals); 0 (Nitrogen Oxides); 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Vehicle Emissions); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1041-5505; 1041-5505 Accession Number PMID: 22315924 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22315924 Abstract On February 4, 2008, the world's largest low emission zone (LEZ) was established. At 2644 km2, the zone encompasses most of Greater London. It restricts the entry of the oldest and most polluting diesel vehicles, including heavy-goods vehicles (haulage trucks), buses and coaches, larger vans, and minibuses. It does not apply to cars or motorcycles. The LEZ scheme will introduce increasingly stringent Euro emissions standards over time. The creation of this zone presented a unique opportunity to estimate the effects of a stepwise reduction in vehicle emissions on air quality and health. Before undertaking such an investigation, robust baseline data were gathered on air quality and the oxidative activity and metal content of particulate matter (PM) from air pollution monitors located in Greater London. In addition, methods were developed for using databases of electronic primary-care records in order to evaluate the zone's health effects. Our study began in 2007, using information about the planned restrictions in an agreed-upon LEZ scenario and year-on-year changes in the vehicle fleet in models to predict air pollution concentrations in London for the years 2005, 2008, and 2010. Based on this detailed emissions and air pollution modeling, the areas in London were then identified that were expected to show the greatest changes in air pollution concentrations and population exposures after the implementation of the LEZ. Using these predictions, the best placement of a pollution monitoring network was determined and the feasibility of evaluating the health effects using electronic primary-care records was assessed. To measure baseline pollutant concentrations before the implementation of the LEZ, a comprehensive monitoring network was established close to major roadways and intersections. Output-difference plots from statistical modeling for 2010 indicated seven key areas likely to experience the greatest change in concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (at least 3 microg/m3) and of PM with an aerodynamic diameter Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kelly,F., Armstrong,B., Atkinson,R., Anderson,H.R., Barratt,B., Beevers,S., Cook,D., Green,D., Derwent,D., Mudway,I., Wilkinson,P., HEI Health Review Committee Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
1-[(Bromo-meth-yl)(phen-yl)meth-ylene]-2-(2,4-dinitro-phen-yl)hydrazine	2009	School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang, 11800, Malaysia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Acta crystallographica.Section E, Structure reports online Periodical, Abbrev. Acta Crystallogr.Sect.E.Struct.Rep.Online Pub Date Free Form 7-May Volume 65 Issue Pt 6 Start Page o1221 Other Pages 2 Notes LR: 20130321; JID: 101089178; OID: NLM: PMC2969738; 2009/04/10 [received]; 2009/04/30 [accepted]; 2009/05/07 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1600-5368; 1600-5368 Accession Number PMID: 21583090 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.1107/S1600536809016225 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21583090 Abstract The title compound, C(14)H(11)BrN(4)O(4), comprises two crystallographically independent mol-ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. In mol-ecule B, intra-molecular bifurcated N-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO and N-Hcdots, three dots, centeredBr hydrogen bonds and in mol-ecule A, an intra-molecular N-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO hydrogen bond generate S(6) ring motifs. The dihedral angle between the phenyl and benzene rings is 5.44 (6) in mol-ecule A and 7.63 (6) degrees in mol-ecule B. The ortho- and meta-nitro substituents make dihedral angles of 6.67 (15) and 2.26 (15) degrees to the attached benzene ring in mol-ecule A and 6.37 (17) and 5.81 (16) degrees in mol-ecule B. The Br atom in mol-ecule B is disordered over two positions with a refined site-occupancy ratio of 0.61 (3):0.39 (3). Inter-esting features of the crystal structure are the short Brcdots, three dots, centeredN [3.257 (3)-3.294 (4) A], Brcdots, three dots, centeredO [3.279 (3)-3.307 (4) A] and Ocdots, three dots, centeredO [2.9319 (16)-2.9995 (16) A] contacts, which are shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of these atoms. The crystal structure is further stabilized by inter-molecular C-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO and pi-pi inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.6643 (8)-3.8514 (8) A]. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Salhin,A., Abdul Razak,N., Rahman,I. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090507 PMCID PMC2969738 Editors
4,4',6,6'-Tetra-tert-butyl-2,2'-[1,3-diazinane-1,3-diylbis(methyl-ene)]diphenol 0.25-hydrate	2012	School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Science and Technology of Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Acta crystallographica.Section E, Structure reports online Periodical, Abbrev. Acta Crystallogr.Sect.E.Struct.Rep.Online Pub Date Free Form 1-Jul Volume 68 Issue Pt 7 Start Page o2123 Other Pages Notes LR: 20130227; JID: 101089178; OID: NLM: PMC3393934; 2012/05/16 [received]; 2012/06/12 [accepted]; 2012/06/16 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1600-5368; 1600-5368 Accession Number PMID: 22798799 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.1107/S1600536812026505 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22798799 Abstract The title compound, C(34)H(54)N(2)O(2).0.25H(2)O, the organic mol-ecule, a potential tetra-dentate ligand with a bulky phenolic donor, has overall mirror symmetry. A partially occupied water mol-ecule of solvation is present in the lattice. The six-membered 1,3-diazinane ring displays a chair conformation. An intra-molecular O-Hcdots, three dots, centeredN hydrogen bond ocurs. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by O-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO inter-actions. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zhang,M., Li,L., Yuan,F., Qian,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120616 PMCID PMC3393934 Editors
Fiber-assisted emulsification microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of aromatic amines in aqueous samples	2014	School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangzhou Fiber Product Testing Institute, Guangzhou 510220, China.; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Chi	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 26-Sep Volume 1361 Issue Start Page 16 Other Pages 22 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 9318488; 0 (Amines); 0 (Emulsions); 0 (Solutions); 059QF0KO0R (Water); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/06/12 [received]; 2014/07/23 [revised]; 2014/07/24 [accepted]; 2014/08/01 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3778; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 25152494 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.070 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25152494 Abstract A novel fiber-assisted emulsification microextraction (FAEME) method was developed for the determination of eight aromatic amines (AAs) in aqueous samples. In this method, the extraction solvent (100 muL chlorobenzene) and the dispersive material (1.0mg kapok fiber fragments) were added successively into the aqueous sample (5.0 mL), and then the mixture was emulsified by ultrasound to form the cloudy solution. Phase separation was performed by centrifugation, and the sedimented phase was transferred to micro-inserts with a microsyringe for analysis. All variables involved in the extraction process were identified and optimized. By coupling the analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), excellent detection limits (0.01-0.2 mug L(-1)), good precision (RSDs, 3.33-6.56%) and linear ranges (0.10-160 mug L(-1) and 1.0-160 mug L(-1)) were obtained. Compared with the traditional solvent-emulsification method, the extraction recoveries of the proposed method were much higher. Satisfactory recoveries were achieved when the method was used for the analysis of AAs in spiked real water samples. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Feng,W., Jiang,R., Chen,B., Ouyang,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140801 PMCID Editors
Keeping Food on the Table: Human Responses and Changing Coastal Fisheries in Solomon Islands	2015	School of Civil Engineering, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.; Department of Anthropology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South A	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PloS one Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS One Pub Date Free Form 9-Jul Volume 10 Issue 7 Start Page e0130800 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150719; JID: 101285081; OID: NLM: PMC4497618; 2015 [ecollection]; 2015/02/16 [received]; 2015/05/26 [accepted]; 2015/07/09 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1932-6203; 1932-6203 Accession Number PMID: 26158694 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0130800 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26158694 Abstract Globally the majority of commercial fisheries have experienced dramatic declines in stock and catch. Likewise, projections for many subsistence fisheries in the tropics indicate a dramatic decline is looming in the coming decades. In the Pacific Islands coastal fisheries provide basic subsistence needs for millions of people. A decline in fish catch would therefore have profound impacts on the health and livelihoods of these coastal communities. Given the decrease in local catch rates reported for many coastal communities in the Pacific, it is important to understand if fishers have responded to ecological change (either by expanding their fishing range and/or increasing their fishing effort), and if so, to evaluate the costs or benefits of these responses. We compare data from fish catches in 1995 and 2011 from a rural coastal community in Solomon Islands to examine the potentially changing coastal reef fishery at these time points. In particular we found changes in preferred fishing locations, fishing methodology and catch composition between these data sets. The results indicate that despite changes in catch rates (catch per unit effort) between data collected in 2011 and 16 years previously, the study community was able to increase gross catches through visiting fishing sites further away, diversifying fishing methods and targeting pelagic species through trolling. Such insight into local-scale responses to changing resources and/or fisheries development will help scientists and policy makers throughout the Pacific region in managing the region's fisheries in the future. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Albert,S., Aswani,S., Fisher,P.L., Albert,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150709 PMCID PMC4497618 Editors
Longitudinal association between plaque and gingival bleeding in smokers and non-smokers	2002	School of Dental Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany. perio@t-online.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of clinical periodontology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Periodontol. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 29 Issue 4 Start Page 287 Other Pages 294 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 0425123; ppublish Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 0303-6979; 0303-6979 Accession Number PMID: 11966925 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI cpe290403 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11966925 Abstract BACKGROUND/AIMS: Whereas accumulation of dentogingival plaque inevitably leads to inflammatory reactions in the adjacent gingival tissue, there is limited information with regard to factors influencing naturally occurring fluctuation between gingival health and disease. The major aims of the present study were to investigate site-specific associations between plaque and gingivitis as well as transition dynamics of naturally occurring gingivitis in smoking and non-smoking young adults. METHODS: 65 systemically healthy young adults, 19 to 30 years old, participated. 33 volunteers smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day, whereas 32 subjects were non-smokers. Clinical periodontal conditions were assessed four times within a time period of 6 months. An ecological approach in data analysis as well as site-specific analyses considering the correlated structure of data were performed. RESULTS: At the outset and after 6 months, smokers had significantly more supragingival plaque than non-smokers. At the final examination, bleeding upon probing as well as calculus were more prevalent in smokers. A site-by-site analysis revealed that smokers tended to have a weaker association between supragingival plaque and bleeding on probing than non-smokers (median Mantel-Haenszel's common odds ratio 1.91 vs. 2.89, p=0.07). Multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for periodontal probing depth, plaque and calculus identified smoking status to significantly increase the risk for the first transition of non-bleeding to bleeding upon probing by 86% (p<0.01). In contrast, recovery of bleeding sites was positively influenced by female gender, but not smoking. CONCLUSIONS: In multivariate analyses adjusted for probing depth, plaque and calculus, smokers appeared to be at higher risk for the transition from non-bleeding to bleeding on probing. Weaker associations between plaque and naturally occurring gingivitis in smokers may have important consequences for preventive strategies for gingivitis. Descriptors Adult, Analysis of Variance, Dental Calculus/etiology, Dental Devices, Home Care, Dental Plaque/etiology, Disease Progression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gingival Hemorrhage/etiology, Gingival Recession/etiology, Gingivitis/etiology, Humans, Logistic Models, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Periodontal Attachment Loss/etiology, Periodontal Pocket/etiology, Reproducibility of Results, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking/adverse effects, Statistics as Topic, Statistics, Nonparametric, Toothbrushing Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Muller,H. P., Stadermann,S., Heinecke,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Clinical analysis of the soft tissue integration of non-submerged (ITI) and submerged (3i) implants: a prospective-controlled cohort study	2008	School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. rvgarcia@uol.com.br	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Clinical oral implants research Periodical, Abbrev. Clin.Oral Implants Res. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 19 Issue 10 Start Page 991 Other Pages 996 Notes JID: 9105713; 0 (Dental Implants); 68238-35-7 (Keratins); ppublish Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 1600-0501; 0905-7161 Accession Number PMID: 18828814 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01345.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18828814 Abstract AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the soft tissue integration of submerged and non-submerged implants by means of periodontal parameter assessments and analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients, who received 42 non-submerged implants (ITI) and 48 submerged implants (3i), participated in the study. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between both groups considering gender; educational level; handedness; toothbrushing frequency; the number of auxiliary devices used; and smoking habits. The parameters assessed were gingival index (GI), plaque index (PII), retention index (RI), pocket probing depth (PPD) and keratinized mucosa index. RESULTS: At evaluation, 66.67% of all sites showed a GI of 0; 72.22% a PI of 0, and 93.33% the absence of calculus. The average PPD was 2.56 mm in the non-submerged and 2.70 mm in the submerged group. With regard to the width of keratinized mucosa, 100% of the ITI implants showed a band of keratinized gingiva around the implant, whereas 14.58% in the 3i group showed a complete absence of keratinized mucosa. The intra-examiner reproducibility was 90.96% for all parameters and the Kendall tau-b analysis showed a powerless correlation between the chosen parameters for both studied groups. CONCLUSIONS: The study material showed no major differences between submerged and non-submerged dental implants regarding GI, PII, RI and PPD, except the width of keratinized mucosa. Regarding the presence of keratinized mucosa, there is a need for further longitudinal studies to elucidate a possible benefit of one implant system over the other. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Dental Devices, Home Care, Dental Implantation, Endosseous/methods, Dental Implants, Dental Plaque Index, Dental Prosthesis Design, Dental Prosthesis Retention, Educational Status, Female, Functional Laterality, Gingiva/pathology, Humans, Keratins, Male, Middle Aged, Periodontal Index, Periodontal Pocket/classification, Periodontium/physiopathology, Prospective Studies, Smoking, Toothbrushing, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Garcia,R. V., Kraehenmann,M. A., Bezerra,F. J., Mendes,C. M., Rapp,G. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of bleaching and repolishing procedures on coffee and tea stain removal from three anterior composite veneering materials	2004	School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. sebnemturkun@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry : official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ...[et al.] Periodical, Abbrev. J.Esthet.Restor.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Volume 16 Issue 5 Start Page 290 Other Pages 301; discussion 301-2 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 101096515; 0 (Clearfil ST); 0 (Coffee); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Esthet-X); 0 (Filtek A110 composite resin); 0 (Oxidants); 0 (Tea); BBX060AN9V (Hydrogen Peroxide); CIN: J Esthet Restor Dent. 2008;20(3):206-11. PMID: 18533984; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1496-4155; 1496-4155 Accession Number PMID: 15726798 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15726798 Abstract Discolored teeth can be treated with resin veneers, but their color changes when confronted with staining solutions. Polishing procedures can provide a remedy for highly stained composites, but they tend to remove some materials as well. However, bleaching procedures are an effective, nondestructive method for solving the problem. The aim of this study was to compare the color change of three veneer composites exposed to staining solutions and to evaluate the effectiveness of a 15% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent and three polishing systems to remove the stain. Forty-five disks (12 x 2 mm) each of Clearfil ST (Kuraray Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan), Esthet-X (Dentsply/Caulk, Milford DE, USA), and Filtek A110 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were prepared. The specimens were polished with Sof-Lex (3M ESPE), Enhance (Dentsply/Caulk), or PoGo (Dentsply/Caulk). Five specimens for each material-polishing system combination were immersed in coffee (Nescafe Classic, Nestle SA, Vevey, Switzerland) or tea (Earl Grey, Lipton, Blackfriars-London, England) for 7 days. The remaining disks were stored in water. Color measurements were made with a spectrophotometer (X-Rite Seroice SP78, Loaner, Koln, Germany) at baseline; after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days; and after bleaching and repolishing. After 1 week, one side of the specimens was bleached with Illumine-office (Dentsply De Trey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) for 1 hour, and the other side was repolished for 30 seconds. All comparisons of color change for the polishing systems, times, and staining solutions were subjected to repeated measurements of analysis of variance. Paired t-test was used to examine whether significant color differences (deltaE) occurred during immersion at the specified time intervals (p < or = .05). Filtek A110 was the least stained resin composite. Its color remained under a deltaE value of 2 during the study. Clearfil ST exhibited the most color change after 1 week. All specimens polished with Enhance showed less staining, whereas those polished with the Sof-Lex system demonstrated the most color change. Water did not cause a variance in the deltaE. There was no difference in the staining potential of coffee and tea. Bleaching and repolishing were effective in removing the stains. The resin composites tested reversed nearly to baseline color with the bleaching and to less than values at 1 day of staining with repolishing. The coffee and tea brands tested stained the composites used in this study equally. In-office bleaching was found to be more effective than repolishing in the restitution of the color. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results of this study suggest that the discoloration of resin veneers can be partially removed by in-office bleaching and repolishing procedures. Descriptors* Coffee, Composite Resins, Dental Polishing, Dental Veneers, Hydrogen Peroxide, Oxidants, Tea, Tooth Bleaching, Tooth Discoloration Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Turkun,L. S., Turkun,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Comparative Study of the Shear Bond Strength of Flowable Composite in Permanent Teeth Treated with Conventional Bur and Contact or Non-Contact Er:YAG Laser	2014	School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran Univers	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of lasers in medical sciences Periodical, Abbrev. J.Lasers Med.Sci. Pub Date Free Form Summer Volume 5 Issue 3 Start Page 140 Other Pages 145 Notes LR: 20150601; JID: 101580415; OID: NLM: PMC4281998; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish Place of Publication Iran ISSN/ISBN 2008-9783; 2008-9783 Accession Number PMID: 25653813 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25653813 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the in vitro effect of the Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) laser with different radiation distances and high-speed rotary treatment on the shear bond strength of flowable composite to enamel of human permanent posterior teeth. METHODS: freshly extracted human molar teeth with no caries or other surface defects were used in this study (n=45). The teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group 1: treated with non-contact Er:YAG Laser and etched with Er:YAG laser, Group 2: treated with contact Er:YAG Laser and etched with Er:YAG laser, Group 3 (control): treated with diamond fissure bur and etched with acid phosphoric 37%. Then the adhesive was applied on the surafces of the teeth and polymerized using a curing light appliance. Resin cylinders were fabricated from flowable composite. Shear bond strength was tested at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. RESULTS: The amount of Shear Bond Strength (SBS) in the 3 treatment groups was not the same (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Parhami,P., Pourhashemi,S.J., Ghandehari,M., Mighani,G., Chiniforush,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4281998 Editors
Waterpipe and Cigarette Smoking among University Students in the Western Cape, South Africa	2016	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.; School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Southern Africa Labour and Developmen	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Health Behavior Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Health Behav. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 40 Issue 4 Start Page 416 Other Pages 426 Notes JID: 9602338; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1945-7359; 1087-3244 Accession Number PMID: 27338988 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.5993/AJHB.40.4.3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27338988 Abstract OBJECTIVE: Cigarette smoking in South Africa decreased sharply since the early 1990s. Waterpipe smoking increased, especially among students. We estimate the prevalence of waterpipe and cigarette smoking and associated characteristics among university students in the Western Cape. METHODS: An anonymous self-administered online questionnaire was sent to all registered students at 4 public Western Cape universities. The 4578 valid responses were weighted to represent the Western Cape's university student population. We present descriptive statistics and logistic regressions. RESULTS: We found that 63% of Western Cape university students ever smoked waterpipe, 9.9% of students smoked waterpipe in the past 30 days and 17.7% of students smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days. Waterpipe smoking has a strong socialization aspect. Controlling for confounders, current waterpipe smoking is associated with alcohol consumption (positively), age (negatively), population group (mixed-race and Indian students smoke more), religion (Muslims smoke more), faculty (medical students smoke less), and spending money (positively). Current cigarette smoking is associated with similar covariates, but not with age. CONCLUSION: Waterpipe smoking in the Western Cape is widespread, but less than cigarette smoking. Because all tobacco products are harmful, the government has an obligation to impose appropriate regulatory measures to reduce waterpipe consumption. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kruger,L., van Walbeek,C., Vellios,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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