WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Correlates of other tobacco use in a community sample of young adults	2015	Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States; VA San Diego Healthcare System, United States. Electronic address: nmdoran@ucsd.edu.; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States; VA San Diego	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 51 Issue Start Page 131 Other Pages 135 Notes LR: 20150904; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: 1 R21 AA021822-01A1/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA037217/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21 AA021822/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7603486; NIHMS710850; OID: NLM: NIHMS710850 [Available on 1 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 26255638 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.023 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26255638 Abstract BACKGROUND: Young adult use of alternative nicotine and tobacco products (ANTPs) has increased dramatically since 2000. While recent studies address ANTP prevalence, relatively little is known about predictors of use. This secondary analysis examined demographic, personality, and other substance use factors as predictors of past month ANTP use. METHODS: Community participants (n=319; 51% female) completed an online survey during the initial stage of a larger study, for which all were required to have smoked cigarettes and consumed alcohol in the past month. The survey assessed demographics, impulsivity, and past-month frequency of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. RESULTS: The majority (61%) of participants endorsed ANTP use in the past 30days. The odds of ANTP use were associated with Caucasian ethnicity, younger age, more frequent alcohol use, and with the sensation seeking and positive urgency components of impulsivity. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that ANTP use among young adults is a substantial problem, and that there is a need for interventions that target tobacco use generally rather than cigarette smoking only. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Doran,N., Trim,R.S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150726 PMCID PMC4558378 Editors
Prevalence of beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli from Retail Meat in Turkey	2015	Dept. of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal Univ, Hatay, Turkey.; Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal Univ, Hatay, Turkey.; Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Mustafa Kema	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of Food Science Periodical, Abbrev. J.Food Sci. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 80 Issue 9 Start Page M2023 Other Pages 9 Notes CI: (c) 2015; JID: 0014052; 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents); 0 (Bacterial Proteins); 0 (Escherichia coli Proteins); 0 (Qnr protein, E coli); EC 3.5.2.6 (AmpC beta-lactamases); EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-Lactamases); OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/02/17 [received]; 2015/06/23 [accepte Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1750-3841; 0022-1147 Accession Number PMID: 26256548 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/1750-3841.12984 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26256548 Abstract Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli have been shown to be present in humans and animals representing a significant problem worldwide. This study aimed to search the presence of ESBL and/or AmpC-producing E. coli in retail meats (chicken and beef) in Turkey. A total of 88 beta-lactamase-producing E. coli were isolated from chicken (n = 81/100) and beef meat (n = 7/100) samples and their susceptibility to several antimicrobials were tested using disc diffusion method. E. coli isolates were further characterized for their phylogenetic groups. beta-Lactamase encoding (blaTEM , blaSHV , blaOXA , blaCTX-M , and blaAmpC ) and quinolone resistance genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qepA, and acc(6')-Ib-cr) were also secreened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, in regard to beta-lactamase genes, 84 of 88 isolates were positive for blaCTX-M-1 (n = 39), blaCTX-M-3 (n = 5), blaCTX-M-15 (n = 4), blaTEM-1b (n = 2), blaSHV-12 (n = 1), blaCTX-M-1 /blaTEM-1b (n = 10), blaCTX-M-1 /blaTEM-1b /blaSHV-5 (n = 1), blaCTX-M-1 /blaCMY-2 (n = 1) and blaTEM-1b /blaCMY-2 (n = 6), blaCTX-M-15 /blaSHV-12 (n = 1), blaCTX-M-15 /blaTEM-1b (n = 1), blaTEM-1b /blaSHV-12 (n = 1), and blaCMY-2 (n = 12) genes. Resistance to cefuroxime (75.6% and 85.7%), nalidixic acid (89% and 85.7%), tetracycline (91.4% and 100%), streptomycin (40.2% and 100%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (36.6% and 85.7%) was observed among strains isolated from chicken and beef, respectively. However, all isolates were found to be susceptible to amikacin, imipenem, and cefepime. Resistance to ampicillin and cefoxitin was significantly linked to blaCMY-2 gene, while there was a significant correlation between CTX-M type ESBL and antimicrobial resistance to cefuroxime and streptomycin (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Institute of Food Technologists(R) Data Source Authors Pehlivanlar Onen,S., Aslantas,O., Sebnem Yilmaz,E., Kurekci,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150807 PMCID Editors
A curcumin-loaded liquid crystal precursor mucoadhesive system for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis	2015	School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Sao Paulo State University, Campus Araraquara, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil.; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Sao Paulo State University, Campus Araraquara, Departme	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of nanomedicine Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Nanomedicine Pub Date Free Form 30-Jul Volume 10 Issue Start Page 4815 Other Pages 4824 Notes LR: 20150812; JID: 101263847; 0 (Drug Carriers); IT942ZTH98 (Curcumin); OID: NLM: PMC4525803; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015 [ecollection]; 2015/07/30 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication New Zealand ISSN/ISBN 1178-2013; 1176-9114 Accession Number PMID: 26257519 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.2147/IJN.S82385 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26257519 Abstract Women often develop vaginal infections that are caused primarily by organisms of the genus Candida. The current treatments of vaginal candidiasis usually involve azole-based antifungals, though fungal resistance to these compounds has become prevalent. Therefore, much attention has been given to molecules with antifungal properties from natural sources, such as curcumin (CUR). However, CUR has poor solubility in aqueous solvents and poor oral bioavailability. This study attempted to overcome this problem by developing, characterizing, and evaluating the in vitro antifungal action of a CUR-loaded liquid crystal precursor mucoadhesive system (LCPM) for vaginal administration. A low-viscosity LCPM (F) consisting of 40% wt/wt polyoxpropylene-(5)-polyoxyethylene-(20)-cetyl alcohol, 50% wt/wt oleic acid, and 10% wt/wt chitosan dispersion at 0.5% with the addition of 16% poloxamer 407 was developed to take advantage of the lyotropic phase behavior of this formulation. Notably, F could transform into liquid crystal systems when diluted with artificial vaginal mucus at ratios of 1:3 and 1:1 (wt/wt), resulting in the formation of F30 and F100, respectively. Polarized light microscopy and rheological studies revealed that F behaved like an isotropic formulation, whereas F30 and F100 behaved like an anisotropic liquid crystalline system (LCS). Moreover, F30 and F100 presented higher mucoadhesion to porcine vaginal mucosa than F. The analysis of the in vitro activity against Candida albicans revealed that CUR-loaded F was more potent against standard and clinical strains compared with a CUR solution. Therefore, the vaginal administration of CUR-loaded LCPMs represents a promising platform for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Salmazi,R., Calixto,G., Bernegossi,J., Ramos,M.A., Bauab,T.M., Chorilli,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150730 PMCID PMC4525803 Editors
Hookah Tobacco Smoking During the Transition to College: Prevalence of Other Substance Use and Predictors of Initiation	2016	Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY; Robyn.Shepardson@va.gov.; Department of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 18 Issue 5 Start Page 763 Other Pages 769 Notes CI: (c) The Author 2015; GR: KL2 TR000126/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States; GR: UL1 TR000127/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 2015/03/31 [received]; 2015/07/30 [accepted]; 2015/08/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 26259986 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntv170 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26259986 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of hookah tobacco smoking is increasing, and the transition to college is a vulnerable time for initiation. Hookah use is associated with other forms of substance use, but most research has been cross-sectional, thus limiting our understanding of temporal patterns of use. The goals of this longitudinal study were to assess the prevalence of hookah use and initiation, as well as other forms of substance use among hookah users, and identify which forms of substance use predicted hookah initiation during the first 30 days of college. METHODS: Incoming students (N = 936, 50% female) reported on past 30-day substance use prior to the start of the Fall 2011 semester and again 30 days later (n = 817). Substances included hookah, cigarettes, other forms of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs. RESULTS: Current prevalence of hookah use increased from 9.0% before college to 13.1% during the first month of college. At baseline and follow-up, current hookah users were more likely than nonusers to report current use of cigarettes, cigars/little cigars/clove cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol. Among pre-college hookah never users, 13.8% initiated hookah use in the first month of college. Alcohol (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05, 1.17) and marijuana (AOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.03, 1.65) were the only substances predictive of hookah initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that hookah prevention and intervention is needed during the transition to college, and interventions may need to address comorbid alcohol, marijuana, and hookah use. IMPLICATIONS: To our knowledge this is the first longitudinal study examining predictors of hookah initiation among male and female incoming first-year college students. While hookah users were more likely than nonusers to use all other substances before and during the first month of college, pre-college marijuana and alcohol use were the only two predictors of hookah initiation during the first 30 days of college. Collectively, these findings provide additional support for the need for efficacious hookah prevention and intervention programs. The transition to college appears to be an ideal time to deliver prevention programs given the increased prevalence of hookah use during the first 30 days of college. In addition to prevention, former users may benefit from targeted relapse prevention as one-fifth of former hookah smokers resumed use during the first 30 days of college. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Data Source Authors Shepardson,R.L., Hustad,J.T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150810 PMCID Editors
Prevalence of Barrett's Esophagus in Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis	2015	Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.; Section of Gastroen	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association Periodical, Abbrev. Clin.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 13 Issue 11 Start Page 1907 Other Pages 1918 Notes LR: 20151026; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: DK24-04-107/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: DK58338/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: K24 DK078154/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA116845/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01116845/PHS HHS/United Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1542-7714; 1542-3565 Accession Number PMID: 26260107 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Review; IM DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.07.050 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26260107 Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: The prevalence and risk factors of Barrett's esophagus (BE) in Asian countries are unclear. Studies report a wide range of BE prevalence in Asian countries. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the prevalence of BE and its temporal changes and risk factors in Asian countries. METHODS: Two investigators performed independent literature searches by using PubMed and EMBASE databases, and subsequent data abstraction for studies had to meet several set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pooled BE prevalence was calculated by using a random-effect model. Estimates of relative risk for possible risk or protective factors were also calculated. RESULTS: A total of 51 studies (N = 453,147), mainly from Eastern Asia, were included. The pooled prevalence of endoscopic BE was 7.8% (95% confidence interval, 5.0-12.1; 23 studies) and of histologically confirmed BE was 1.3% (95% confidence interval, 0.7-2.2; 28 studies). Most of histologic BE (82.1%) was short-segment BE ( Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Shiota,S., Singh,S., Anshasi,A., El-Serag,H.B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150807 PMCID PMC4615528 Editors
Magnetic nanoparticles with hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity for solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples	2015	Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.; Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.; Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and T	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 11-Sep Volume 1411 Issue Start Page 9 Other Pages 16 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 9318488; 0 (Magnetite Nanoparticles); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/04/16 [received]; 2015/07/28 [revised]; 2015/07/31 [accepted]; 2015/08/01 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3778; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 26260841 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.104 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26260841 Abstract Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) featured with divinylbenzene (DVB) and sulfonate functionalities (Fe3O4-DVB-SO3(-)) were prepared via "thiol-ene" click chemistry. The hydrophobic DVB moieties were dedicated for extraction while the hydrophilic sulfonate groups were designed for dispersing the MNPs in aqueous sample solution. Thus, the specially designed material could ensure operational convenience and improve reproducibility during extraction. The application of the material was demonstrated by the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from environmental water samples followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. The main factors influencing the extraction, including the type of the desorption solvent, the agitation mode, the amount of MNPs, extraction and desorption time and salt addition in sample solution, were investigated in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method showed satisfactory reproducibility with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations less than 16.5% and 21.2%, and low limits of detection of 1.1pgmL(-1), 0.8pgmL(-1), 1.1pgmL(-1), 1.4pgmL(-1), 0.6pgmL(-1), 2.1pgmL(-1) and 0.7pgmL(-1) for naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorine, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene, respectively. The developed method was also successfully used for determination of the PAHs in genuine lake and river environmental water samples by standard addition method. All the studied PAHs were detected in these waters with comparable results by the standard liquid-liquid extraction method. The developed MNPs with dual property of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity were suitable for the treatment of water samples. The magnetic solid phase extraction based on this material was reliable and convenient. It has great potential in the preconcentration of trace analytes in complex matrix. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Xue,S.W., Tang,M.Q., Xu,L., Shi,Z.G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150801 PMCID Editors
E-cigarette use and willingness to smoke: a sample of adolescent non-smokers	2016	Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii USA.; Cancer Control Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.; Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Hono	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 25 Issue e1 Start Page e52 Other Pages 9 Notes LR: 20160422; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/; GR: P30 CA071789/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United Stat Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 26261237 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052349 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26261237 Abstract OBJECTIVE: There is little evidence on the consequences of using electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) in adolescence. With a multiethnic sample of non-smokers, we assessed the relation between e-cigarette use and social-cognitive factors that predict smoking of combustible cigarettes. METHODS: School-based cross-sectional survey of 2309 high school students (mean age 14.7 years). Participants reported on e-cigarette use and cigarette use; on smoking-related cognitions (smoking expectancies, prototypes of smokers) and peer smoker affiliations; and on willingness to smoke cigarettes. Regression analyses conducted for non-cigarette smokers tested the association between e-cigarette use and willingness to smoke cigarettes, controlling for demographics, parenting, academic and social competence, and personality variables. Structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis tested whether the relation between e-cigarette use and willingness to smoke was mediated through any of the three smoking-related variables. RESULTS: Non-smokers who had used e-cigarettes (18% of the total sample) showed more willingness to smoke cigarettes compared with those who had never used any tobacco product; the adjusted OR was 2.35 (95% CI 1.73 to 3.19). SEM showed that the relation between e-cigarette use and willingness to smoke was partly mediated through more positive expectancies about smoking, but there was also a direct path from e-cigarette use to willingness. CONCLUSIONS: Among adolescent non-smokers, e-cigarette use is associated with willingness to smoke, a predictor of future cigarette smoking. The results suggest that use of e-cigarettes by adolescents is not without attitudinal risk for cigarette smoking. These findings have implications for formulation of policy about access to e-cigarettes by adolescents. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Wills,T.A., Sargent,J.D., Knight,R., Pagano,I., Gibbons,F.X. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150810 PMCID PMC4840020 Editors
First tobacco product tried: associations with smoking status and demographics among college students	2015	Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA. Electronic address: ESutfin@wakehealth.edu.; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Publi	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 51 Issue Start Page 152 Other Pages 157 Notes LR: 20150902; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: R01 CA141643/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA141643/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7603486; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/02/10 [received]; 2015/07/17 [revised]; 2015/07/23 [accepted]; 2015/07/26 [aheadofprint]; pp Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 26265038 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.022 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26265038 Abstract INTRODUCTION: As the tobacco market expands, so too have the opportunities for youth to be introduced to nicotine. The goal of this study was to identify product choice for initial tobacco trial, correlates associated with product choice, and the relationship between first product and current cigarette smoking among college students. METHODS: A cross-sectional web survey of 3146 first-year students at 11 universities in North Carolina and Virginia was conducted in fall 2010. RESULTS: Weighted prevalence of ever use of tobacco was 48.6%. Cigarettes were the most common first product (37.9%), followed by cigars (29.3%), hookahs (24.6%), smokeless tobacco (6.1%), and bidis/kreteks (2.2%). Two thirds (65%) of current smokers initiated with cigarettes, but 16.4% started with cigars, 11.1% with hookahs, 5.7% with smokeless, and 1.7% with bidis/kreteks. Females were more likely to report their first product was cigarettes and hookahs, while males were more likely to start with cigars and smokeless tobacco. Compared to those whose first product trial occurred after the age of 18, younger age of initiation (17years or younger) was associated with cigarettes and smokeless as first products, while older age of initiation (18 or older) was associated with starting with hookahs and cigars. Dual or poly tobacco use was more common among those who initiated with hookahs and smokeless tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: While over a third of students used cigarettes first, two thirds started with a non-cigarette product. Just about a third of current cigarette smokers initiated with a non-cigarette product, suggesting that those non-cigarette products may have facilitated escalation to cigarettes. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Sutfin,E.L., Sparks,A., Pockey,J.R., Suerken,C.K., Reboussin,B.A., Wagoner,K.G., Spangler,J., Wolfson,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150726 PMCID Editors
Pathophysiology of Mild TBI: Implications for Altered Signaling Pathways	2015		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Book, Section Periodical, Full Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes CI: (c) 2015 Place of Publication Boca Raton (FL) ISSN/ISBN 9781466565982 Accession Number PMID: 26269903 Language eng SubFile Review; Book Chapter DOI NBK299203 [bookaccession] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26269903 Abstract Concussions and mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) represent a substantial portion of the annual incidence of TBI aided by the increased reporting of concussions in youth sports, and the increased exposure of soldiers to blast injuries in the war theater. The pathophysiology of concussions and mild TBI consist predominantly of axonal injury at the cellular level and working memory deficits at the behavioral level. Importantly, studies in humans and in animals are making it clear that concussions and mild TBI are not merely a milder form of moderate-severe TBI but represent a separate disease/injury state. Therefore, acute and chronic treatment strategies, both behavioral and pharmacological, need to be implemented based on thorough pre-clinical assessment. The review in this chapter focuses on two under-studied components of the pathophysiology of mild TBI-the role of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway in axonal injury, and the role of the dopaminergic system in working memory deficits. The growing awareness of the incidence of concussion in contact sports, coupled with the emergence of blast-related injuries in combat fighting, has heightened the urgency to understand the underlying mechanisms of mild brain trauma and devise potential therapeutic interventions. TBI in general, and mild TBI in particular, is considered a "silent epidemic" because many of the acute and enduring alterations in cognitive, motor, and somatosensory functions may not be readily apparent to external observers. Moderate to severe TBI is a major cause of injury-induced death and disability with an annual incidence of approximately 500 in 100,000 people affected in the United States (Sosin et al., 1989; Kraus and McArthur, 1996; Rutland-Brown et al., 2006). However, approximately 80% of all TBI cases are categorized as mild head injuries (Bazarian et al., 2005; Langlois et al., 2006). It is important to note that these approximations are underestimates because they do not account for incidents of TBI in which the person does not seek medical care (Faul et al., 2010). Recent estimates to correct for this underreporting have placed the annual incidence at approximately 3.8 million (Bazarian et al., 2005; Ropper and Gorson, 2007; Halstead and Walter, 2010). The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, which measures level of consciousness, has been the primary clinical tool for assessing initial brain injury severity in mild (GCS 13-15), moderate (GCS 9-12), or severe (GCS Descriptors Links Book Title Brain Neurotrauma: Molecular, Neuropsychological, and Rehabilitation Aspects Database Publisher by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Data Source Authors Laskowski,R.A., Creed,J.A., Raghupathi,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors Kobeissy,F.H.
The Epidemiology of Tobacco Use among Khat Users: A Systematic Review	2015	Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry and Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK ; Academic Unit of Primary Care	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BioMed research international Periodical, Abbrev. Biomed.Res.Int. Pub Date Free Form Volume 2015 Issue Start Page 313692 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150816; JID: 101600173; OID: NLM: PMC4529904; 2015/01/19 [received]; 2015/04/30 [accepted]; 2015/07/26 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 2314-6141 Accession Number PMID: 26273606 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.1155/2015/313692 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26273606 Abstract Khat, an "amphetamine-like green leaf," may influence the consumption of tobacco. This study reviews the epidemiology of tobacco use among khat users. Electronic database searches using appropriate keywords/terms were conducted to identify observational studies of khat use. Assessment of quality and risk of bias of all included studies was conducted, and the results were synthesised descriptively. Nine eligible cross-sectional studies were identified. All assessed self-reported tobacco among khat users and were carried out in Africa and the Middle East. Eight reported cigarettes and one reported waterpipes as the mode of use. Methods of tobacco use prevalence assessment varied. Prevalence of "current" tobacco use among students and university teachers ranged from 29 to 37%; "lifetime" tobacco use in university teachers was 58% and "undefined" tobacco use in nonspecific adults and students ranged from 17 to 78%. Daily tobacco use among adults was reported as 17% whilst simultaneous tobacco and khat use was reported as between 14 and 30% in students. In conclusion, tobacco prevalence among khat users appears significant. Findings should be interpreted cautiously due to self-reported tobacco use, diversity in questions assessing tobacco use, and type of tobacco consumption. Future research should address the methodological shortcomings identified in this review before appropriate policy interventions can be developed. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kassim,S., Jawad,M., Croucher,R., Akl,E.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150726 PMCID PMC4529904 Editors

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