WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Tobacco consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013: findings from a national survey	2015	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. mmoradi@uw.edu.; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 5-Jul Volume 15 Issue Start Page 611 Other Pages 015-1902-3 Notes LR: 20150708; JID: 100968562; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC4491232; 2015/01/13 [received]; 2015/06/03 [accepted]; 2015/07/05 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 26141062 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-1902-3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26141062 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco consumption is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The Saudi Ministry of Health started a national tobacco control program in 2002 with increased and intensified efforts after joining the World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control in 2005. METHODS: In order to assess the status of tobacco consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), we conducted a survey on 10735 individuals aged 15 years or older (5253 men and 5482 women) which was performed between April and June 2013. The Saudi Health Interview Survey had a multistage sampling and was nationally representative. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. The survey included questions on socio-demographic characteristics, tobacco consumption, diet, physical activity, health care utilization, different health-related behaviors, and self-reported chronic conditions. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of current smoking was 12.2 % and males were more likely to smoke than females (21.5 % vs. 1.1 %). Mean age of smoking initiation was 19.1 years (+/-6.5 years) with 8.9 % of ever smokers starting before the age of 15 years. Daily shisha smoking was reported by 4.3 % of the population (7.3 % of men and 1.3 % of women). Around 1.4 % of population (2.6 % of men and 0.1 % of women) were daily smokers of cigarette/cigar and shisha. Receiving advice for quitting smoking by health care professionals during the last 12 months was reported by 53.2 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 49.8-56.5) of ever smokers. Among ever smokers, 51.3 % of individuals reportedly attempted to quit smoking during the last 12 months. Of those, 25.3 % were successful by the time of the survey. Around 23.3 % of the entire population, 32.3 % of men and 13.5 % of women, were exposed to secondhand smoke for at least one day during the past 7 days at home, work, or school. CONCLUSIONS: Although the indicators of tobacco consumption in KSA are better than most of the countries of the Middle East region and high-income countries, there are many potential areas for improvement. Our findings call for the development and implementation of programs to prevent smoking initiation and encourage quitting. To achieve its health goals, KSA may consider increasing taxation on tobacco products as well as other measures. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Moradi-Lakeh,M., El Bcheraoui,C., Tuffaha,M., Daoud,F., Al Saeedi,M., Basulaiman,M., Memish,Z.A., AlMazroa,M.A., Al Rabeeah,A.A., Mokdad,A.H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150705 PMCID PMC4491232 Editors
Risk Factors Associated With Hookah Use	2015	Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; rehgp@psychiatry.wustl.edu.; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO;; Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Ill	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 17 Issue 12 Start Page 1482 Other Pages 1490 Notes LR: 20151126; CI: (c) The Author 2015; GR: R01 DA032843/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA039455/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-DA032843/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: U0-CA154254/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: U01 CA154254/CA/NCI NI Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 25646349 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntv029 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25646349 Abstract BACKGROUND: Potential harms associated with hookah smoking are largely unrecognized and it is emerging as a trendy behavior. To help inform policy and preventive interventions, we used responses from a population survey of US adults to examine risk factors associated with hookah involvement. METHOD: An online survey of 17 522 US adults was conducted in 2013. The nationally representative sample was drawn from GfK Group's KnowledgePanel plus off-panel recruitment. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between tobacco use patterns across multiple products (cigarettes, cigars, and dissolvables), perceived harms towards regular pipe/hookah use, and demographic characteristics with hookah involvement (never used, ever used with/without reusing intent). RESULT: Nearly one in five (16%) of the respondents had smoked hookah at least once in their life ("ever users"). Ever users of hookah were at higher risk of having used cigarettes, cigars, and dissolvable tobacco products (all P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Data Source Authors Cavazos-Rehg,P.A., Krauss,M.J., Kim,Y., Emery,S.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150202 PMCID PMC4654758 Editors
Toward the stereochemical identification of prohibited characterizing flavors in tobacco products: the case of strawberry flavor	2015	Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany, Meike.Paschke@bfr.bund.de.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Archives of Toxicology Periodical, Abbrev. Arch.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 89 Issue 8 Start Page 1241 Other Pages 1255 Notes JID: 0417615; 0 (Flavoring Agents); 0 (Volatile Organic Compounds); 2015/05/04 [received]; 2015/06/18 [accepted]; 2015/07/03 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1432-0738; 0340-5761 Accession Number PMID: 26138682 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s00204-015-1558-x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26138682 Abstract With the revision of the European Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU), characterizing flavors such as strawberry, candy, vanillin or chocolate will be prohibited in cigarettes and fine-cut tobacco. Product surveillance will therefore require analytical means to define and subsequently detect selected characterizing flavors that are formed by supplemented flavors within the complex matrix tobacco. We have analyzed strawberry-flavored tobacco products as an example for characterizing fruit-like aroma. Using this approach, we looked into aroma components to find indicative patterns or features that can be used to satisfy obligatory product information as requested by the European Directive. Accordingly, a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique was developed and coupled to subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to characterize different strawberry-flavored tobacco products (cigarettes, fine-cut tobacco, liquids for electronic cigarettes, snus, shisha tobacco) for their volatile additives. The results were compared with non-flavored, blend characteristic flavored and other fruity-flavored cigarettes, as well as fresh and dried strawberries. Besides different esters and aldehydes, the terpenes linalool, alpha-terpineol, nerolidol and limonene as well as the lactones gamma-decalactone, gamma-dodecalactone and gamma-undecalactone could be verified as compounds sufficient to convey some sort of strawberry flavor to tobacco. Selected flavors, i.e., limonene, linalool, alpha-terpineol, citronellol, carvone and gamma-decalactone, were analyzed further with respect to their stereoisomeric composition by using enantioselective HS-SPME-GC/MS. These experiments confirmed that individual enantiomers that differ in taste or physiological properties can be distinguished within the tobacco matrix. By comparing the enantiomeric composition of these compounds in the tobacco with that of fresh and dried strawberries, it can be concluded that non-natural strawberry aroma is usually used to produce strawberry-flavored tobacco products. Such authenticity control can become of interest particularly when manufacturers claim that natural sources were used for flavoring of products. Although the definition of characterizing flavors by analytical means remains challenging, specific compounds or features are required to be defined for routine screening of reported information. Clarifications by sensory testing might still be necessary, but could be limited to a few preselected samples. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Paschke,M., Hutzler,C., Henkler,F., Luch,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150703 PMCID Editors
Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking in Three Israeli Adult Populations	2015		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ Periodical, Abbrev. Isr.Med.Assoc.J. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 17 Issue 5 Start Page 282 Other Pages 287 Notes JID: 100930740; ppublish Place of Publication Israel ISSN/ISBN 1565-1088 Accession Number PMID: 26137653 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26137653 Abstract BACKGROUND: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is common in some populations and may add increased risk for tobacco-related diseases. OBJECTIVES: To assess the rates of WTS and risk practices associated with WTS in three distinct populations in Israel: long-term Jewish residents (LTJR), immigrants from the former Soviet Union (fSU), and Arabs. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 899 randomly selected participants, age 30-65 years, using face-to-face interviews with subjects from the three population groups in Israel. Respondents reported WTS, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: Among men, WTS at least once a week was reported by 4.8% of LTJR, 3.2% of fSU immigrants and 20.3% of Arabs. Lower rates were reported among women of all groups. The younger, less educated men and the younger unmarried women had higher odds of WTS. LTJR who smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol had higher odds of WTS [odds ratio (OR) 32.6, confidence interval (CI) 9.36-113.6; OR = 3.57, CI = 1.48-8.63, respectively], compared to non-smokers and non-drinkers. fSU immigrants who smoked cigarettes had higher odds of WTS (OR = 3.40, CI = 0.99-11.7) compared to non-smokers. Among Arabs, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were not associated with WTS. CONCLUSIONS: Arabs are more likely than other Israeli populations to engage in WTS. This behavior may add to increased inequalities in rates of tobacco-induced diseases between Arabs and Jews in Israel. Including WTS in the policies for smoke-free public places is called for. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Baron-Epel,O., Shalata,W., Hovell,M.F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Youth tobacco product use in the United States	2015	RTI International, Public Health Research Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina younlee@rti.org.; RTI International, Public Health Research Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; RTI International, Public Health Research Division, R	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 135 Issue 3 Start Page 409 Other Pages 415 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 0376422; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/02/02 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-4275; 0031-4005 Accession Number PMID: 25647680 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI 10.1542/peds.2014-3202 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25647680 Abstract BACKGROUND: Noncigarette tobacco products are increasingly popular among youth, especially cigarette smokers. Understanding multiple tobacco product use is necessary to assess the effects of tobacco products on population health. This study examines multiple tobacco product use and associated risk factors among US youth. METHODS: Estimates of current use were calculated for cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, hookah, e-cigarettes, pipes, bidis, kreteks, snus, and dissolvable tobacco by using data from the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey (n = 24 658), a nationally representative sample of US middle and high school students. Associations between use patterns and demographic characteristics were examined by using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Among youth, 14.7% currently use 1 or more tobacco products. Of these, 2.8% use cigarettes exclusively, and 4% use 1 noncigarette product exclusively; 2.7% use cigarettes with another product (dual use), and 4.3% use 3 or more products (polytobacco use). Twice as many youth use e-cigarettes alone than dual use with cigarettes. Among smokers, polytobacco use was significantly associated with male gender (adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR] = 3.71), by using flavored products (aRRR = 6.09), nicotine dependence (aRRR = 1.91), tobacco marketing receptivity (aRRR = 2.52), and perceived prevalence of peer use of tobacco products (aRRR = 3.61, 5.73). CONCLUSIONS: More than twice as many youth in the United States currently use 2 or more tobacco products than cigarettes alone. Continued monitoring of tobacco use patterns is warranted, especially for e-cigarettes. Youth rates of multiple product use involving combustible products underscore needs for research assessing potential harms associated with these patterns. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher by the American Academy of Pediatrics Data Source Authors Lee,Y.O., Hebert,C.J., Nonnemaker,J.M., Kim,A.E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150202 PMCID Editors
Arab-American Hookah Smokers: Initiation, and Pros and Cons of Hookah Use	2015	Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA. nadakassem@hotmail.com.; Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), San Diego State University Res	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Health Behavior Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Health Behav. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 39 Issue 5 Start Page 680 Other Pages 697 Notes JID: 9602338; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1945-7359; 1087-3244 Accession Number PMID: 26248178 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.5993/AJHB.39.5.10 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26248178 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To examine initiation, pros and cons of hookah tobacco smoking among Arab Americans. METHODS: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, we recruited a community-based convenience sample of 458 adult Arab-American hookah smokers, mean age 28.4 years, who completed self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: Irrespective of sex, most participants initiated hookah tobacco use by young adulthood in private homes or hookah lounges influenced by friends and family. Women initiated hookah use later than men. Ever dual smokers (hookah smokers who ever smoked a cigarette) initiated hookah use later than cigarettes; however, early hookah initiators Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kassem,N.O., Kassem,N.O., Jackson,S.R., Daffa,R.M., Liles,S., Hovell,M.F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Tobacco Use among Minnesota Adults, 2014	2015	ClearWay Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. rboyle@clearwaymn.org.; ClearWay Minnesota, Rockville, MD, USA.; Minnesota Department of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.; Minnesota Department of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.; ClearWay Minnesota, Rockville, MD, USA.; W	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Health Behavior Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Health Behav. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 39 Issue 5 Start Page 674 Other Pages 679 Notes JID: 9602338; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1945-7359; 1087-3244 Accession Number PMID: 26248177 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.5993/AJHB.39.5.9 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26248177 Abstract OBJECTIVES: The changing landscape of tobacco including the introduction of new products such as smokeless tobaccos and electronic delivery devices has highlighted the need for continued surveillance of tobacco use. METHODS: Minnesota has conducted an in-depth surveillance of adult tobacco use since 1999. For the fifth in the series, conducted in 2014, 9304 telephone interviews were completed. RESULTS: The 2014 prevalence of cigarette smoking (14.4%) continues a downward trend that remains lower than the national smoking prevalence (17.3%). Among all Minnesota adults, use prevalence of other tobacco products was as follows: e-cigarettes 5.9%, all smokeless tobaccos 3.6%, cigars 3.0%, water pipe 1.4%, and regular pipe 0.7%. Among individuals who have never smoked cigarettes, smokeless tobacco was the most common product used (2.0%), nearly twice the prevalence of e-cigarette use (1.2%). Former smokers were equally likely to use smokeless tobacco (4.9%) or e-cigarettes (4.8%). Among smokers, 27.3% reported current use of e-cigarettes. CONCLUSION: In the past 15 years, cigarette smoking prevalence in Minnesota has dropped by an average of 0.51 percentage points annually, and prevalence could drop to less than 5% by 2034. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Boyle,R.G., Amato,M.S., Rode,P., Kinney,A.M., St Claire,A.W., Taylor,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Hookah and Alcohol Use among Young Adult Hookah Smokers: A Mixed Methods Study	2015	Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, VA, USA. eksoule@vcu.edu.; University of Florida, Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.; University of M	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Health Behavior Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Health Behav. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 39 Issue 5 Start Page 665 Other Pages 673 Notes LR: 20160801; GR: R03 CA165766/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R03CA165766-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9602338; NIHMS730181; OID: NLM: NIHMS730181; OID: NLM: PMC4638216; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1945-7359; 1087-3244 Accession Number PMID: 26248176 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.5993/AJHB.39.5.8 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26248176 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Hookah tobacco smoking has grown steadily in popularity among young adults in the United States. Little attention has been given to the relationship between hookah smoking and another behavior that is common among young adults - alcohol use. The purpose of this study was to examine hookah and alcohol use among young adults. METHODS: Forty young adult hookah smokers (55% female) participated in focus group sessions on hookah use beliefs and a brief survey examining hookah and alcohol use including drinking alcohol before, during, or after smoking hookah. RESULTS: Quotes from the focus groups indicated that alcohol use may promote hookah use among individuals who have little or no hookah smoking experience. Alcohol use, binge drinking, and alcohol use before, during, and after hookah use were common among the participants regardless of legal drinking age status. Nearly half of the participants preferred to drink alcohol while smoking hookah due to the improved physical and social effects they associated with combining the 2 behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: For some young adult hookah smokers, alcohol appears to enhance the hookah smoking experience and may play a role in hookah smoking initiation. Future research and interventions should address the association between hookah and alcohol use. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Soule,E.K., Barnett,T.E., Curbow,B.A., Moorhouse,M.D., Weiler,R.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4638216 Editors
Cigarette Smoking and its Relationship with Perceived Familial Support and Religiosity of University Students in Tabriz	2015	Department of Health Education & Promotion, School of Health & Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.; Tabriz Health Services Management Research Cente	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Iranian journal of psychiatry Periodical, Abbrev. Iran.J.Psychiatry. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 10 Issue 3 Start Page 136 Other Pages 143 Notes LR: 20160217; JID: 101302041; OID: NLM: PMC4749682; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish Place of Publication Iran ISSN/ISBN 1735-4587; 1735-4587 Accession Number PMID: 26877746 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26877746 Abstract OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study was to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its relationship to other risk taking behaviors, perceived familial support and religiosity among college students in Tabriz, Iran. METHOD: In this study, 1837 randomly selected students participated and completed a self-administered questionnaire inquiring demographic characteristics, risk taking behaviors, Aneshensel and Sucoff's 13-items one-dimensional perceived Parental support scale and 28 - items Kendler's general religiosity scale. RESULTS: In general, 15.8 % of the students were cigarette smokers. The results indicated that being male (OR = 3.21), living alone or with friends (OR = 2.00), having a part-time job (OR = 1.98), alcohol consumption during the past 30 days (OR = 3.67), hookah use (OR = 5.23), substance abuse (OR = 1.69), familial support (OR = 0.97) and religiosity (OR = 0.98) have statistically significant relationships with cigarette smoking. CONCLUSION: Our study represents the co-occurrence of risky behaviors. Cultural context in the traditional communities seems to show the crucial role of familial support and religiosity traits with the female gender as predictive factors to not smoke cigarette and perform other risky behaviors. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Allahverdipour,H., Abbasi-Ghahramanloo,A., Mohammadpoorasl,A., Nowzari,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4749682 Editors
Development and Psychometric Properties of Risk and Protective Factors of Substance Use Scale in Iran: An Application of Social Development Model	2015	Assistant Professor, Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; PhD Candidate, Community Based Participatory Research Center, Iranian Institute for Reduc	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction & health Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Health. Pub Date Free Form Summer-Autumn Volume 7 Issue 4-Mar Start Page 117 Other Pages 129 Notes LR: 20160219; JID: 101582275; OID: NLM: PMC4741232; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish Place of Publication Iran ISSN/ISBN 2008-4633; 2008-4633 Accession Number PMID: 26885348 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26885348 Abstract BACKGROUND: Substance use is a growing public health problem among adolescents. In the lack of a valid and reliable instrument based on social development model (SDM), this study aimed to develop risk and protective factors of substance use scale based on SDM to determine risk and protective factors influencing substance use among adolescents. METHODS: A total of 235 male students from 9th and 10th grade (14-18 years old) of public high schools in Kerman, Iran, selected through multistage cluster sampling. Items pool extracted from the literature and focus groups with male adolescents. Face validity of the questionnaire assessed for readability and clarity of items. Then, an expert panel evaluated the items for content validity. Consequently, construct validity of questionnaire confirmed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Known group validity is determined by the degree to which the instrument shows different scores between two groups of those who had an experience in drug use and those who did not have such an experience. In addition, reliability assessed via internal consistency and test-retest. FINDINGS: About 10 factor solution (containing 38 items) emerged as a result of EFA entitled adolescent's "beliefs on hookah and alcohol," "bonding to parents," "family rules on substance use," "drug resistance skills," "adolescent's beliefs on hard drugs," "situational perception on hookah and alcohol," "rules of school," "situational perception on hard drugs," "attachment to school," and "perceived opportunity at school." The first four emerged factors explained 46% of the total variance observed. Among these factors, adolescent's beliefs on hookah and alcohol explained a more than 25.3% of the total variance. Results indicated satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach cents alpha ranging from 0.71 to 0.85) and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) (ranging from 0.48 to 0.81). CONCLUSION: The risk and protective factors of substance use questionnaire are the first instrument based on the SDM. The findings showed that this questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing determinants of substance use which can be used by researchers and policymakers in preventive initiatives. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Iranpour,A., Jamshidi,E., Nakhaee,N., Haghdoost,A.A., Shojaeizadeh,D., Eftekhar-Ardabili,M., Eftekhar-Ardabili Mph,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4741232 Editors

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