WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
1,2-Bis(1H-tetra-zol-5-yl)benzene dihydrate	2009	Ordered Matter Science Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Acta crystallographica.Section E, Structure reports online Periodical, Abbrev. Acta Crystallogr.Sect.E.Struct.Rep.Online Pub Date Free Form 20-May Volume 65 Issue Pt 6 Start Page o1331 Other Pages Notes LR: 20111209; JID: 101089178; OID: NLM: PMC2969647; 2009/05/11 [received]; 2009/05/14 [accepted]; 2009/05/20 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1600-5368; 1600-5368 Accession Number PMID: 21583185 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.1107/S1600536809018224 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21583185 Abstract The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(8)H(6)N(8).2H(2)O, contains one half-mol-ecule, with the benzene ring on a centre of symmetry, and two uncoordinated water mol-ecules. The benzene ring is oriented at a dihedral angle of 34.43 (12) degrees with respect to the tetra-zole ring. Strong O-Hcdots, three dots, centeredN hydrogen bonds link the water mol-ecules to the N atoms of the tetra-zole ring. In the crystal structure, strong inter-molecular O-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO and O-Hcdots, three dots, centeredN hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into a network. One of the water H atoms is disordered over two positions and was refined with occupancies of 0.50. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Xu,H. J., Pan,Y. J., Cui,L. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090520 PMCID PMC2969647 Editors
4-[(2-Hydr-oxy-1-naphth-yl)(piperidin-1-yl)meth-yl]benzonitrile	2009	Ordered Matter Science Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Southeast UniVersity, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Acta crystallographica.Section E, Structure reports online Periodical, Abbrev. Acta Crystallogr.Sect.E.Struct.Rep.Online Pub Date Free Form 29-Aug Volume 65 Issue Pt 9 Start Page o2257 Other Pages Notes LR: 20111209; JID: 101089178; OID: NLM: PMC2970085; 2009/06/10 [received]; 2009/08/24 [accepted]; 2009/08/29 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1600-5368; 1600-5368 Accession Number PMID: 21577653 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.1107/S1600536809033728 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21577653 Abstract In the title compound, C(23)H(22)N(2)O, obtained from the condensation reaction of 4-formyl-benzonitrile, 2-naphthol and piperidine, the dihedral angle between the naphthalene ring system and the benzene ring is 75.31 (4) degrees . The piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter-molecular C-Hcdots, three dots, centeredN hydrogen bonds, which link the mol-ecules into centrosymmetric dimers. An intra-molecular O-Hcdots, three dots, centeredN hydrogen bond is also present. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zhang,Y., Li,Y. H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090829 PMCID PMC2970085 Editors
Use of non-assigned smoking cessation programs among participants of a Web-based randomized controlled trial	2009	Oregon Research Institute, 1715 Franklin Blvd, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. briand@ori.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of medical Internet research Periodical, Abbrev. J.Med.Internet Res. Pub Date Free Form 25-Jun Volume 11 Issue 2 Start Page e26 Other Pages Notes LR: 20151119; GR: R01-CA79946/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 100959882; OID: NLM: PMC2762799; 2008/11/25 [received]; 2009/05/13 [accepted]; 2009/04/20 [revised]; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1438-8871; 1438-8871 Accession Number PMID: 19632976 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.2196/jmir.1172 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19632976 Abstract BACKGROUND: Concurrent with their enrollment in Web-based Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), participants can easily choose to use treatment programs that are not assigned in the study. The prevalence of using non-assigned treatments is largely unknown although it is likely to be related to the extent to which non-assigned treatments are: (a) easy to find and use, (b) low in cost, (c) well publicized, and (d) available from trusted sources. The impact of using other programs--both beneficial and detrimental--warrants additional research investigation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this report is to explore the extent to which participants enrolled in a Web-based intervention for smoking cessation used treatment methods that were not explicitly assigned ("non-assigned treatment"). In addition to describing the relation between using non-assigned treatments and smoking cessation outcomes, we also explore the broader issue of non-assigned program use by RCT participants in Web-based behavioral interventions, generally. METHODS: We describe the use of other programs (as measured by self-report at the 3-month follow-up assessment) by 1028 participants who were randomized to the Web-based SHIP (Smokers' Health Improvement Program) RCT which compared the Quit Smoking Network (QSN) treatment program and the Active Lives control condition. We examine the extent to which pharmacotherapy products were used by participants in the QSN condition (which explicitly recommended their use) and the Active Lives condition (which purposefully omitted mention of the use of pharmacotherapy). We also test for any between-condition impact of using non-assigned treatments and pharmacotherapy products on smoking cessation outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 24.1% (248/1028) participants reported using one or more smoking cessation treatment programs that were not explicitly recommended or assigned in their treatment protocol. Types of non-assigned treatments used in this manner included individual counseling (1.7%), group counseling (2.3%), hypnotherapy/acupuncture (4.5%), pamphlets/books (12.6%), and other Web-based smoking cessation programs (9.0%). Participants who used non-assigned treatments were more likely to be female and have at least a high school education. Use of non-assigned Web programs was related to greater levels of self-reported smoking cessation measured at the 3-month assessment (OR = 2.63, CI = 1.67 - 4.14, P < .001) as well as the combined 3- and 6-month assessments (OR = 2.09, CI = 1.11 - 3.91, P = .022). In terms of reported medication use, there were no differences between conditions in the number of pharmacotherapy products used. However, more participants in the QSN condition used at least one pharmacotherapy product: 50.0% (262/524) vs 43.8% (221/504); chi(2)(1, N = 1028) = 3.90, P = .048. The use of pharmacotherapy and non-assigned treatment types showed a small but marginally significant correlation: r(1028) = .061, P = .05. CONCLUSIONS: A noteworthy proportion of individuals recruited via the Internet to participate in a Web-based intervention used treatment programs and tools not formally assigned as a part of their research protocol. We consider factors likely to influence using non-assigned treatments and suggest ways that future research can begin to study more fully this important phenomenon which is likely to be found in any type of research, but may be particularly pronounced in minimal contact, Web-based intervention trials. Descriptors Attitude to Health, Behavior Therapy, Counseling, Female, Humans, Internet, Male, Patient Selection, Psychotherapy, Group, Smoking/psychology/therapy, Smoking Cessation/methods, Software, Surveys and Questionnaires, Therapy, Computer-Assisted/methods, User-Computer Interface Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Danaher,B. G., Lichtenstein,E., McKay,H. G., Seeley,J. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090625 PMCID PMC2762799 Editors
Comparing two web-based smoking cessation programs: randomized controlled trial	2008	Oregon Research Institute, 1715 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of medical Internet research Periodical, Abbrev. J.Med.Internet Res. Pub Date Free Form 18-Nov Volume 10 Issue 5 Start Page e40 Other Pages Notes LR: 20140902; GR: R01-CA79946/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 100959882; 0 (Placebos); OID: NLM: PMC2630830; 2007/11/14 [received]; 2008/07/06 [accepted]; 2008/02/22 [revised]; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1438-8871; 1438-8871 Accession Number PMID: 19017582 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.2196/jmir.993 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19017582 Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoking cessation remains a significant public health problem. Innovative interventions that use the Internet have begun to emerge that offer great promise in reaching large numbers of participants and encouraging widespread behavior change. To date, the relatively few controlled trials of Web-based smoking cessation programs have been limited by short follow-up intervals. OBJECTIVE: We describe the 6-month follow-up results of a randomized controlled trial in which participants recruited online were randomly assigned to either a Web-based smoking cessation program (Quit Smoking Network; QSN) or a Web-based exercise enhancement program (Active Lives) adapted somewhat to encourage smoking cessation. METHODS: The study was a two-arm randomized controlled trial that compared two Web-based smoking cessation programs: (1) the QSN intervention condition presented cognitive-behavioral strategies, and (2) the Active Lives control condition provided participants with guidance in developing a physical activity program to assist them with quitting. The QSN condition provided smoking cessation information and behavior change strategies while the Active Lives condition provided participants with physical activity recommendations and goal setting. The QSN condition was designed to be more engaging (eg, it included multimedia components) and to present much greater content than is typically found in smoking cessation programs. RESULTS: Contrary to our hypotheses, no between-condition differences in smoking abstinence were found at 3- and 6-month follow-up assessments. While participants in the QSN intervention condition spent more time than controls visiting the online program, the median number of 1.0 visit in each condition and the substantial attrition (60.8% at the 6-month follow-up) indicate that participants were not as engaged as we had expected. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to our hypothesis, our test of two Web-based smoking cessation conditions, an intervention and an attention placebo control, failed to show differences at 3- and 6-month assessments. We explored possible reasons for this finding, including limited engagement of participants and simplifying program content and architecture. Future research needs to address methods to improve participant engagement in online smoking cessation programs. Possible approaches in this regard can include new informed consent procedures that better explain the roles and responsibilities of being a research participant, new program designs that add more vitality (changing content from visit to visit), and new types of reminders pushed out to participants to encourage return visits. Simplifying program content through a combination of enhanced tailoring and information architecture also merits further research attention. Descriptors Adult, Automation, Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Goals, Humans, Internet, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Patient Selection, Placebos, Self Concept, Smoking Cessation/methods/psychology, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Software/standards, Therapy, Computer-Assisted/methods, Treatment Outcome Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors McKay,H. G., Danaher,B. G., Seeley,J. R., Lichtenstein,E., Gau,J. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20081118 PMCID PMC2630830 Editors
Prospective Predictors of Novel Tobacco and Nicotine Product Use in Emerging Adulthood	2015	Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon. Electronic address: sarah@ori.org.; Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon.; Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon.; Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adolesc.Health Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 57 Issue 2 Start Page 186 Other Pages 191 Notes LR: 20160801; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: DA010767-14S2/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA010767/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA10767/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9102136; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); NIHMS685766; OID: NLM: NIHMS685766; O Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1879-1972; 1054-139X Accession Number PMID: 26206439 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.015 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26206439 Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether risk factors for cigarette smoking assessed in adolescence predict the use of novel tobacco and nicotine products (hookah, little cigars, and e-cigarettes) in early emerging adulthood. METHODS: In a longitudinal study (N = 862), risk factors were measured in middle and high school, and novel product use was measured in emerging adulthood (mean age 22.4 years). Structural equation modeling was used to test a model predicting lifetime use of any of hookah, little cigars, and e-cigarettes in early emerging adulthood from distal predictors (gender, maternal smoking through Grade 8; already tried alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana by Grade 8; and sensation seeking at Grade 8) and potential mediators (intentions to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol or smoke marijuana at Grade 9, and smoking trajectory across high school). RESULTS: The most prevalent novel tobacco product was hookah (21.7%), followed by little cigars (16.8%) and e-cigarettes (6.6%). Maternal smoking, having already tried substances, and sensation seeking each predicted the use of at least one of these products via an indirect path through intentions to use substances and membership in a high-school smoking trajectory. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for cigarette smoking were found to predict novel tobacco use, suggesting that interventions to prevent cigarette smoking could be extended to include common novel tobacco products. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Hampson,S.E., Andrews,J.A., Severson,H.H., Barckley,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4514910 Editors
Water pipelines conduits and urban sanitation in Cartagena in the beginning of the twentieth century	2000	Orrego, A.L., Universidad de Antioquia, Cartagena, Colombia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full HistÃ³ria, ciÃªncias, saÃºde--Manguinhos Periodical, Abbrev. Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos Pub Date Free Form / Volume 7 Issue 2 Start Page 349 Other Pages 377 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0104-5970 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Throughout its history, Cartagena de Indias, a seaport in the Colombian Caribbean, has been handicapped for not offering salubrious conditions to its people and visitors. The lack of an aqueduct and a sewerage system was an impairment to progress. For nearly forty years (1890-1930) these problems have caused a myriad of medical discourses formulated by scientists, technicians and politicians. Cartagena's contribution to solve the sanitation problem in cities has consisted in making use of engineers' knowledge. The construction of urban facilities in the beginning of the twentieth century required a more technical knowledge, one which would advance a comprehensive solution to the water problem, ensure sufficient supply and efficient drainage. Thus, in the last turn of the century, the medical doctor is no longer the only authoritative voice when it comes to the management of urban life. The construction works which require an engineer, involving him in public health, have drawn a distinction between "hygiene" and "sanitary science". Descriptors article, city planning, Colombia, history, hygiene, methodology, public health, sanitation, sewage, water supply Links Book Title Los circuitos del agua y la higiene urbana en la ciudad de Cartagena a comienzos del siglo XX. Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Orrego,A. L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Shear bond strength of composite, glass ionomer, and acidic primer adhesive systems	1999	Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Orthod.Dentofacial Orthop. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 115 Issue 1 Start Page 24 Other Pages 28 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8610224; 0 (Clearfil Liner Bond 2); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Glass Ionomer Cements); 0 (Methacrylates); 0 (Organophosphorus Compounds); 0 (Phenyl-P adhesion promoting monomer); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0 (Polymethacrylic Acids); 0 (Re Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0889-5406; 0889-5406 Accession Number PMID: 9878954 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D; IM DOI S0889-5406(99)70312-4 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9878954 Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets bonded with one of three methods: (1) a glass ionomer adhesive with a 20% polyacrylic acid enamel conditioner; (2) a composite resin adhesive used with 37% phosphoric acid etchant and a conventional primer; or (3) the same composite resin used with an acidic primer that combines the etchant with the primer in one application. The brackets were bonded to the teeth according to one of three protocols. Group I teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid and bonded with Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) following the manufacturer's instructions. Group I acted as the control group. Group II teeth were etched with an acidic primer (Clearfil Liner Bond 2. J.C. Moritta Kuraway, Japan) that contains both the acid (Phenyl-P) and the primer (HEMA and dimethacrylate) and was placed on the enamel for 30 seconds; the adhesive used to bond the brackets was Transbond XT as in Group I. Group III teeth were etched with 20% polyacrylic acid and the brackets were bonded with Fuji Bond LC (G.C. America, Chicago, Ill). A steel rod with one flattened end was attached to the crosshead of a Zwick test machine (Zwick GmbH & Co, Ulm, Germany). An occlusogingival load was applied to the bracket, producing a shear force at the bracket-tooth interface. The results indicated that the resin/phosphoric acid adhesive system (control group) provided the strongest shear bond strength x = 10.4 +/- 2.8 MPa). The glass ionomer adhesive system provided a significantly lower bond strength (x = 6.5 +/- 1.9 MPa). The least shear bond strength was present when the acidic primer was used with an orthodontic adhesive (x = 2.8 +/- 1.9 MPa). In the present study, the use of either a fluoride-releasing glass ionomer or an acidic primer in combination with an available orthodontic composite adhesive resulted in a significantly reduced shear bond strength when compared with that of the conventional composite resin adhesive system. At the present time, the orthodontist and the patient are better served by using phosphoric acid/composite resin adhesive system or other equivalent systems that provide a clinically reliable bond strength between the bracket, the adhesive, and the enamel surface. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Adhesiveness, Analysis of Variance, Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate/chemistry, Chi-Square Distribution, Dental Bonding/methods, Dental Debonding, Dental Stress Analysis, Dentin-Bonding Agents/chemistry, Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry, Humans, Materials Testing, Methacrylates/chemistry, Organophosphorus Compounds/chemistry, Orthodontic Brackets, Phosphoric Acids/chemistry, Polymethacrylic Acids/chemistry, Resin Cements/chemistry, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bishara,S. E., Gordan,V. V., VonWald,L., Jakobsen,J. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Evaluation of Scotchbond Multipurpose and maleic acid as alternative methods of bonding orthodontic brackets	1997	Orthodontic Department, Indiana University, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Orthod.Dentofacial Orthop. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 111 Issue 5 Start Page 498 Other Pages 501 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 8610224; 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Maleates); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose); 0 (System 1 plus); 91XW058U2C (maleic acid); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0889-5406; 0889-5406 Accession Number PMID: 9155808 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI S0889-5406(97)70286-5 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9155808 Abstract Damage to the enamel surface during bonding and debonding of orthodontic brackets is a clinical concern. Alternative bonding methods that minimize enamel surface damage while maintaining a clinically useful bond strength is an aim of current research. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects on bond strength and bracket failure location of two adhesives (System 1+ and Scotchbond Multipurpose, 3M Dental Products Division) and two enamel conditioners (37% phosphoric acid and 10% maleic acid). Forty-eight freshly extracted human premolars were pumiced and divided into four groups of 12 teeth, and metal orthodontic brackets were attached to the enamel surface by one of four protocols: (1) System 1+ and phosphoric acid, (2) Scotchbond and phosphoric acid, (3) System 1+ and maleic acid, and (4) Scotchbond and maleic acid. After bracket attachment, the teeth were mounted in phenolic rings and stored in deionized water at 37 degrees C for 72 hours. A Zwick universal testing machine (Zwick GmbH & Co.) was used to determine shear bond strengths. The residual adhesive on the enamel surface was evaluated with the Adhesive Remnant Index. The analysis of variance was used to compare the four groups. Significance was predetermined at p < or = 0.05. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in bond strength among the four groups (p = 0.386). The results of the Chi square test, evaluating the residual adhesives on the enamel surfaces, revealed significant differences among the four groups (mean 2 = 0.005). A Duncan multiple range test revealed the difference occurred between the phosphoric acid and maleic acid groups, with maleic acid having bond failures at the enamel-adhesive interface. In conclusion, the use of Scotchbond Multipurpose and/or maleic acid does not significantly effect bond strength, however, the use of maleic acid resulted in an unfavorable bond failure location. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/adverse effects, Analysis of Variance, Bicuspid, Dental Bonding/adverse effects, Dental Debonding/adverse effects, Dental Enamel/injuries/ultrastructure, Dental Stress Analysis/instrumentation, Dentin-Bonding Agents/chemistry, Equipment Failure, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Humans, Maleates/chemistry, Materials Testing/instrumentation, Orthodontic Brackets, Phosphoric Acids/chemistry, Resin Cements/chemistry, Stress, Mechanical, Surface Properties, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Olsen,M. E., Bishara,S. E., Damon,P., Jakobsen,J. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Water pipe management system in Osaka	1990	Osaka Municipal Water Works Bureau, 6-28, Minamiogimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka 530	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water Supply Periodical, Abbrev. Water Supply Pub Date Free Form 1990/ Volume 8 Issue 4-Mar Start Page 636 Other Pages 644 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0735-1917 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Recently, the first priority of the waterworks in Osaka City has been given to the security of the water system, i.e., facility monitoring to assure a safe and reliable water supply. The information management is essential for this purpose. It is indispensable to classify information and continue the study of information systems. In this report, how Osaka City Waterworks uses its information system to distribute its water supply is explained as follows. Descriptors classification, conference paper, information processing, pipeline, water management, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Ideguchi,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Quantitative ultrasound and bone mineral density are equally strongly associated with risk factors for osteoporosis	2001	Osteoporosis Screening and Research Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Periodical, Abbrev. J.Bone Miner.Res. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 16 Issue 2 Start Page 406 Other Pages 416 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 8610640; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0884-0431; 0884-0431 Accession Number PMID: 11204441 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.2.406 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11204441 Abstract Because resources do not allow all women to be screened for osteoporosis, clinical risk factors are often used to identify those individuals at increased risk of fracture who are then assessed by bone densitometry. The aim of this study was to compare calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and axial bone mineral density (BMD) T and Z scores in a large group of women, some with no clinical risk factors and others with one or more risk factors for osteoporosis. The study population consisted of 1115 pre- and postmenopausal women. A subgroup of 530 women was used to construct reference data for calculating T and Z scores. A total of 786 women was found to have one or more of the following risk factors: (i) atraumatic fracture since the age of 25 years, (ii) report of X-ray osteopenia, (iii) predisposing medical condition or use of therapy known to affect bone metabolism, (iv) premature menopause before the age of 45 years or a history of amenorrhea of longer than 6 months duration, (v) family history of osteoporosis, (vi) body mass index (BMI) <20 kg/m2, and (vii) current smoking habit. Calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) measurements were performed on a Hologic Sahara and a DTUone and BMD was measured at the spine and hip using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The Z score decrements associated with the seven risk factors calculated using multivariate regression analysis were similar for QUS and BMD measurements. Z score decrements (mean of BMD and QUS measurements combined) associated with a history of atraumatic fracture (-0.67), X-ray osteopenia (-0.36), a family history of osteoporosis (-0.23), and a low BMI (-0.53) were all statistically significant compared with women with no risk factors. Z score decrements associated with a medical condition or use of therapy known to affect bone metabolism, a premature menopause or prolonged amenorrhea, or those who were current smokers were not significantly different from zero. As the number of risk factors present in each individual increased, the mean Z score decrements became more negative, increasing from -0.28 for women with one risk factor to -1.19 for those with four or more risk factors. QUS and BMD measurements yielded similar mean Z scores for women with one, two, three, or more than four risk factors. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria to diagnose osteoporosis for BMD measurements and revised diagnostic criteria for QUS, approximately one-third of postmenopausal women aged 50+ years with clinical risk factors were classified as osteoporotic compared with only 12% of women without clinical risk factors. Over two-thirds of postmenopausal women with risk factors were classified as osteopenic or osteoporotic and approximately 28% were classified as normal. The proportion of women classified into each diagnostic category was similar for BMD and QUS. In conclusion, clinical risk factors for osteoporosis affected calcaneal BUA and SOS Z score measurements to the same extent as axial BMD Z score measurements. Provided revised diagnostic criteria are adopted for QUS, similar proportions of postmenopausal women are identified as osteopenic or osteoporotic as with BMD. Descriptors Absorptiometry, Photon, Adult, Bone Density, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Osteoporosis/physiopathology/ultrasonography, Prevalence, Risk Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Frost,M. L., Blake,G. M., Fogelman,I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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