WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
Patterns of current use of tobacco products among U.S. high school students for 2000-2012--findings from the National Youth Tobacco Survey	2014	Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: RArrazola@cdc.gov.; Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chro	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adolesc.Health Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 54 Issue 1 Start Page 54 Other Pages 60000000000 Notes LR: 20160229; CI: Published by Elsevier Inc.; GR: CC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United States; JID: 9102136; HHSPA713823; OID: NLM: HHSPA713823; OID: NLM: PMC4534716; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/05/31 [received]; 2013/08/02 [revised]; 2013/08/02 [accepted]; 2013/09/2 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1879-1972; 1054-139X Accession Number PMID: 24074604 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.08.003 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24074604 Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess patterns and trends of tobacco use among high school students to better understand which products are used individually or concurrently. METHODS: Data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey from 2000 through 2012 were used to assess patterns and trends of current tobacco use (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and other tobacco products) among U.S. high school students. We assessed use of products individually and concurrently. RESULTS: During 2000-2012, overall linear declines were observed in current use of any tobacco product from 33.6% to 20.4% (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Arrazola,R.A., Kuiper,N.M., Dube,S.R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130926 PMCID PMC4534716 Editors
Exploring use of nontraditional tobacco products through focus groups with young adult smokers, 2002	2008	Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop K-50, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA. prichter@cdc.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventing chronic disease Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Chronic Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 5 Issue 3 Start Page A87 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160317; JID: 101205018; OID: NLM: PMC2483554; 2008/06/15 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-1151; 1545-1151 Accession Number PMID: 18558037 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI A87 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18558037 Abstract INTRODUCTION: In 2002, 16 focus groups with young adult smokers who used or had tried nontraditional tobacco products (e.g., bidis, shisha, herbal cigarettes, kreteks, cigars, herbal smokeless products) were conducted in Dallas, Texas, and Chattanooga, Tennessee, to gain an understanding of the appeal of these products. METHODS: In each city, groups were segmented by race or ethnicity and by educational status. RESULTS: Many consistent themes emerged across the groups. Nontraditional tobacco use is not common among young adult smokers. Although some products such as Black & Mild and Swisher Sweets cigars are used frequently by some groups, other products such as shisha, kreteks, and herbal cigarettes are less well known and infrequently used. Among focus group participants, use of nontraditional tobacco products tends to occur in clubs, during social gatherings, or at times when cigarettes are unavailable. More college students than those who were not in college cited cost and inconvenience of purchasing nontraditional tobacco products as reasons for not using them. All focus group participants agreed that African Americans use cigars more than any other racial or ethnic group. CONCLUSION: Overall, findings suggest that the reasons for trying nontraditional tobacco products did not differ by race or ethnicity. Family members and peers were mentioned as the source of nontraditional tobacco products when first used. Cost, convenience, taste, smell, and strength were given as reasons both for using these products and for discontinuing their use. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Female, Focus Groups, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Smoking Cessation, Students, Tennessee/epidemiology, Texas/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Richter,P., Caraballo,R., Pederson,L. L., Gupta,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080615 PMCID PMC2483554 Editors
Exposure to Advertisements and Electronic Cigarette Use Among US Middle and High School Students	2016	Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Sciences, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office, Centers for Disease Contr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form May Volume 137 Issue 5 Start Page 10.1542/peds.2015 Other Pages 4155 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2016; JID: 0376422; 2016/01/28 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-4275; 0031-4005 Accession Number PMID: 27244815 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI 10.1542/peds.2015-4155 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27244815 Abstract BACKGROUND: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among US students increased significantly during 2011 to 2014. We examined the association between e-cigarette advertisement exposure and current e-cigarette use among US middle school and high school students. METHODS: Data came from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey (n = 22 007), a survey of students in grades 6 through 12. The association between current e-cigarette use and exposure to e-cigarette advertisements via 4 sources (Internet, newspapers/magazines, retail stores, and TV/movies) was assessed. Three advertising exposure categories were assessed: never/rarely, sometimes, and most of the time/always. Separate logistic regression models were used to measure the association, adjusting for gender, race/ethnicity, grade, and other tobacco use. RESULTS: Compared with students who reported exposure to e-cigarette advertisements never/rarely, the odds of current e-cigarette use were significantly (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher by the American Academy of Pediatrics Data Source Authors Singh,T., Agaku,I.T., Arrazola,R.A., Marynak,K.L., Neff,L.J., Rolle,I.T., King,B.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
New polyurethane coated steel pipes for water service	1995	Ohtsuki, F., Japan Steel Water Pipe Association, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water Supply Periodical, Abbrev. Water Supply Pub Date Free Form 1995/ Volume 13 Issue 4-Mar Start Page 83 Other Pages 88 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0735-1917 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract In the field of water service, there has been a strong need for the development of new protective coated steel pipe to which coatings with higher electric insulation resistance and corrosion resistance can be applied safely in a clean working environment. Against this background, the Japan Steel Water Pipe Association (WSP) conducted extensive research in coating materials and undertook performance test, workability test, etc., using various materials. As a result, new polyurethane coated steel pipe which can be easily coated, regardless of its diameter and the shape of fittings, has been developed and the standard WSP 047 (Plastic Coated Steel Pipe for Water Service) established. Descriptors polyurethan, steel, conference paper, Japan, pipeline, tube, water supply, water transport Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Ohtsuki,F., Sakumoto,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Which nicotine products are gateways to regular use? First-tried tobacco and current use in college students	2015	Oklahoma State University, Department of Psychology, Stillwater; Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Electronic address: ellen.meier@okstate.edu.; Oklahoma State University, Department of Psychology, Stillwater; Oklahoma Tobacco Res	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Preventive Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 48 Issue 1 Suppl 1 Start Page S86 Other Pages 93 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 8704773; 2014/05/08 [received]; 2014/09/17 [revised]; 2014/09/24 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-2607; 0749-3797 Accession Number PMID: 25528714 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.09.018 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25528714 Abstract BACKGROUND: The potential for emerging tobacco products (ETPs) to be gateway products for further tobacco use among youth is of significant concern. PURPOSE: To examine use of various nicotine-containing products on a tobacco-free college campus and whether the first product tried predicts subsequent tobacco use. METHODS: Undergraduate students (N=1,304) at a large university completed an online survey of past/current use of cigarettes; smokeless tobacco (SLT); hookah; ETPs (dissolvables, snus, and electronic cigarettes); and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Data were collected from September 2012 to May 2013 and analyses were conducted from June to September 2013. Students were classified as single, dual, or poly tobacco users. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 79.5% non-users, 13.8% single, 4.4% dual, and 1.5% poly users. Overall, 49.4% of participants reported trying a tobacco product. Hookah was the most tried product (38%), but cigarettes were most often the first product ever tried (51%). First product tried did not predict current tobacco use and non-use, but individuals who first tried SLT or cigarettes (rather than hookah or ETPs) were more likely to be poly tobacco users. Current tobacco users who first tried ETPs or hookah were largely non-daily users of hookah; current tobacco users who first tried cigarettes or SLT were largely non-daily or daily users of cigarettes/SLT. CONCLUSIONS: Hookah and ETPs are increasingly becoming the first tobacco product ever tried by youth; however, uptake of ETPs is poor, unlike cigarettes and SLT, and does not appear to lead to significant daily/non-daily use of cigarettes and SLT. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Meier,E.M., Tackett,A.P., Miller,M.B., Grant,D.M., Wagener,T.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Comparison of a preferred versus non-preferred waterpipe tobacco flavour: subjective experience, smoking behaviour and toxicant exposure	2018	Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.; Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.; Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, Universi(TRUNCATED	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form May Volume 27 Issue 3 Start Page 319 Other Pages 324 Notes LR: 20190114; CI: (c) Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018; GR: R03 DA041928/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; 0 (Flavoring Agents); 6M3 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 28381414 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053344 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 28381414 Abstract INTRODUCTION: One possible reason for the rapid proliferation of waterpipe (WP) smoking is the pervasive use of flavoured WP tobacco. To begin to understand the impact of WP tobacco flavours, the current study examined the impact of a preferred WP tobacco flavour compared with a non-preferred tobacco flavoured control on user's smoking behaviour, toxicant exposure and subjective smoking experience. METHOD: Thirty-six current WP smokers completed two, 45-minute ad libitum smoking sessions (preferred flavour vs non-preferred tobacco flavour control) in a randomised cross-over design. Participants completed survey questionnaires assessing subjective smoking experience, exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) testing, and provided blood samples for monitoring plasma nicotine. WP smoking topography was measured continuously throughout the smoking session. RESULTS: While participants reported an enhanced subjective smoking experience including greater interest in continued use, greater pleasure derived from smoking, increased liking and enjoyment, and willingness to continue use after smoking their preferred WP tobacco flavour (p values Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Leavens,E.L., Driskill,L.M., Molina,N., Eissenberg,T., Shihadeh,A., Brett,E.I., Floyd,E., Wagener,T.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20170405 PMCID Editors
Electronic cigarette use in the European Union: analysis of a representative sample of 27 460 Europeans from 28 countries	2016	Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea, Greece.; Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio, Greece.; Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio, Greece.; Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea, Greece.; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcoh	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form 24-Jun Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes LR: 20160822; CI: (c) 2016; JID: 9304118; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/10/11 [received]; 2016/05/02 [revised]; 2016/06/17 [accepted]; aheadofprint Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1360-0443; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 27338716 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI 10.1111/add.13506 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27338716 Abstract AIMS: To assess prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, reported changes in smoking status due to e-cigarette use and correlates of e-cigarette use in the European Union (EU) member states in 2014. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of EU citizens representative of the population (Special Eurobarometer 429). SETTING: All 28 Member States of the EU. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 27 460 EU citizens aged >/= 15 years (after excluding those who responded 'Do not know' to the questions about smoking status and e-cigarette use). MEASUREMENTS: Descriptive analysis [%, 95% confidence interval (CI)] of e-cigarette use prevalence (current use, past use and past experimentation) according to smoking status, self-reported changes in smoking status according to patterns of e-cigarette use and logistic regression analysis to examine correlates of e-cigarette use, especially socio-demographic factors and smoking status. FINDINGS: Ever e-cigarette use was reported by 31.1% (95% CI = 30.0-32.2%) of current smokers, 10.8% (95% CI = 10.0-11.7%) of former smokers and 2.3% (95% CI = 2.1-2.6%) of never smokers. Past experimentation [7.2% (95% CI = 6.9-7.5%)] was more common than current [1.8% (95% CI = 1.6-1.9%)] and past use [2.6% (95% CI = 2.4-2.8%)]. Extrapolated to the whole population, approximately 48.5 million EU citizens were ever e-cigarette users, with 76.8% using nicotine-containing e-cigarettes. An estimated 6.1 and 9.2 million EU citizens had quit and reduced smoking with the help of e-cigarettes, respectively. Initiation with e-cigarettes was reported by 0.8% (95% CI = 0.6-0.9%) of participants who reported ever use of any tobacco-related product. Only 1.3% (95% CI = 1.1-1.5%) of never smokers used nicotine-containing e-cigarettes, with 0.09% (95% CI = 0.04-0.14%) reporting daily nicotine use. Smoking cessation with the help of e-cigarettes was reported by 35.1% (95% CI = 30.7-39.5%) of current e-cigarette users, while a further 32.2% (95% CI = 29.9-36.5%) reported smoking reduction. Being current [odds ratio (OR) = 21.23, 95% CI = 18.32-24.59) or former smokers (OR = 6.49, 95% CI = 5.49-7.67) were the strongest correlates of ever e-cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette use in the European Union appears to be largely confined to current or former smokers, while current use and nicotine use by people who have never smoked is rare. More than one-third of current e-cigarette users polled reported smoking cessation and reduction. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for the Study of Addiction Data Source Authors Farsalinos,K.E., Poulas,K., Voudris,V., Le Houezec,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160624 PMCID Editors
Evaluation of electronic cigarette use (vaping) topography and estimation of liquid consumption: implications for research protocol standards definition and for public health authorities' regulation	2013	Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea, Greece. kfarsalinos@gmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of environmental research and public health Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Environ.Res.Public.Health. Pub Date Free Form 18-Jun Volume 10 Issue 6 Start Page 2500 Other Pages 2514 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 101238455; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); OID: NLM: PMC3717749; 2013/05/18 [received]; 2013/06/06 [revised]; 2013/06/07 [accepted]; epublish Place of Publication Switzerland ISSN/ISBN 1660-4601; 1660-4601 Accession Number PMID: 23778060 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; IM DOI 10.3390/ijerph10062500 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23778060 Abstract BACKGROUND: Although millions of people are using electronic cigarettes (ECs) and research on this topic has intensified in recent years, the pattern of EC use has not been systematically studied. Additionally, no comparative measure of exposure and nicotine delivery between EC and tobacco cigarette or nicotine replacement therapy (NRTs) has been established. This is important, especially in the context of the proposal for a new Tobacco Product Directive issued by the European Commission. METHODS: A second generation EC device, consisting of a higher capacity battery and tank atomiser design compared to smaller cigarette-like batteries and cartomizers, and a 9 mg/mL nicotine-concentration liquid were used in this study. Eighty subjects were recruited; 45 experienced EC users and 35 smokers. EC users were video-recorded when using the device (ECIG group), while smokers were recorded when smoking (SM-S group) and when using the EC (SM-E group) in a randomized cross-over design. Puff, inhalation and exhalation duration were measured. Additionally, the amount of EC liquid consumed by experienced EC users was measured at 5 min (similar to the time needed to smoke one tobacco cigarette) and at 20 min (similar to the time needed for a nicotine inhaler to deliver 4 mg nicotine). RESULTS: Puff duration was significantly higher in ECIG (4.2 +/- 0.7 s) compared to SM-S (2.1 +/- 0.4 s) and SM-E (2.3 +/- 0.5 s), while inhalation time was lower (1.3 +/- 0.4, 2.1 +/- 0.4 and 2.1 +/- 0.4 respectively). No difference was observed in exhalation duration. EC users took 13 puffs and consumed 62 +/- 16 mg liquid in 5 min; they took 43 puffs and consumed 219 +/- 56 mg liquid in 20 min. Nicotine delivery was estimated at 0.46 +/- 0.12 mg after 5 min and 1.63 +/- 0.41 mg after 20 min of use. Therefore, 20.8 mg/mL and 23.8 mg/mL nicotine-containing liquids would deliver 1 mg of nicotine in 5 min and 4 mg nicotine in 20 min, respectively. Since the ISO method significantly underestimates nicotine delivery by tobacco cigarettes, it seems that liquids with even higher than 24 mg/mL nicotine concentration would be comparable to one tobacco cigarette. CONCLUSIONS: EC use topography is significantly different compared to smoking. Four-second puffs with 20-30 s interpuff interval should be used when assessing EC effects in laboratory experiments, provided that the equipment used does not get overheated. Based on the characteristics of the device used in this study, a 20 mg/mL nicotine concentration liquid would be needed in order to deliver nicotine at amounts similar to the maximum allowable content of one tobacco cigarette (as measured by the ISO 3308 method). The results of this study do not support the statement of the European Commission Tobacco Product Directive that liquids with nicotine concentration of 4 mg/mL are comparable to NRTs in the amount of nicotine delivered to the user. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Farsalinos,K.E., Romagna,G., Tsiapras,D., Kyrzopoulos,S., Voudris,V. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130618 PMCID PMC3717749 Editors
A first step incorporating smoking education into a Brazilian medical school curriculum: results of a survey to assess the cigarette smoking knowledge, attitudes, behaviour, and clinical practices of medical students	1999	Oncology Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. adaudt@pro.via-rs.com.br	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of addictive diseases Periodical, Abbrev. J.Addict.Dis. Pub Date Free Form Volume 18 Issue 1 Start Page 19 Other Pages 29 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9107051; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 1055-0887; 1055-0887 Accession Number PMID: 10234560 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1300/J069v18n01_03 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10234560 Abstract Smoking-related illnesses are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Despite a smoking prevalence of approximately 40%, there is limited national effort to reduce tobacco use in Brazil by means of public education and training of health care professionals to promote smoking education. In particular, the need for information about tobacco warrants increased emphasis in undergraduate medical education. An educational program on nicotine addiction during medical school could facilitate the incorporation of smoking cessation interventions into routine medical practice. As a preliminary step toward implementing a tobacco education and intervention program, this study was designed to assess knowledge and attitudes about smoking among Brazilian medical students. Five hundred thirteen (N = 513) medical students from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil, completed a self-reported questionnaire during the 1995-1996 academic school year. Most students recognize the adverse health effects of smoking and the importance of their professional role in promoting smoking cessation. In contradiction, however, few medical students currently provide their patients who smoke with even minimal intervention. This discrepancy supports the idea that training in nicotine addiction and smoking cessation techniques will help medical students to develop the skills and confidence needed to successfully intervene with their current and future patients. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Attitude to Health, Brazil, Cognition, Curriculum, Education, Medical, Female, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/diagnosis/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Daudt,A. W., Alberg,A. J., Prola,J. C., Fialho,L., Petracco,A., Wilhelms,A., Weiss,A., Estery,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Biomarkers in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors	2014	Oncology Unit, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital. Athens, Greece. mtheochari@gmail.com.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full JOP : Journal of the pancreas Periodical, Abbrev. JOP Pub Date Free Form 10-Mar Volume 15 Issue 2 Start Page 138 Other Pages 139 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 101091810; 0 (Biomarkers, Tumor); 0 (MIRN27 microRNA, human); 0 (MicroRNAs); 0 (Smad4 Protein); 2014/02/06 [received]; 2014/02/07 [accepted]; epublish Place of Publication Italy ISSN/ISBN 1590-8577; 1590-8577 Accession Number PMID: 24618438 Language eng SubFile Congresses; IM DOI 10.6092/1590-8577/2321 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24618438 Abstract The aim of biomarkers is to identify patients most likely to benefit from a therapeutic strategy. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are rare neoplasms that arise in the endocrine tissues of the pancreas. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors represent 3% of primary pancreatic neoplasms and their incidence has risen. The SMAD4 gene is located on chromosome 18q and someday the SMAD4 gene status may be useful for prognostic stratification and therapeutic decision. The cells respond to environmental signals by modulating the expressions of genes contained within the nucleus, when genes are activated are transcribed to generate messenger RNA (mRNA). The examination of multiple expressed genes and proteins provides more useful information for prognostication of individual tumors. Here we summarize and discuss findings presented at the 2014 ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. Anna Karpathakis et al. (Abstract #212) reported data about the role of DNA methylation in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Christina Lynn Roland et al. (Abstract #250) looked the impact Of SMAD4 on oncologic outcomes. Bong Kynn Kang et al. (Abstract #251) investigated prognostic biomarker using microRNA array technology. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Theochari,M.S., Syrigos,K.N., Saif,M.W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140310 PMCID Editors

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