WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Tobacco use among high school students--United States, 1997	1998		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 3-Apr Volume 47 Issue 12 Start Page 229 Other Pages 233 Notes LR: 20080214; JID: 7802429; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0149-2195; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 9572629 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9572629 Abstract Tobacco use is the single leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Approximately 80% of tobacco use occurs for the first time among youth aged <18 years, and the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adolescents increased during the early 1990s. To determine prevalence rates of cigarette, smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco or snuff), and cigar use for U.S. high school students, CDC analyzed data from the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). This report summarizes the results of the analysis, which indicate that the prevalence of current cigarette smoking among U.S. high school students increased from 27.5% in 1991 to 36.4% in 1997 and that, in 1997, 42.7% of students used cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, or cigars during the 30 days preceding the survey. Descriptors Adolescent, Female, Humans, Male, Plants, Toxic, Prevalence, Schools, Smoking/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Tobacco, Smokeless, United States/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
An assessment of nicotine dependence among pregnant adolescents	1999	University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, PA 15261, USA. saa01+@pitt.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of substance abuse treatment Periodical, Abbrev. J.Subst.Abuse Treat. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 16 Issue 4 Start Page 337 Other Pages 344 Notes LR: 20141120; GR: NR03233/NR/NINR NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8500909; K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OID: PIP: 147107; OID: POP: 00291059; OTO: PIP; GN: PIP: TJ: JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT.; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0740-5472; 0740-5472 Accession Number PMID: 10349607 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM; J DOI S0740547298000749 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10349607 Abstract Studies have reported that between 28 and 62% of pregnant teenagers smoke (Cornelius, Taylor, Geva, & Day, 1995; Trollestrup, Frost, & Starzyk, 1992). Because smoking is prevalent among pregnant teenagers, the purpose of this research is to assess nicotine dependence in this high-risk group. This study analyzed baseline data from a sample of pregnant teen smokers who had volunteered to participate in a smoking cessation study (N = 94). Nicotine dependence was measured by adapting the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ; Prokhorov, Pallonen, Fava, Ding, & Niaura, 1996), and by a 6-item withdrawal symptom scale. The overall FTQ score found among pregnant adolescents was 3.10 (SD = 2.3) compared to the mean overall FTQ score among vocational-technical students of 4.27 (SD = 2.2) (Prokhorov et al., 1996). Duration of smoking in years was significantly correlated with the overall FTQ score (r = 0.43, p < .01). Quantity of smoking, as measured by average number of cigarettes smoked, significantly correlated with overall FTQ scores (r = 0.67, p < .01). Lighter smokers were more likely to have previously attempted to quit, however, among the quit attempters, those who smoked 10+ cigarettes per day reported greater severity of withdrawal symptoms than those who smoked less per day. Prenatal education and smoking cessation programs for pregnant teenagers, and pregnant women in general, need to consider that nicotine dependence is an important issue. Early pregnancy may be an opportune time to intervene among pregnant smokers; incentives may be necessary to attract those women who are the heaviest smokers, and possibly the most dependent on nicotine.; PIP: This study assessed nicotine dependence among pregnant adolescent smokers in order to enhance the efficacy of smoking-cessation programs. This study analyzed baseline data from a sample of 94 pregnant teen smokers who had volunteered to participate in a smoking cessation study. Nicotine dependence was measured by adapting Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ), and by a 6-item withdrawal symptom scale. The overall FTQ score found among pregnant adolescents was 3.10 (SD = 2.3) compared to the mean overall FTQ score among vocational-technical students of 4.27 (SD = 2.2). Duration of smoking in years was significantly correlated with the overall FTQ score. Quantity of smoking, as measured by average number of cigarettes smoked, significantly correlated with overall FTQ scores. Lighter smokers were more likely to have previously attempted to quit. However, among the attempters to quit, those who smoked 10+ cigarettes per day reported greater severity of withdrawal symptoms than those who smoked fewer per day. Prenatal education and smoking cessation programs for pregnant teenagers, and pregnant women in general, need to consider that nicotine dependence is an important issue. Early pregnancy may be an opportune time to intervene among pregnant smokers; incentives may be necessary to attract those women who are heaviest smokers, and possibly the most dependent on nicotine. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, African Americans/statistics & numerical data, Cotinine/analysis, Data Interpretation, Statistical, European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Adolescence/ethnology/psychology, Psychological Tests, Psychology, Adolescent, Smoking Cessation/ethnology/psychology, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/psychology, Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology, United States, Adolescent Pregnancy, Adolescents, Adolescents, Female, Age Factors, Americas, Behavior, Demographic Factors, Developed Countries, Fertility, North America, Northern America, Pennsylvania, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Pregnant Women, Reproductive Behavior, Research Methodology, Research Report, Sampling Studies, Smoking--women, Social Problems, Studies, Substance Addiction--women, Women, Youth Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Albrecht,S. A., Cornelius,M. D., Braxter,B., Reynolds,M. D., Stone,C., Cassidy,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Polyphasic study of the spatial distribution of microorganisms in Mexican pozol, a fermented maize dough, demonstrates the need for cultivation-independent methods to investigate traditional fermentations	1999	Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne Tropicale, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, F-34032 Montpellier cedex 1, France. Frederic.Ampe@mpl.ird.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Applied and Environmental Microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 65 Issue 12 Start Page 5464 Other Pages 5473 Notes LR: 20140615; GENBANK/AF138777; GENBANK/AF138778; GENBANK/AF138779; GENBANK/AF138780; GENBANK/AF138781; GENBANK/AF138782; GENBANK/AF138783; GENBANK/AF138784; GENBANK/AF138785; GENBANK/AF138786; GENBANK/AF138787; GENBANK/AF138788; JID: 7605801; 0 (DNA, Bac Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0099-2240; 0099-2240 Accession Number PMID: 10584005 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10584005 Abstract The distribution of microorganisms in pozol balls, a fermented maize dough, was investigated by a polyphasic approach in which we used both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, including microbial enumeration, fermentation product analysis, quantification of microbial taxa with 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes, determination of microbial fingerprints by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing. Our results demonstrate that DGGE fingerprinting and rRNA quantification should allow workers to precisely and rapidly characterize the microbial assemblage in a spontaneous lactic acid fermented food. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) accounted for 90 to 97% of the total active microflora; no streptococci were isolated, although members of the genus Streptococcus accounted for 25 to 50% of the microflora. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum, together with members of the genera Leuconostoc and Weissella, were the other dominant organisms. The overall activity was more important at the periphery of a ball, where eucaryotes, enterobacteria, and bacterial exopolysacharide producers developed. Our results also showed that the metabolism of heterofermentative LAB was influenced in situ by the distribution of the LAB in the pozol ball, whereas homolactic fermentation was controlled primarily by sugar limitation. We propose that starch is first degraded by amylases from LAB and that the resulting sugars, together with the lactate produced, allow a secondary flora to develop in the presence of oxygen. Our results strongly suggest that cultivation-independent methods should be used to study traditional fermented foods. Descriptors Agriculture/methods, Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification, DNA Fingerprinting, DNA, Bacterial/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Fermentation, Mexico, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Bacterial/genetics, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics, Zea mays/microbiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ampe,F., ben Omar,N., Moizan,C., Wacher,C., Guyot,J. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC91745 Editors
The effect of smoking on periodontal conditions assessed by CPITN	1999	Division of Periodontics, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, King Saud University, College of Dentistry, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Odonto-stomatologie tropicale = Tropical dental journal Periodical, Abbrev. Odontostomatol.Trop. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 22 Issue 87 Start Page 38 Other Pages 40 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 8103679; ppublish Place of Publication Senegal ISSN/ISBN 0251-172X; 0251-172X Accession Number PMID: 11372153 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11372153 Abstract One hundred eighty subjects were examined to assess the effect of smoking on periodontal conditions by community periodontal index for treatment needs (CPITN). All subjects were interviewed regarding their oral hygiene habits. Data were entered to the computer and statistical analysis system (SAS) was utilised. Results showed that the frequency of smokers is 31% where 25.9% of this were male. Smokers use toothbrush in performing their oral hygiene more than non-smokers. Results also showed that periodontal conditions as measured by CPITN were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. However, further studies with more sensitive periodontal indices are recommended in the future to assess the differences between both groups. Descriptors Adult, Chi-Square Distribution, Cohort Studies, Dental Calculus/classification, Female, Gingival Hemorrhage/classification, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oral Hygiene, Periodontal Diseases/classification, Periodontal Index, Periodontal Pocket/classification, Saudi Arabia, Sex Factors, Smoking, Statistics as Topic, Toothbrushing/instrumentation Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Awartani,F., al-Jasser,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Reduced bone mineral density after surgical treatment for obesity	1999	Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Obes.Relat.Metab.Disord. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 23 Issue 4 Start Page 361 Other Pages 365 Notes LR: 20140603; JID: 9313169; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN Accession Number PMID: 10340813 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10340813 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether osteoporosis occurs after surgical treatment for obesity. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of five groups of subjects who had undergone surgical treatment for obesity: five pre-menopausal women; 13 post-menopausal women; seven post-menopausal women taking oestrogen replacement (HRT); five men; and six women who had undergone surgical reversal (mean time 7 y). SUBJECTS: Thirty-six Caucasian subjects who had undergone jejunoileal or pancreaticobiliary bypass surgery at St George's Hospital between 1971 and 1992. Their mean age was 50.8 y (range 32-69 y) and the median time since the operation was 14.8y (range 4-23 y). MEASUREMENTS: A clinical questionnaire was used to exclude possible factors, which might influence bone mineral density. A single blood sample was collected for measurement of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, magnesium, zinc, creatinine, thyroxine, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, sex steroids, gonadotrophins and IGF-1 and 24 h urine calcium excretion was measured. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the lumbar (L2-L4) spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). RESULTS: There was no difference in serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase, IGF-1, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH vitamin D), magnesium or zinc concentrations between the five groups. The LS-BMD T score was lower (P - 1.0. There was no difference in the FN-BMD between the five groups. The presence of low BMD was not related to age, duration of bypass, or degree of postoperative weight loss. Iliac crest bone biopsies in three subjects with low BMD, confirmed the presence of osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced bone mineral density is a complication of jejunoileal bypass surgery. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Anastomosis, Surgical, Bile Ducts/surgery, Bone Density, Female, Femur, Humans, Jejunoileal Bypass, Lumbar Vertebrae, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity/surgery, Osteoporosis/etiology, Pancreas/surgery, Postmenopause, Postoperative Complications Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bano,G., Rodin,D. A., Pazianas,M., Nussey,S. S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
In vitro shear bond strength of adhesive to normal and fluoridated enamel under various contaminated conditions	1999	Department of Conservative Dentistry, Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Capa, Turkey. benderli@istanbul.edu.tr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Quintessence international (Berlin, Germany : 1985) Periodical, Abbrev. Quintessence Int. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 30 Issue 8 Start Page 570 Other Pages 575 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0342677; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Maleates); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (Saliva, Artificial); 0 (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose); 0 (Z100 composite resin); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 7631-86-9 (Silicon Diox Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0033-6572; 0033-6572 Accession Number PMID: 10635272 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10635272 Abstract OBJECTIVE: This study examined the shear bond strength of bonding agents to normal or fluoridated enamel following use of weak or strong acids to prepare enamel surfaces and after contamination with a measured amount of saliva at various stages of the bonding procedure. METHOD AND MATERIALS: One hundred extracted human third molar teeth were randomly separated into 2 basic groups (normal or fluoridated teeth), then divided into 5 subgroups. Group A specimens were not contaminated. After etching, enamel surfaces were dry and clean. Group B was left with wet surfaces after etching. Group C specimens were contaminated with artificial saliva and then dried. Group D specimens were contaminated with artificial saliva, rinsed, and then dried. In group E, all enamel surfaces were left contaminated with saliva after the etching procedures (with maleic acid or phosphoric acids). Adhesive resins were applied to all enamel surfaces according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were then mounted and tested to determine shear bond strength. RESULTS: If normal enamel surfaces were rinsed and dried immediately after contamination, there was no significant reduction of shear bond strength of adhesive to enamel. Specimens in group E and group C had significantly lower bond strengths than did control specimens (group A). In the fluoridated groups etched with the phosphoric acid, statistically significant reductions in bond strengths were obtained in all contamination groups and in the control group. In the fluoridated specimens, there were no statistically significant differences between any of the contamination groups and the control group when maleic acid was used. CONCLUSION: Saliva contamination may not be a risk factor for successful bonding between bonding agent and dental tissues for normal or fluoridated enamel surfaces if they are rinsed and dried immediately after contamination. Etching of normal enamel surfaces with phosphoric acid in the presence of contamination may provide higher shear bond strength than etching with maleic acid. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/chemistry, Dentin-Bonding Agents, Desiccation, Fluorides/chemistry, Humans, Maleates, Materials Testing, Molar, Phosphoric Acids, Random Allocation, Resin Cements, Saliva, Artificial, Silicon Dioxide, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tensile Strength, Water/chemistry, Zirconium Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Benderli,Y., Gokce,K., Buyukgokcesu,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Shear bond strength of composite, glass ionomer, and acidic primer adhesive systems	1999	Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Orthod.Dentofacial Orthop. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 115 Issue 1 Start Page 24 Other Pages 28 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8610224; 0 (Clearfil Liner Bond 2); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Glass Ionomer Cements); 0 (Methacrylates); 0 (Organophosphorus Compounds); 0 (Phenyl-P adhesion promoting monomer); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0 (Polymethacrylic Acids); 0 (Re Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0889-5406; 0889-5406 Accession Number PMID: 9878954 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D; IM DOI S0889-5406(99)70312-4 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9878954 Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets bonded with one of three methods: (1) a glass ionomer adhesive with a 20% polyacrylic acid enamel conditioner; (2) a composite resin adhesive used with 37% phosphoric acid etchant and a conventional primer; or (3) the same composite resin used with an acidic primer that combines the etchant with the primer in one application. The brackets were bonded to the teeth according to one of three protocols. Group I teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid and bonded with Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) following the manufacturer's instructions. Group I acted as the control group. Group II teeth were etched with an acidic primer (Clearfil Liner Bond 2. J.C. Moritta Kuraway, Japan) that contains both the acid (Phenyl-P) and the primer (HEMA and dimethacrylate) and was placed on the enamel for 30 seconds; the adhesive used to bond the brackets was Transbond XT as in Group I. Group III teeth were etched with 20% polyacrylic acid and the brackets were bonded with Fuji Bond LC (G.C. America, Chicago, Ill). A steel rod with one flattened end was attached to the crosshead of a Zwick test machine (Zwick GmbH & Co, Ulm, Germany). An occlusogingival load was applied to the bracket, producing a shear force at the bracket-tooth interface. The results indicated that the resin/phosphoric acid adhesive system (control group) provided the strongest shear bond strength x = 10.4 +/- 2.8 MPa). The glass ionomer adhesive system provided a significantly lower bond strength (x = 6.5 +/- 1.9 MPa). The least shear bond strength was present when the acidic primer was used with an orthodontic adhesive (x = 2.8 +/- 1.9 MPa). In the present study, the use of either a fluoride-releasing glass ionomer or an acidic primer in combination with an available orthodontic composite adhesive resulted in a significantly reduced shear bond strength when compared with that of the conventional composite resin adhesive system. At the present time, the orthodontist and the patient are better served by using phosphoric acid/composite resin adhesive system or other equivalent systems that provide a clinically reliable bond strength between the bracket, the adhesive, and the enamel surface. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Adhesiveness, Analysis of Variance, Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate/chemistry, Chi-Square Distribution, Dental Bonding/methods, Dental Debonding, Dental Stress Analysis, Dentin-Bonding Agents/chemistry, Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry, Humans, Materials Testing, Methacrylates/chemistry, Organophosphorus Compounds/chemistry, Orthodontic Brackets, Phosphoric Acids/chemistry, Polymethacrylic Acids/chemistry, Resin Cements/chemistry, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bishara,S. E., Gordan,V. V., VonWald,L., Jakobsen,J. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Tobacco use among middle and high school students--Florida, 1998 and 1999	1999		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 2-Apr Volume 48 Issue 12 Start Page 248 Other Pages 253 Notes LR: 20080214; JID: 7802429; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0149-2195; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 10220252 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10220252 Abstract Tobacco use is the single leading preventable cause of death in the United States, and an estimated $2 billion is spent annually in Florida to treat disease caused by smoking. Florida appropriated $23 million in fiscal year 1997 and $70 million in fiscal year 1998 to fund the Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco Control to prevent and reduce tobacco use among Florida youth. To determine the prevalence of cigarette, cigar, and smokeless tobacco (i.e., chewing tobacco and snuff) use among Florida middle and high school students in public schools, the Florida Department of Health conducted the Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) in February 1998 and February 1999. The purpose of these surveys was to establish baseline parameters and monitor the progress of the pilot program, which began in April 1998. This report summarizes advance data from the surveys, which indicate that, from 1998 to 1999, the percentage of Florida public middle and high school students who smoked cigarettes decreased significantly and that the percentage of middle school students who smoked cigars and used smokeless tobacco products decreased significantly. Descriptors Adolescent, Child, Data Collection, Female, Florida/epidemiology, Humans, Male, Plants, Toxic, Smoking/epidemiology, Students, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Health effects of passive smoking-10: Summary of effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of children and implications for research	1999	Department of Public Health Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Thorax Periodical, Abbrev. Thorax Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 54 Issue 4 Start Page 357 Other Pages 366 Notes LR: 20140617; JID: 0417353; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); RF: 62; OID: NLM: PMC1745458; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0040-6376; 0040-6376 Accession Number PMID: 10092699 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10092699 Abstract BACKGROUND: Two recent reviews have assessed the effect of parental smoking on respiratory disease in children. METHODS: The results of the systematic quantitative review published as a series in Thorax are summarised and brought up to date by considering papers appearing on Embase or Medline up to June 1998. The findings are compared with those of the review published recently by the Californian Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Areas requiring further research are identified. RESULTS: Overall there is a very consistent picture with odds ratios for respiratory illnesses and symptoms and middle ear disease of between 1.2 and 1.6 for either parent smoking, the odds usually being higher in pre-school than in school aged children. For sudden infant death syndrome the odds ratio for maternal smoking is about 2. Significant effects from paternal smoking suggest a role for postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Recent publications do not lead us to alter the conclusions of our earlier reviews. While essentially narrative rather than systematic and quantitative, the findings of the Californian EPA review are broadly similar. In addition they have reviewed studies of the effects of environmental tobacco smoke on children with cystic fibrosis and conclude from the limited evidence that there is a strong case for a relationship between parental smoking and admissions to hospital. They also review data from adults of the effects of acute exposure to environmental tobacco smoke under laboratory conditions which suggest acute effects on spirometric parameters rather than on bronchial hyperresponsiveness. It seems likely that such effects are also present in children. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial benefits to children would arise if parents stopped smoking after birth, even if the mother smoked during pregnancy. Policies need to be developed which reduce smoking amongst parents and protect infants and young children from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The weight of evidence is such that new prevalence studies are no longer justified. What are needed are studies which allow comparison of the effects of critical periods of exposure to cigarette smoke, particularly in utero, early infancy, and later childhood. Where longitudinal studies are carried out they should be analysed to look at the way in which changes in exposure are related to changes in outcome. Better still would be studies demonstrating reversibility of adverse effects, especially in asthmatic subjects or children with cystic fibrosis. Descriptors Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Databases, Factual, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Odds Ratio, Otitis Media/etiology, Parents, Pregnancy, Respiratory Tract Diseases/etiology, Sudden Infant Death/etiology, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cook,D. G., Strachan,D. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1745458 Editors
A first step incorporating smoking education into a Brazilian medical school curriculum: results of a survey to assess the cigarette smoking knowledge, attitudes, behaviour, and clinical practices of medical students	1999	Oncology Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. adaudt@pro.via-rs.com.br	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of addictive diseases Periodical, Abbrev. J.Addict.Dis. Pub Date Free Form Volume 18 Issue 1 Start Page 19 Other Pages 29 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9107051; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 1055-0887; 1055-0887 Accession Number PMID: 10234560 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1300/J069v18n01_03 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10234560 Abstract Smoking-related illnesses are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Despite a smoking prevalence of approximately 40%, there is limited national effort to reduce tobacco use in Brazil by means of public education and training of health care professionals to promote smoking education. In particular, the need for information about tobacco warrants increased emphasis in undergraduate medical education. An educational program on nicotine addiction during medical school could facilitate the incorporation of smoking cessation interventions into routine medical practice. As a preliminary step toward implementing a tobacco education and intervention program, this study was designed to assess knowledge and attitudes about smoking among Brazilian medical students. Five hundred thirteen (N = 513) medical students from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil, completed a self-reported questionnaire during the 1995-1996 academic school year. Most students recognize the adverse health effects of smoking and the importance of their professional role in promoting smoking cessation. In contradiction, however, few medical students currently provide their patients who smoke with even minimal intervention. This discrepancy supports the idea that training in nicotine addiction and smoking cessation techniques will help medical students to develop the skills and confidence needed to successfully intervene with their current and future patients. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Attitude to Health, Brazil, Cognition, Curriculum, Education, Medical, Female, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/diagnosis/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Daudt,A. W., Alberg,A. J., Prola,J. C., Fialho,L., Petracco,A., Wilhelms,A., Weiss,A., Estery,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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