WTS database

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Six-minute walk test in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients living in Northwest Africa	2012	Laboratory of Physiology, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy Periodical, Abbrev. Diabetes Metab.Syndr.Obes. Pub Date Free Form Volume 5 Issue Start Page 227 Other Pages 245 Notes LR: 20130530; JID: 101515585; OID: NLM: PMC3422904; OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/08/07 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication New Zealand ISSN/ISBN 1178-7007; 1178-7007 Accession Number PMID: 22924002 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.2147/DMSO.S28642 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22924002 Abstract INTRODUCTION: International recommendations of the exploration of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are focused on deficiency and not incapacity. AIMS: (1) To estimate the incapacity of NIDDM patients through the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) data. (2) To determine their 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) influencing factors (3) To compare data of NIDDM patient group (PG; n = 100) with those of two control groups (CG): CG1 (n = 174, healthy nonobese and nonsmoker); CG2 (n = 55, obese nondiabetic free from comorbidities). POPULATION AND METHODS: The anthropometric, socioeconomic, clinical, metabolic, and 6MWT data of 100 NIDDM patients (45 females) were collected. RESULTS: Total sample means +/- standard deviation of age, weight, and height were 54 +/- 8 years, 81 +/- 14 kg, and 1.64 +/- 0.09 m. (1) Measured 6MWD (566 +/- 81 m) was significantly lower than the theoretical 6MWD (90% +/- 12%). The profile of the PG carrying the 6MWT, was as follows: 23% had an abnormal 6MWD; at the end of the 6MWT, 21% and 12% had, respectively, a low heart rate and a high dyspnea (>5/10), and 4% had desaturation during the walk. The estimated "cardiorespiratory and muscular chain" age (68 +/- 16 years) was significantly higher than the chronological age. (2) The factors that significantly influenced the 6MWD (r(2) = 0.58) are included in the following equation: 6MWD (m) = -73.94 x gender (0, male; 1, female) - 3.25 x age (years) + 7.33 x leisure activity score - 35.57 x obesity (0, no; 1, yes) + 32.86 x socioeconomic level (0, low; 1, high) - 27.67 x cigarette use (0, no; 1, yes) + 8.89 x resting oxyhemoglobin saturation - 105.48. (3) Compared to the CGs, the PG had a significantly (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Latiri,I., Elbey,R., Hcini,K., Zaoui,A., Charfeddine,B., Maarouf,M.R., Tabka,Z., Zbidi,A., Ben Saad,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120807 PMCID PMC3422904 Editors
Six-minute walk test in obstructive sleep apnoea	2008	Zaklad Diagnostyki i Leczenia Niewydolnosci Oddychania Instytutu Gruzlicy i Chorob Pluc w Warszawie, Poland.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pneumonologia i alergologia polska Periodical, Abbrev. Pneumonol.Alergol.Pol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 76 Issue 2 Start Page 75 Other Pages 82 Notes LR: 20120620; JID: 9302892; ppublish Place of Publication Poland ISSN/ISBN 0867-7077; 0867-7077 Accession Number PMID: 18464221 Language pol SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18464221 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess results of 6MWT in non-selected group of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients. In healthy adult subjects 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) range from 400 to 700 m. Obesity, the main symptom of OSA, is one of the factors associated with reduction of 6MWD (another common factors: older age, shorter height, female sex, pulmonary, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects completed sleep questionnaire and Epworth sleepiness scale before sleep studies (full polysomnography [PSG] or PolyMesam study [PM]). Consecutive OSA subjects (AHI/RDI >10, Epworth score > 9 points) were evaluated. The 6MWT, chest X-ray, spirometry, arterial blood gases, ECG, blood morphology and biochemistry were performed during trial treatment with autoCPAP. RESULTS: We studied 151 subjects (119 males - 78.8% and 32 females - 21.2%), mean age 53.4 +/- 10.5 years. Subjects were obese - BMI = 35.7 +/- 6.2 kg/m(2) and presented severe OSA - AHI/RDI = 42.4 +/- 23.2. To assess relations between 6MWD and AHI/RDI, BMI, age and concomitant diseases we divided subjects in two groups: 1(st) with 6MWD > or = lower limit of normal (LLN) (123 pts; 81.5%) and 2(nd) with 6MWD < LLN (28 pts; 18.5%). Significant differences between groups were found for BMI, FVC (% of predicted) and Borg dyspnea scale before and after 6MWT. In multiple linear regression analysis we found significant correlation between 6MWD and BMI (beta = 0.41, p < 0.0001) and arterial hypertension (beta = -0.16, p = 0.04). Females had significantly shorter 6MWD than males (401.1 +/- 83.6 m and 451.8 +/- 107 m, respectively; p = 0.01). Difference was significant after adjustment for BMI and age (analysis of covariance) - R = 0.61, R2 = 0.38 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: BMI, female sex, arterial hypertension and lower FVC (% of predicted) were related to shorter 6-minute walking distance in OSA patients. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Body Height, Body Mass Index, Body Weight, Exercise Test/methods, Exercise Tolerance, Female, Humans, Hypertension/complications, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity/complications, Poland, Predictive Value of Tests, Regression Analysis, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/etiology/physiopathology, Spirometry, Walking Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Plywaczewski,R., Stoklosa,A., Bielen,P., Bednarek,M., Czerniawska,J., Jonczak,L., Gorecka,D., Sliwinski,P. Original/Translated Title Test 6-minutowego chodu u chorych na obturacyjny bezdech senny URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Small proportions of actively-smoking patrons and high PM2.5 levels in southern California tribal casinos: support for smoking bans or designated smoking areas	2012	Education, Training, and Research, Inc, Scotts Valley, CA, USA. nklepeis@stanford.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 22-Sep Volume 12 Issue Start Page 819 Other Pages 2458-12-819 Notes LR: 20150223; JID: 100968562; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC3560204; 2012/06/05 [received]; 2012/09/19 [accepted]; 2012/09/22 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 22998850 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-12-819 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22998850 Abstract BACKGROUND: Nearly all California casinos currently allow smoking, which leads to potentially high patron exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke pollutants. Some argue that smoking restrictions or bans would result in a business drop, assuming > 50% of patrons smoke. Evidence in Nevada and responses from the 2008 California tobacco survey refute this assertion. The present study investigates the proportion of active smokers in southern California tribal casinos, as well as occupancy and PM(2.5) levels in smoking and nonsmoking sections. METHODS: We measured active-smoker and total-patron counts during Friday or Saturday night visits (two per casino) to smoking and nonsmoking gaming areas inside 11 southern California casinos. We counted slot machines and table games in each section, deriving theoretical maximum capacities and occupancy rates. We also measured PM(2.5) concentrations (or used published levels) in both nonsmoking and smoking areas. RESULTS: Excluding one casino visit with extremely high occupancy, we counted 24,970 patrons during 21 casino visits of whom 1,737 were actively smoking, for an overall active- smoker proportion of 7.0% and a small range of ~5% across casino visits (minimum of 5% and maximum of 10%). The differences in mean inter-casino active-smoker proportions were not statistically significant. Derived occupancy rates were 24% to 215% in the main (low-stakes) smoking-allowed slot or table areas. No relationship was found between observed active-smoker proportions and occupancy rate. The derived maximum capacities of nonsmoking areas were 1% to 29% of the overall casino capacity (most under 10%) and their observed occupancies were 0.1 to over 3 times that of the main smoking-allowed casino areas. Seven of twelve visits to nonsmoking areas with no separation had occupancy rates greater than main smoking areas. Unenclosed nonsmoking areas don't substantially protect occupants from PM2.5 exposure. Nonsmoking areas encapsulated inside smoking areas or in a separate, but unenclosed, area had PM(2.5) levels that were 10 to 60 mug/m(3) and 6 to 23 mug/m(3) higher than outdoor levels, respectively, indicating contamination from smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Although fewer than roughly 10% of casino patrons are actively smoking on average, these individuals substantially increase PM(2.5) exposure for all patrons in smoking and unenclosed nonsmoking areas. Nonsmoking areas may be too inconvenient, small, or undesirable to serve a substantial number of nonsmoking patrons. Imposing indoor smoking bans, or contained smoking areas with a maximum capacity of up to 10% of the total patronage, would offer protection from PM2.5 exposures for nonsmoking patrons and reduce employee exposures. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Klepeis,N.E., Omoto,J., Ong,S.L., Omoto,H.S., Dhaliwal,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120922 PMCID PMC3560204 Editors
Smoke and mirrors: the perils of water-pipe smoking and implications for Western countries	2014		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Chest Periodical, Abbrev. Chest Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 146 Issue 4 Start Page 875 Other Pages 876 Notes JID: 0231335; CON: Chest. 2014 Oct;146(4):924-31. PMID: 24557573; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1931-3543; 0012-3692 Accession Number PMID: 25287994 Language eng SubFile Comment; Editorial; AIM; IM DOI 10.1378/chest.14-0603 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25287994 Abstract Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Leung,J.M., Sin,D.D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoke constituent exposure and smoking topography of adolescent daily cigarette smokers	2004	Capital University School of Nursing, Columbus, Ohio, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 6 Issue 5 Start Page 853 Other Pages 862 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: 1 F31 NR07460/NR/NINR NIH HHS/United States; GR: M01RR00034/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 0 (Ganglionic Stimulants); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 15700921 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15700921 Abstract Adolescent smoking prevalence is a major health concern, with 24.4% reporting smoking in the past 30 days and 15.8% considered daily smokers. The purpose of this study was to characterize biobehavioral nicotine dependence, smoke constituent exposure and smoking topography in adolescent daily smokers. Relationships among biological markers of nicotine dependence (nicotine boost, carbon monoxide [CO] boost and cotinine levels) with existing self-report measures (modified Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire [mFTQ] and the motivations for smoking scale) were examined. Gender differences were characterized. Fifty adolescents 13-18 years old were recruited for the study, 50% female. CO, plasma nicotine levels pre- and postcigarette, cotinine, and smoking topography were measured during a smoking bout with participant's usual cigarette. Average CO boost, pre- to postcigarette was 7.2 + 3.6 ppm, baseline cotinine level averaged 224.0 +/- 169.6 ng/ml and nicotine boost averaged 23.4 +/- 21.7 ng/ml. Mean puffs per cigarette was 14.2 +/- 6.3. Males had significantly higher total puff volumes, but similar smoke constituent exposure to females, and higher handling of cigarettes as smoking motive. In regression analysis, 35% of variance in tobacco use, as indicated by baseline cotinine concentration, was explained by maximum puff duration, postcigarette CO level, and nicotine dependence, as measured by the mFTQ. Results indicated adolescents had considerable smoke constituent exposure and nicotine dependence suggesting the importance of appropriate smoking cessation treatment. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Cotinine/analysis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Ganglionic Stimulants/pharmacology, Humans, Male, Nicotine/pharmacology, Sex Factors, Smoking/psychology, Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Use Disorder/physiopathology/psychology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Wood,T., Wewers,M. E., Groner,J., Ahijevych,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoke-free air laws and quit attempts: Evidence for a moderating role of spontaneous self-affirmation	2015	Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, USA. Electronic address: persoskie@gmail.com.; Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Canc	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Social science & medicine (1982) Periodical, Abbrev. Soc.Sci.Med. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 141 Issue Start Page 46 Other Pages 55 Notes CI: Published by Elsevier Ltd.; JID: 8303205; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/10/27 [received]; 2015/07/15 [revised]; 2015/07/17 [accepted]; 2015/07/20 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-5347; 0277-9536 Accession Number PMID: 26246033 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.015 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26246033 Abstract BACKGROUND: In addition to their primary goal of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke, smoke-free air laws may also encourage intentions to quit smoking, quit attempts, and cessation among smokers. However, laws may not encourage quitting if smokers feel threatened by them and react defensively. OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether spontaneous self-affirmation - the extent to which people think about their values or strengths when they feel threatened - may reduce smokers' reactance to smoke-free laws, enhancing the ability of the laws to encourage quitting. METHOD: We linked state-level information on the comprehensiveness of U.S. smoke-free laws (compiled in January, 2013 by the American Lung Association) with data from a U.S. health survey (Health Information National Trends Survey) collected from September-December, 2013 (N = 345 current smokers; 587 former smokers). RESULTS: Smoke-free laws interacted with self-affirmation to predict quit attempts in the past year and intentions to quit in the next six months: Smokers higher in self-affirmation reported more quit attempts and quit intentions if they lived in states with more comprehensive smoke-free laws. There was some evidence of a "boomerang" effect (i.e., less likelihood of making a quit attempt) among smokers low in self-affirmation if living in states with more comprehensive smoke-free laws, but this effect was significant only among smokers extremely low in self-affirmation. For quit intentions, there was no evidence for a boomerang effect of smoke-free laws even among smokers extremely low in self-affirmation. More comprehensive smoke-free laws were not associated with smoking status (former vs. current smoker) or average amount smoked per day, nor did they interact with self-affirmation to predict these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of smoke-free policies on quit attempts and quit intentions may be moderated by psychological characteristics such as the tendency to spontaneously self-affirm. Follow-ups should experimentally manipulate self-affirmation and examine effects of smoke-free laws in controlled contexts. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Persoskie,A., Ferrer,R.A., Taber,J.M., Klein,W.M., Parascandola,M., Harris,P.R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150720 PMCID Editors
Smokeless and flavored tobacco products in the U.S.: 2009 Styles survey results	2012	Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Preventive Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 42 Issue 1 Start Page 29 Other Pages 36 Notes CI: Published by Elsevier Inc.; JID: 8704773; 0 (Flavoring Agents); 2011/04/04 [received]; 2011/07/01 [revised]; 2011/08/31 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-2607; 0749-3797 Accession Number PMID: 22176843 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.08.019 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22176843 Abstract BACKGROUND: A number of noncigarette tobacco products, including some novel products, recently have been marketed by the tobacco industry, which raises concerns from tobacco control authorities. PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess current popularity of several noncigarette tobacco products in the U.S. METHODS: In 2009, a total of 10,587 adults completed a consumer mail-in survey (ConsumerStyles). Based on survey results, the weighted percentages of adults who heard and tried snus, dissolvable tobacco products, flavored little cigars, and flavored cigarettes were computed in 2010. A subset of this sample (n=4556) completed the HealthStyles survey, which included items about health perceptions of these products and use in the past 30 days. RESULTS: The percentage of U.S. adults in the sample who were aware of these products ranged from 10.4% (dissolvable tobacco) to 44.6% (flavored little cigars). One third of adults who had heard of flavored little cigars tried them and 10.1% had used them in the past 30 days; among those who had heard of them, 27.4% tried flavored cigarettes and 12.6% tried snus. In general, young adults, men, and smokers were most likely to have heard of each product. At least one third of adults were uncertain if these products were as harmful as cigarettes (range=37.3% [snus] to 50.3% [dissolvable tobacco]). CONCLUSIONS: The awareness of these tobacco products in this sample varied. Groups with a higher prevalence of smoking and tobacco use (e.g., men, people with low levels of education) may be a target audience for marketing and promotions. As availability of products change, continued surveillance is warranted in the U.S. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Regan,A.K., Dube,S.R., Arrazola,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smokeless and other noncigarette tobacco use and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study based on direct interviews	2004	Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics. National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology Periodical, Abbrev. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 13 Issue 1 Start Page 55 Other Pages 58 Notes LR: 20071114; GR: N01-CN-05225/CN/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: N01-CN-05227/CN/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: N01-CN-31022/CN/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: N01-CP-51090/CP/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: N01-CP51089/CP/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: N01 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1055-9965; 1055-9965 Accession Number PMID: 14744733 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 14744733 Abstract Cigarette smoking is an important and well-established cause of pancreatic cancer. In contrast, little is known about the effects of smoking cigars, pipes, and use of smokeless tobacco on pancreatic cancer risk. The objective of the present study was to examine the association between noncigarette tobacco use (i.e., cigars, pipes, smokeless tobacco) and pancreatic cancer risk among nonsmokers of cigarettes. A population-based case-control study of pancreatic cancer was conducted during 1986-1989 among residents of Atlanta, Georgia, Detroit, Michigan, and 10 counties in New Jersey. Direct interviews were successfully completed with 526 newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer patients and 2153 controls ages 30-79 years. This analysis was restricted to lifelong nonsmokers of cigarettes and based on interviews with 154 cases newly diagnosed with carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas and 844 population controls who reported no history of cigarette smoking. We observed a consistent pattern of increased risk associated with cigar smoking, although these elevations were not statistically significant. Participants who smoked cigars regularly (i.e., at least one cigar/week for >/=6 months) experienced a 70% increased risk [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9-3.3], and those who never used other form of tobacco had a 90% increased risk (95% CI: 0.8-4.3). Risk was elevated among those who smoked more than one cigar/day [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8; 95% CI: 0.8-4.2) and among those who smoked cigars > 20 years (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 0.9-3.9). Trends in risk with increasing amount and duration smoked were consistent but not statistically significant (P = 0.17 and P = 0.16, respectively). Subjects who used smokeless tobacco regularly had a 40% increased risk of pancreatic cancer (95% CI: 0.5-3.6) compared with nonusers of tobacco. We observed a marginally significant increasing risk with increased use of smokeless tobacco (P = 0.04); participants who used >2.5 oz of smokeless tobacco a week had an OR of 3.5 (95% CI: 1.1-11). Long-term use of smokeless tobacco (i.e., >20 years) was also associated with a nonsignificant increased risk (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 0.6-4.0). In contrast, pipe smokers experienced no increased risk (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.1-2.8). Our results suggest that heavy use of smokeless tobacco, and to a lesser extent, cigar smoking may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer among nonsmokers of cigarettes. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Data Collection, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pancreatic Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology, Risk Factors, Tobacco, Smokeless/adverse effects, United States/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Alguacil,J., Silverman,D. T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoker identity among occasional smokers: findings from Minnesota	2013	Centre for Health Initiatives, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. lee.jeongkyu@gmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Health Behavior Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Health Behav. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 37 Issue 4 Start Page 525 Other Pages 530 Notes JID: 9602338; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1945-7359; 1087-3244 Accession Number PMID: 23985233 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.5993/AJHB.37.4.10 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23985233 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To investigate characteristics of occasional smokers who deny being smokers (ie, deniers). METHODS: Data were from 3 rounds of the Minnesota Adult Tobacco Survey (MATS 2003, 2007, and 2010), a statewide, cross-sectional, and random-digit-dial telephone survey. RESULTS: Nearly half of occasional smokers did not view themselves as smokers. Characteristics that were predictive of being a denier included less perceived harm from secondhand smoke, fewer days smoked, and fewer cigarettes smoked per day. CONCLUSIONS: Denial of being a smoker is primarily characterized by very light smoking. Future communication efforts should be tailored for this group. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lee,J.K., Boyle,R.G., D'Silva,J., St Claire,A.W., Whittet,M.N., Kinney,A.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smokers deprived of cigarettes for 72 h: effect of nicotine patches on craving and withdrawal	2002	GlaxoSmithKline SpA, Medicine Research Centre, Via A. Fleming N 4, 37135 Verona, Italy. vt46971@gsk.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Psychopharmacology Periodical, Abbrev. Psychopharmacology (Berl) Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 164 Issue 2 Start Page 177 Other Pages 187 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 7608025; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); WI4X0X7BPJ (Hydrocortisone); 2002/01/23 [received]; 2002/06/17 [accepted]; 2002/08/27 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 0033-3158; 0033-3158 Accession Number PMID: 12404080 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Comparative Study; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; IM DOI 10.1007/s00213-002-1176-1 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12404080 Abstract RATIONALE: Research on the effects of nicotine abstinence and nicotine replacement has not provided consistent information about the impact of replacement therapies on tobacco withdrawal and craving. OBJECTIVE: . This study investigated craving and withdrawal symptoms over a 72-h period of abstinence from cigarettes. METHODS: . Twenty-four healthy volunteers, not intending to quit smoking, were housed in an experimental unit during three 72-h conditions, consisting of either free smoking, enforced smoking cessation with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches, or enforced smoking cessation with placebo patches. The conditions were adhered to using a randomized crossover design, each separated by at least 10 days of washout. Patches, administered in a double-blind fashion, were given as nicotine (21 mg/24 h) and placebo every 24 h. Self-reported cigarette craving and withdrawal were assessed using multi-item scales at fixed intervals over each condition period. Urinary and plasma cortisol levels were also assayed at fixed intervals over each period. RESULTS: Craving intensity was significantly lower with free smoke than with placebo and with NRT patches than with placebo. No difference in craving levels was found between those who smoked or those who had NRT patches. Withdrawal symptoms were significantly lower with free smoke than with either placebo or NRT patches, but there was no difference in levels of withdrawal between those on NRT patches and those on placebo. During the placebo and NRT patch periods, craving intensity displayed a circadian rhythm, with craving levels lowest in the morning and peaking in the evening. Nicotine delivered via the patch had no impact on these circadian variations in craving. There was no evidence of systematic temporal variations in craving levels during the free smoking period. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggested that craving and withdrawal symptoms may be sustained by different physiological pathways, and that only selected components of cigarette craving are influenced by NRT. Descriptors Administration, Cutaneous, Adult, Blood Pressure/drug effects, Carbon Monoxide/metabolism, Cotinine/chemistry, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Female, Heart Rate/drug effects, Humans, Hydrocortisone/blood/metabolism/urine, Male, Nicotine/administration & dosage/therapeutic use, Random Allocation, Saliva/drug effects/metabolism, Smoking/drug therapy/physiopathology/psychology, Smoking Cessation, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/drug therapy/physiopathology/psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Teneggi,V., Tiffany,S. T., Squassante,L., Milleri,S., Ziviani,L., Bye,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20020827 PMCID Editors

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