Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title | Pub Year | Author | SearchLink Sort descending |
|---|---|---|---|
| Impact of Australia's introduction of tobacco plain packs on adult smokers' pack-related perceptions and responses: results from a continuous tracking survey | 2014 | Department of Cancer Screening and Prevention, Cancer Institute New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.; Department of Cancer Epidem | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
BMJ open
Periodical, Abbrev.
BMJ Open
Pub Date Free Form
18-Dec
Volume
4
Issue
12
Start Page
e005836
Other Pages
2014-005836
Notes
LR: 20160603; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.; JID: 101552874; EIN: BMJ Open. 2015;5(8):e005836corr1
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
2044-6055; 2044-6055
Accession Number
PMID: 25524542
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005836 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25524542
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of Australia's plain tobacco packaging policy on two stated purposes of the legislation--increasing the impact of health warnings and decreasing the promotional appeal of packaging--among adult smokers. DESIGN: Serial cross-sectional study with weekly telephone surveys (April 2006-May 2013). Interrupted time-series analyses using ARIMA modelling and linear regression models were used to investigate intervention effects. PARTICIPANTS: 15,745 adult smokers (aged 18 years and above) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Random selection of participants involved recruiting households using random digit dialling and selecting the nth oldest smoker for interview. INTERVENTION: The introduction of the legislation on 1 October 2012. OUTCOMES: Salience of tobacco pack health warnings, cognitive and emotional responses to warnings, avoidance of warnings, perceptions regarding one's cigarette pack. RESULTS: Adjusting for background trends, seasonality, antismoking advertising activity and cigarette costliness, results from ARIMA modelling showed that, 2-3 months after the introduction of the new packs, there was a significant increase in the absolute proportion of smokers having strong cognitive (9.8% increase, p=0.005), emotional (8.6% increase, p=0.01) and avoidant (9.8% increase, p=0.0005) responses to on-pack health warnings. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the proportion of smokers strongly disagreeing that the look of their cigarette pack is attractive (57.5% increase, p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Dunlop,S.M., Dobbins,T., Young,J.M., Perez,D., Currow,D.C.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141218
PMCID
PMC4275762
Editors
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| Overlap of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome in the general population | 2015 | Research Unit of General Practice, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
Periodical, Abbrev.
Scand.J.Gastroenterol.
Pub Date Free Form
Feb
Volume
50
Issue
2
Start Page
162
Other Pages
169
Notes
LR: 20151119; JID: 0060105; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/12/19 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1502-7708; 0036-5521
Accession Number
PMID: 25525975
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.3109/00365521.2014.983157 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25525975
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are common functional gastrointestinal conditions with significant impact on the daily lives of individuals. The objective was to investigate the prevalence and overlap of the three conditions in a Western general population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A nationwide study of 100,000 individuals 20 years and above, randomly selected in the general population. A web-based questionnaire survey formed the basis of this study. Questions regarding FD and IBS were extracted from the ROME III adult questionnaire. Questions regarding GERD were developed based on the Montreal definition. Prevalence estimates for GERD, FD IBS were calculated in total and for each sex separately and for four age groups. A Venn diagram was constructed, illustrating the overlap between the three conditions. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 52.2%. The prevalence of GERD, FD and IBS was 11.2%, 7.7% and 10.5%, respectively, and overlap between two or three of these conditions was seen among 6.5% of the respondents. Among individuals meeting the criteria of one or more of the conditions GERD, FD and IBS, 30.7% had overlap between two or all three conditions. CONCLUSION: GERD, FD and IBS are common conditions in the general population and the overlap between these conditions is also quite common. When diagnosing patients with GERD, FD and IBS, physicians should keep in mind that these patients could be suffering from more than one of these conditions.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Rasmussen,S., Jensen,T.H., Henriksen,S.L., Haastrup,P.F., Larsen,P.V., Sondergaard,J., Jarbol,D.E.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141219
PMCID
Editors
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| Quit history, intentions to quit, and reasons for considering quitting among tobacco users in India: findings from the Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation India Wave 1 Survey | 2014 | Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Indian journal of cancer
Periodical, Abbrev.
Indian J.Cancer
Pub Date Free Form
Dec
Volume
51 Suppl 1
Issue
Start Page
S39
Other Pages
45
Notes
LR: 20151028; GR: 115216/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada; GR: 79551/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada; GR: P01 CA138389/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: P01-CA138389/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 0112040; NIHMS708516; OID:
Place of Publication
India
ISSN/ISBN
1998-4774; 0019-509X
Accession Number
PMID: 25526247
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.4103/0019-509X.147467 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25526247
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Global Adult Tobacco Survey India 2009-2010 revealed that more than one-third (35%) of adults in India use tobacco in some form: 21% use smokeless tobacco, 9% smoke, and 5% are mixed users (they smoke and use smokeless tobacco), and the quit rate is very low. In an effort to decrease prevalence of tobacco use, it is thus important to understand the factors that are related to intention to quit among Indian tobacco users. Research has shown consistently that intention to quit is a strong predictor of future quitting. The present study reports the factors encouraging quitting tobacco products in India. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional data from Wave 1 of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation India Survey conducted in four cities and surrounding rural areas (i.e. Mumbai [Maharashtra], Patna [Bihar], Indore [Madhya Pradesh], and Kolkata [West Bengal]) between August 2010 and December 2011 were analyzed. A total of 8051 tobacco users (15+ years) were randomly sampled from 8586 households: 1255 smokers, 5991 smokeless users, and 805 mixed (smoke and smokeless) users. Validated, standardized questions were asked about current tobacco use, intention to quit, and factors encouraging quitting. RESULTS: Overall, 19.6% of tobacco users intended to quit. Smokers had less intention to quit as compared to smokeless tobacco users whereas mixed users had more intention to quit (odds ratio [OR] =1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.12-1.97) compared to smokeless tobacco users. Highly educated people were more likely to report intention to quit (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.09-3.02) compared to less educated. Advice by doctors to quit tobacco had a strong impact on intention to quit (OR = 1.68, CI = 1.29-2.15). Tobacco users who were exposed to antitobacco messages at work places (OR = 1.74, CI = 1.23-2.46), at restaurants (OR = 1.65, CI = 1.12-2.43), bars (OR = 1.81, CI = 1.07-3.06), on public transportation (OR = 2.14, CI = 1.49-3.08) and on tobacco packages (OR = 1.77, CI = 1.29-2.14) also expressed greater intention to quit tobacco use. CONCLUSION: Around one-fifth of tobacco users in India intended to quit tobacco use. Higher education, doctor's advice, and antitobacco messages were positively associated with users' intention to quit tobacco.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Dhumal,G.G., Pednekar,M.S., Gupta,P.C., Sansone,G.C., Quah,A.C., Bansal-Travers,M., Fong,G.T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC4527990
Editors
|
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| Women and tobacco: a cross sectional study from North India | 2014 | Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Indian journal of cancer
Periodical, Abbrev.
Indian J.Cancer
Pub Date Free Form
Dec
Volume
51 Suppl 1
Issue
Start Page
S78
Other Pages
82
Notes
JID: 0112040; ppublish
Place of Publication
India
ISSN/ISBN
1998-4774; 0019-509X
Accession Number
PMID: 25526254
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.4103/0019-509X.147478 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25526254
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tobacco is a leading risk factor for different types of diseases globally. Tobacco smoking by women is culturally unacceptable in India, but still women smoke tobacco at various times of their life. AIMS: The aim was to estimate the prevalence and pattern of tobacco use among women and to study the associated sociodemographic factors. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted among women aged 30 years or over in an urban resettlement colony for the migrant population at Chandigarh, India. METHODOLOGY: The study included women used tobacco products on one or more days within the past 30 days. Through systematic random sampling, 262 women were studied. As a part of the study 144 bidi smoking women were interviewed using detailed semi-structured questionnaire. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing with Chi-squared test and logistic regression were done using SPSS 16.0 version. RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of tobacco use was 29.4% and that of bidi, zarda and hookah were 19.8%, 8.8%, and 2.7%, respectively. Around 6.2% women used tobacco during pregnancy. Teenage was the most common age of initiation of bidi smoking. Logistic regression analysis showed that the prevalence of tobacco use was high among Hindu unemployed women with no formal education belonged to scheduled caste, and those having grandchildren. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted high rates of tobacco use and explored both individual and family factors related to tobacco use among women. Affordable, culturally acceptable, sustainable and gender-sensitive individual and community-specific interventions will reduce the prevalence and effects of tobacco use.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Kathirvel,S., Thakur,J.S., Sharma,S.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| Which nicotine products are gateways to regular use? First-tried tobacco and current use in college students | 2015 | Oklahoma State University, Department of Psychology, Stillwater; Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Electronic address: ellen.meier@okstate.edu.; Oklahoma State University, Department of Psychology, Stillwater; Oklahoma Tobacco Res | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Prev.Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
48
Issue
1 Suppl 1
Start Page
S86
Other Pages
93
Notes
CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 8704773; 2014/05/08 [received]; 2014/09/17 [revised]; 2014/09/24 [accepted]; ppublish
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
1873-2607; 0749-3797
Accession Number
PMID: 25528714
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.amepre.2014.09.018 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25528714
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The potential for emerging tobacco products (ETPs) to be gateway products for further tobacco use among youth is of significant concern. PURPOSE: To examine use of various nicotine-containing products on a tobacco-free college campus and whether the first product tried predicts subsequent tobacco use. METHODS: Undergraduate students (N=1,304) at a large university completed an online survey of past/current use of cigarettes; smokeless tobacco (SLT); hookah; ETPs (dissolvables, snus, and electronic cigarettes); and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Data were collected from September 2012 to May 2013 and analyses were conducted from June to September 2013. Students were classified as single, dual, or poly tobacco users. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 79.5% non-users, 13.8% single, 4.4% dual, and 1.5% poly users. Overall, 49.4% of participants reported trying a tobacco product. Hookah was the most tried product (38%), but cigarettes were most often the first product ever tried (51%). First product tried did not predict current tobacco use and non-use, but individuals who first tried SLT or cigarettes (rather than hookah or ETPs) were more likely to be poly tobacco users. Current tobacco users who first tried ETPs or hookah were largely non-daily users of hookah; current tobacco users who first tried cigarettes or SLT were largely non-daily or daily users of cigarettes/SLT. CONCLUSIONS: Hookah and ETPs are increasingly becoming the first tobacco product ever tried by youth; however, uptake of ETPs is poor, unlike cigarettes and SLT, and does not appear to lead to significant daily/non-daily use of cigarettes and SLT.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc
Data Source
Authors
Meier,E.M., Tackett,A.P., Miller,M.B., Grant,D.M., Wagener,T.L.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| In vitro susceptibility of amphotericin-B, voriconazole and caspofungin against Candida guilliermondii biofilms, isolated from dentals units water pipes, under different growth phases | 2015 | Laboratory of Antibiotics Antifungals: physico-chemistry, synthesis and biological activity, Department of Biology, Tlemcen University, BP119 Imama, Tlemcen, Algeria. Electronic address: wissame85@yahoo.fr.; Laboratory of Antibiotics Antifungals: physico- | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal de mycologie medicale
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Mycol.Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Mar
Volume
25
Issue
1
Start Page
57
Other Pages
62
Notes
CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 9425651; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); JFU09I87TR (Voriconazole); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/08/22 [received]; 2014/10/01 [revised]; 2014/10/30 [accepted]; 2014/11/08 [
Place of Publication
France
ISSN/ISBN
1773-0449; 1156-5233
Accession Number
PMID: 25533329
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.10.027 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25533329
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The dental units water pipes are a favorable medium for biofilms formation because of the small diameter of the pipe and the duration of water stagnation, but the question which arises is the nature of the biofilms which are formed inside? This article gives a progress report on the nature of this microbial contamination and precisely the fungal biofilms formation by examining their susceptibility to antifungal agents under different growth phases. METHODS: Sixteen samples of dental units water pipes were taken from public dental clinic and from stomatology unit at the university hospital of Tlemcen (Algeria). The isolated strains were identified by the conventional mycological methods and were analyzed to determine their minimal concentrations inhibiting their growth (planktonic and sessile forms) using three antifungal agents. RESULTS: Five strains type Candida guilliermondii were identified and analyzed for their resistance to antifungal agents. Antifungal susceptibility testing demonstrated the sensitivity of all planktonic Candida guilliermondii cells against amphotericin-B, voriconzole and caspofungin but the sessile cells of these strains revealed a less susceptibility to antifungal agents and even a resistance when the biofilm made mature. CONCLUSION: Several types of yeast contaminated the dental units water pipes and especially Candida guilliermondii that was the most founded. This specie was susceptible to antifungal agents under planctonic forms and resistance where the biofilm made mature.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Masson SAS
Data Source
Authors
Mazari,W., Boucherit-Otmani,Z., Boucherit,K.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141108
PMCID
Editors
|
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| E-cigarette use and intentions to smoke among 10-11-year-old never-smokers in Wales | 2016 | Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), Cardiff University, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff, UK.; Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Mar
Volume
25
Issue
2
Start Page
147
Other Pages
152
Notes
LR: 20160324; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/; GR: MR/K021400/1/Medical Research Council/U
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-3318; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 25535293
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052011 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25535293
Abstract
BACKGROUND: E-cigarettes are seen by some as offering harm reduction potential, where used effectively as smoking cessation devices. However, there is emerging international evidence of growing use among young people, amid concerns that this may increase tobacco uptake. Few UK studies examine the prevalence of e-cigarette use in non-smoking children or associations with intentions to smoke. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of year 6 (10-11-year-old) children in Wales. Approximately 1500 children completed questions on e-cigarette use, parental and peer smoking, and intentions to smoke. Logistic regression analyses among never smoking children, adjusted for school-level clustering, examined associations of smoking norms with e-cigarette use, and of e-cigarette use with intentions to smoke tobacco within the next 2 years. RESULTS: Approximately 6% of year 6 children, including 5% of never smokers, reported having used an e-cigarette. By comparison to children whose parents neither smoked nor used e-cigarettes, children were most likely to have used an e-cigarette if parents used both tobacco and e-cigarettes (OR=3.40; 95% CI 1.73 to 6.69). Having used an e-cigarette was associated with intentions to smoke (OR=3.21; 95% CI 1.66 to 6.23). While few children reported that they would smoke in 2 years' time, children who had used an e-cigarette were less likely to report that they definitely would not smoke tobacco in 2 years' time and were more likely to say that they might. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarettes represent a new form of childhood experimentation with nicotine. Findings are consistent with a hypothesis that children use e-cigarettes to imitate parental and peer smoking behaviours, and that e-cigarette use is associated with weaker antismoking intentions.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Moore,G.F., Littlecott,H.J., Moore,L., Ahmed,N., Holliday,J.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141222
PMCID
PMC4789807
Editors
|
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| Water pipe tobacco smoking in the United States: findings from the National Adult Tobacco Survey | 2015 | Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. Electronic address: rsalloum@sc.edu.; Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public He | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Preventive medicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
Prev.Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Feb
Volume
71
Issue
Start Page
88
Other Pages
93
Notes
LR: 20160202; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 0322116; 059QF0KO0R (Water); NIHMS651207; OID: NLM: NIHMS651207; OID: NLM: PMC4423406; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/07/02 [received]; 2014/12/08 [revised]; 2014/12/12 [accepte
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1096-0260; 0091-7435
Accession Number
PMID: 25535678
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.12.012 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25535678
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To report prevalence and correlates of water pipe tobacco smoking (WTS) use among U.S. adults. METHODS: Data were from the 2009-2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Estimates of WTS ever and current use were reported overall, and by sex, age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, annual household income, sexual orientation, and cigarette smoking status. State-level prevalence rates of WTS ever were reported using choropleth thematic maps for the overall population and by sex. RESULTS: The national prevalence of WTS ever was 9.8% and 1.5% for current use. WTS ever was more prevalent among those who are male (13.4%), 18-24 years old (28.4%) compared to older adults, non-Hispanic White (9.8%) compared to non-Hispanic Black, with some college education (12.4%) compared to no high school diploma, and reporting sexual minority status (21.1%) compared to heterosexuals. States with highest prevalence included DC (17.3%), NV (15.8%), and CA (15.5%). CONCLUSION: WTS is now common among young adults in the US and high in regions where cigarette smoking prevalence is the lowest and smoke-free policies have a longer history. To reduce its use, WTS should be included in smoke-free regulations and state and federal regulators should consider policy development in other areas, including taxes, labeling, and distribution.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Inc
Data Source
Authors
Salloum,R.G., Thrasher,J.F., Kates,F.R., Maziak,W.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141220
PMCID
PMC4423406
Editors
|
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| Leaching of lead from new unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) pipes into drinking water | 2015 | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Environmental science and pollution research international
Periodical, Abbrev.
Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.Int.
Pub Date Free Form
Jun
Volume
22
Issue
11
Start Page
8405
Other Pages
8411
Notes
JID: 9441769; 0 (Chelating Agents); 0 (Chloramines); 0 (Disinfectants); 0 (Drinking Water); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 10599-90-3 (chloramine); 2P299V784P (Lead); 4R7X1O2820 (Chlorine); 9002-86-2 (Polyvinyl Chloride); 9G34HU7RV0 (Edetic Acid); 2014/1
Place of Publication
Germany
ISSN/ISBN
1614-7499; 0944-1344
Accession Number
PMID: 25539706
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1007/s11356-014-3999-9 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25539706
Abstract
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) pipes have been used in the premise plumbing system due to their high strength, long-term durability, and low cost. uPVC pipes, however, may contain lead due to the use of lead compounds as the stabilizer during the manufacturing process. The release of lead from three locally purchased uPVC pipes was investigated in this study. The effects of various water quality parameters including pH value, temperature, and type of disinfectant on the rate of lead release were examined. The elemental mapping obtained using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) confirmed the presence of lead on the inner surfaces of the uPVC pipes and their surface lead weight percentages were determined. The leachable lead concentration for each pipe was determined using high strength acidic EDTA solutions (pH 4, EDTA = 100 mg/L). Lead leaching experiments using tap water and reconstituted tape water under static conditions showed that the rate of lead release increased with the decreasing pH value and increasing temperature. In the presence of monochloramine, lead release was faster than that in the presence of free chlorine.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Zhang,Y., Lin,Y.P.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141225
PMCID
Editors
|
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| Standardised (plain) cigarette packaging increases attention to both text-based and graphical health warnings: experimental evidence | 2015 | Department of Psychology, City University London, London, UK; Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.; Department of Psychology, City University London, London, UK.; Department of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Lond | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Public health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Public Health
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
129
Issue
1
Start Page
37
Other Pages
42
Notes
LR: 20160713; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: 09401/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; GR: 100714/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; GR: BB/K01479X/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom; JID: 0376507; OID: NLM: PMC4315810; OTO: NOTNL
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
1476-5616; 0033-3506
Accession Number
PMID: 25542740
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.puhe.2014.10.019 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25542740
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether standardised cigarette packaging increases the time spent looking at health warnings, regardless of the format of those warnings. STUDY DESIGN: A factorial (two pack styles x three warning types) within-subject experiment, with participants randomised to different orders of conditions, completed at a university in London, UK. METHODS: Mock-ups of cigarette packets were presented to participants with their branded portion in either standardised (plain) or manufacturer-designed (branded) format. Health warnings were present on all packets, representing all three types currently in use in the UK: black & white text, colour text, or colour images with accompanying text. Gaze position was recorded using a specialised eye tracker, providing the main outcome measure, which was the mean proportion of a five-second viewing period spent gazing at the warning-label region of the packet. RESULTS: An opportunity sample of 30 (six male, mean age = 23) young adults met the following inclusion criteria: 1) not currently a smoker; 2) 50% viewing time. These participants spent a greater proportion of the available time gazing at the warning-label region when the branded section of the pack was standardised (following current Australian guidelines) rather than containing the manufacturer's preferred design (mean difference in proportions = 0.078, 95% confidence interval 0.049 to 0.106, p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Data Source
Authors
Shankleman,M., Sykes,C., Mandeville,K.L., Di Costa,S., Yarrow,K.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141224
PMCID
PMC4315810
Editors
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