WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Awareness and determinants of electronic cigarette use among Finnish adolescents in 2013: a population-based study	2015	School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.; Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.; School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.; School of	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 24 Issue e4 Start Page e264 Other Pages 70 Notes LR: 20160129; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC4717372; OTO: NO Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 24827977 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051512 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24827977 Abstract BACKGROUND: A wide range of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are now on the market. We studied e-cigarette awareness and use, determinants and sources of e-cigarettes, the e-liquids used in them and exposure to e-cigarette advertisements among adolescents in Finland. Among smokers, we studied the association of e-cigarette use and interest in smoking cessation. METHOD: Data were obtained from a national survey of 12-18-year-old Finnish adolescents in 2013 (N=3535, response rate 38%). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used. RESULTS: Of the respondents, 85.3% knew what e-cigarettes were; 17.4% had tried them. E-liquids with nicotine were used most often (65.7%); also those who had never tried conventional cigarettes had used them. Of e-cigarette ever users, 8.3% had never tried smoking. Parents' high level of education, being in employment, and intact family protected against children's e-cigarette use. In the final model, daily smoking (OR 41.35; 95% CI 25.2 to 67.8), snus use (2.96; 2.4-4.0), waterpipe use (2.21; 1.6-3.0), children's vocational education (2.06; 1.4-3.1) and poor school performance (1.92; 1.4-3.0) were associated with e-cigarette experimentation. Those smokers with most experience of e-cigarettes were least likely to consider smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness and experimentation with e-cigarettes are high among adolescents, especially in older age groups and boys. Nicotine e-liquids are easy to acquire for youth. Having similar risk factors, e-cigarette use seems to follow the model of conventional smoking initiation. Among adolescent smokers, use of e-cigarettes does not clearly relate to interest in smoking cessation. Preventive policies are needed to protect the youth. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kinnunen,J.M., Ollila,H., El-Amin,Sel-T., Pere,L.A., Lindfors,P.L., Rimpela,A.H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140514 PMCID PMC4717372 Editors
Determinants of childhood lead exposure in the postleaded petrol era: The Tooth Fairy cohort from Newcastle upon Tyne	2015	1] Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK [2] MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK.; 1] Institute of Health and Society, Newcas	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Expo.Sci.Environ.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form Jul-Aug Volume 25 Issue 4 Start Page 420 Other Pages 426 Notes JID: 101262796; 0 (Environmental Pollutants); 0 (Gasoline); 2P299V784P (Lead); 2014/06/06 [received]; 2014/09/15 [accepted]; 2014/11/19 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1559-064X; 1559-0631 Accession Number PMID: 25407346 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1038/jes.2014.79 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25407346 Abstract Lead is an environmental contaminant causing irreversible health effects in children. We used dentine lead levels as a measure of early-life lead exposure and explored determinants of lead exposure in children living in Newcastle upon Tyne, a historically industrialised UK city, in a cohort born since legislation was introduced to remove lead from petrol, paint and water pipes. The "Tooth Fairy study" cohort comprised 69 children aged 5-8 years. We collected upper deciduous incisors from children and questionnaire data from their parents in 2005. We measured lead levels in pre- and postnatal enamel and dentine using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and assessed associations between dentine lead levels and residential, dietary, lifestyle and socio-economic characteristics. Dentine lead levels were low (mean 0.26 mug/g, range 0.06-0.77); however, we observed considerable variability in dentine lead levels within and between children suggestive of differing exposure levels and/or exposure sources across this population. Variables earlier documented to be associated with childhood lead levels were not found to be significant determinants of dentine lead levels in this study. Exposure pathways should continue to be investigated to enable targeted interventions and prevention of lead-induced health impacts in vulnerable populations. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hodgson,S., Manmee,C., Dirks,W., Shepherd,T., Pless-Mulloli,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141119 PMCID Editors
Factors associated with smoking frequency among current waterpipe smokers in the United States: Findings from the National College Health Assessment II	2015	Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; Department of Health Ou	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Drug and alcohol dependence Periodical, Abbrev. Drug Alcohol Depend. Pub Date Free Form 1-Aug Volume 153 Issue Start Page 359 Other Pages 363 Notes LR: 20160801; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7513587; NIHMS693785; OID: NLM: NIHMS693785; OID: NLM: PMC4821569; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/03/04 [received]; 2015/05/02 [r Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 1879-0046; 0376-8716 Accession Number PMID: 26036602 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.015 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26036602 Abstract BACKGROUND: Some waterpipe smokers exhibit nicotine dependent behaviors such as increased use over time and inability to quit, placing them at high risk of adverse health outcomes. This study examines the determinants of dependence by measuring frequency of use among current waterpipe smokers using a large national U.S. METHODS: Data were drawn from four waves (Spring/Fall 2009 and Spring/Fall 2010) of the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment datasets. The sample was restricted to students who smoked a waterpipe at least once in the past 30 days (N=19,323). Ordered logistic regression modeled the factors associated with higher frequency of waterpipe smoking. RESULTS: Among current waterpipe smokers, 6% used a waterpipe daily or almost daily (20-29 days). Daily cigarette smokers were at higher odds of smoking a waterpipe at higher frequencies compared with non-smokers of cigarettes (OR=1.81; 95% CI=1.61-2.04). There was a strong association between daily cigar smoking and higher frequency of waterpipe smoking (OR=7.77; 95% CI=5.49-11.02). Similarly, students who used marijuana had higher odds of smoking a waterpipe at higher frequencies (OR=1.57; 95% CI=1.37-1.81). CONCLUSIONS: Daily consumers of other addictive substances are at a higher risk of intensive waterpipe smoking and thus higher risk of waterpipe dependence. Intervention programs must incorporate methods to reduce waterpipe dependence and subsequently prevent its deleterious health effects. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ireland Ltd Data Source Authors Haider,M.R., Salloum,R.G., Islam,F., Ortiz,K.S., Kates,F.R., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150521 PMCID PMC4821569 Editors
Waterpipe (shisha) smoking among adolescents in Germany: Results of the KiGGS study: first follow-up (KiGGS Wave 1)	2015	Abteilung fur Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch-Institut, General-Pape-Str. 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Deutschland, b.kuntz@rki.de.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz Periodical, Abbrev. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 58 Issue 5-Apr Start Page 467 Other Pages 473 Notes LR: 20160707; JID: 101181368; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1437-1588; 1436-9990 Accession Number PMID: 25665891 Language ger SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1007/s00103-015-2128-3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25665891 Abstract BACKGROUND: At the beginning of the 21st century, waterpipe (shisha) smoking has become a new and global youth trend in tobacco consumption. Despite the fact that this type of tobacco use can also lead to serious health problems, there are only a few studies on this topic in Germany. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of waterpipe smoking among 12- to 17-year-old adolescents. Age- and sex-related differences were analyzed and, for the first time in Germany, the association between parental socioeconomic status and waterpipe use was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the first follow-up of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Wave 1), which was conducted from 2009 to 2012. Waterpipe smoking was assessed among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years using three items (n = 4,543). We calculated prevalence rates and age-adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of waterpipe use was 28.9 % (95 % CI: 26.9-31.0). Approximately one fifth (20.6 %; 95 % CI: 18.8-22.6) of the adolescents reported waterpipe use in the past 12 months, one tenth (10.0 %; 95 % CI: 8.6-11.6) reported current use (at least once during the past 30 days). In both sexes, prevalence increased with age. Waterpipe smoking rates were significantly higher among boys than girls, while no significant differences were found regarding parental socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable number of adolescents in Germany are at least occasional waterpipe (shisha) smokers. Because of waterpipe related health and addiction risks that are often underestimated by adolescents, specific health education and prevention measures are necessary. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kuntz,B., Lampert,T., KiGGS Study Group Original/Translated Title Wasserpfeifenkonsum (Shisha-Rauchen) bei Jugendlichen in Deutschland : Ergebnisse der KiGGS-Studie - Erste Folgebefragung (KiGGS Welle 1) URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The effect of a 12-week moderate intensity interval training program on the antioxidant defense capability and lipid profile in men smoking cigarettes or hookah: a cohort study	2015	Laboratory of Pharmacology, Sfax Medicine Faculty SMF, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia ; Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, and Hormonal Adaptations to Muscular Exercise, Ibn El Jazzar Medicine Faculty, Avenue Mohamed Karoui, 4002 So	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full TheScientificWorldJournal Periodical, Abbrev. ScientificWorldJournal Pub Date Free Form Volume 2015 Issue Start Page 639369 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150212; JID: 101131163; 0 (Lipids); 4Y8F71G49Q (Malondialdehyde); EC 1.11.1.9 (Glutathione Peroxidase); EC 1.15.1.1 (Superoxide Dismutase); EC 1.8.1.7 (Glutathione Reductase); H4N855PNZ1 (alpha-Tocopherol); OID: NLM: PMC4310461; 2014/07/25 [received Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1537-744X; 1537-744X Accession Number PMID: 25664340 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1155/2015/639369 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25664340 Abstract AIM: To examine the impact of interval training program on the antioxidant defense capability and lipid profile in men smoking cigarettes or hookah unable or unwilling to quit smoking. METHODS: Thirty-five participants performed an interval training (2 : 1 work : rest ratio) 3 times a week for 12 weeks at an intensity of 70% of VO2max. All subjects were subjected to a biochemical test session before and after the training program. RESULTS: The increase of total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and alpha-tocopherol, is significant only for cigarette smokers (CS) and hookah smokers (HS) groups. The decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the increase of glutathione reductase (GR) are more pronounced in smokers groups compared to those of nonsmokers (NS). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) increases in NS, CS, and HS groups by 10.1%, 19.5%, and 13.3%, respectively (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Koubaa,A., Triki,M., Trabelsi,H., Baati,H., Sahnoun,Z., Hakim,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150114 PMCID PMC4310461 Editors
Toxicant content, physical properties and biological activity of waterpipe tobacco smoke and its tobacco-free alternatives	2015	Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.; Department of Safety of Pesticides, German	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 24 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page i22 Other Pages i30 Notes LR: 20150319; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.; GR: P50DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R0 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 25666550 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Review; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051907 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25666550 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Waterpipe smoking using sweetened, flavoured tobacco products has become a widespread global phenomenon. In this paper, we review chemical, physical and biological properties of waterpipe smoke. DATA SOURCES: Peer-reviewed publications indexed in major databases between 1991 and 2014. Search keywords included a combination of: waterpipe, narghile, hookah, shisha along with names of chemical compounds and classes of compounds, in addition to terms commonly used in cellular biology and aerosol sizing. STUDY SELECTION: The search was limited to articles published in English which reported novel data on waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) toxicant content, biological activity or particle size and which met various criteria for analytical rigour including: method specificity and selectivity, precision, accuracy and recovery, linearity, range, and stability. DATA EXTRACTION: Multiple researchers reviewed the reports and collectively agreed on which data were pertinent for inclusion. DATA SYNTHESIS: Waterpipe smoke contains significant concentrations of toxicants thought to cause dependence, heart disease, lung disease and cancer in cigarette smokers, and includes 27 known or suspected carcinogens. Waterpipe smoke is a respirable aerosol that induces cellular responses associated with pulmonary and arterial diseases. Except nicotine, smoke generated using tobacco-free preparations marketed for 'health conscious' users contains the same or greater doses of toxicants, with the same cellular effects as conventional products. Toxicant yield data from the analytical laboratory are consistent with studies of exposure biomarkers in waterpipe users. CONCLUSIONS: A sufficient evidence base exists to support public health interventions that highlight the fact that WTS presents a serious inhalation hazard. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Shihadeh,A., Schubert,J., Klaiany,J., El Sabban,M., Luch,A., Saliba,N.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150209 PMCID PMC4345918 Editors
Secondhand smoke emission levels in waterpipe cafes in Doha, Qatar	2015	Tobacco Control Unit, Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; Tobacco Control Unit, Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Center for Global Tobacco Control, Harvard	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 24 Issue e3 Start Page e227 Other Pages 31 Notes CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.; JID: 9209612; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacc Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 25352562 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051717 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25352562 Abstract BACKGROUND: Exposure to the emissions of a tobacco waterpipe is associated with increased health risks among its users as well as those exposed to its secondhand smoke. Waterpipe use is an emerging concern to the tobacco control community, particularly among countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. In 2002, Qatar adopted legislation that prohibited cigarette smoking inside public venues, but exempted tobacco waterpipe smoking. To inform the development and enforcement of effective policy, the impact of cigarette and waterpipe use on indoor air quality was monitored in waterpipe cafes in Doha, Qatar. METHODS: Particulate matter (PM2.5) levels were measured inside and outside of a sample of 40 waterpipe cafes and 16 smoke-free venues in Doha, Qatar between July and October 2012. In addition, the number of waterpipes being smoked and the number of cigarette smokers were counted within each venue. Non-paired and paired sample t tests were used to assess differences in mean PM2.5 measurements between venue type (waterpipe vs smoke-free) and environment (indoor vs outdoor). RESULTS: The mean PM2.5 level inside waterpipe venues (476 mug/m(3)) was significantly higher than the mean PM2.5 level inside smoke-free venues (17 mug/m(3); p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Al Mulla,A., Fanous,N., Seidenberg,A.B., Rees,V.W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141028 PMCID Editors
Lung function profiles and aerobic capacity of adult cigarette and hookah smokers after 12 weeks intermittent training	2015	Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.; Research Unit (EM2S), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.; Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory,	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Libyan journal of medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Libyan J.Med. Pub Date Free Form 17-Feb Volume 10 Issue Start Page 26680 Other Pages Notes LR: 20151028; JID: 101299403; CIN: Libyan J Med. 2015;10:27760. PMID: 25920102; CIN: Libyan J Med. 2015;10:27760. PMID: 25906843; OID: NLM: PMC4332739; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015 [ecollection]; 2014/11/19 [received]; 2015/01/17 [revised]; 2015/01/19 [accepted]; ep Place of Publication Sweden ISSN/ISBN 1819-6357; 1819-6357 Accession Number PMID: 25694204 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.3402/ljm.v10.26680 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25694204 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary function is compromised in most smokers. Yet it is unknown whether exercise training improves pulmonary function and aerobic capacity in cigarette and hookah smokers and whether these smokers respond in a similar way as do non-smokers. AIM: To evaluate the effects of an interval exercise training program on pulmonary function and aerobic capacity in cigarette and hookah smokers. METHODS: Twelve cigarette smokers, 10 hookah smokers, and 11 non-smokers participated in our exercise program. All subjects performed 30 min of interval exercise (2 min of work followed by 1 min of rest) three times a week for 12 weeks at an intensity estimated at 70% of the subject's maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max). Pulmonary function was measured using spirometry, and maximum aerobic capacity was assessed by maximal exercise testing on a treadmill before the beginning and at the end of the exercise training program. RESULTS: As expected, prior to the exercise intervention, the cigarette and hookah smokers had significantly lower pulmonary function than the non-smokers. The 12-week exercise training program did not significantly affect lung function as assessed by spirometry in the non-smoker group. However, it significantly increased both forced expiratory volume in 1 second and peak expiratory flow (PEF) in the cigarette smoker group, and PEF in the hookah smoker group. Our training program had its most notable impact on the cardiopulmonary system of smokers. In the non-smoker and cigarette smoker groups, the training program significantly improved VO2max (4.4 and 4.7%, respectively), v VO2max (6.7 and 5.6%, respectively), and the recovery index (7.9 and 10.5%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: After 12 weeks of interval training program, the increase of VO2max and the decrease of recovery index and resting heart rate in the smoking subjects indicated better exercise tolerance. Although the intermittent training program altered pulmonary function only partially, both aerobic capacity and life quality were improved. Intermittent training should be advised in the clinical setting for subjects with adverse health behaviors. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Koubaa,A., Triki,M., Trabelsi,H., Masmoudi,L., Zeghal,K.N., Sahnoun,Z., Hakim,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150217 PMCID PMC4332739 Editors
'Hookah Smoking - An Age-old Modern Trend'	2015	Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.R College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, India.; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, P.D.M Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of family medicine and primary care Periodical, Abbrev. J.Family Med.Prim.Care. Pub Date Free Form Jan-Mar Volume 4 Issue 1 Start Page 151 Other Pages 4863.152278 Notes LR: 20150331; JID: 101610082; OID: NLM: PMC4366993; ppublish Place of Publication India ISSN/ISBN 2249-4863; 2249-4863 Accession Number PMID: 25811012 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.4103/2249-4863.152278 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25811012 Abstract Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sharma,G., Nagpal,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4366993 Editors
Health effects associated with waterpipe smoking	2015	Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.; Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Department	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 24 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page i31 Other Pages i43 Notes LR: 20150326; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.; JID: 9209612; 059QF0KO0R (Water); OID: NLM: PMC434579 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 25661414 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051908 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25661414 Abstract OBJECTIVE: It is widely held that waterpipe smoking (WPS) is not associated with health hazards. However, several studies have documented the uptake of several toxicants and carcinogens during WPS that is strongly associated with harmful health effects. This paper reviews the literature on the health effects of WPS. DATA SOURCES: Three databases-PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE-were searched until August 2014 for the acute and long-term health effects of WPS using the terms 'waterpipe' and its synonyms (hookah, shisha, goza, narghileh, arghileh and hubble-bubble) in various spellings. STUDY SELECTION: We included original clinical studies, case reports and systematic reviews and focused on clinical human studies. approximately 10% of the identified studies met the selection criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were abstracted by all three authors and summarised into tables. Abstracted data included study type, results and methodological limitations and were analysed jointly by all three authors. DATA SYNTHESIS: WPS acutely leads to increased heart rate, blood pressure, impaired pulmonary function and carbon monoxide intoxication. Chronic bronchitis, emphysema and coronary artery disease are serious complications of long-term use. Lung, gastric and oesophageal cancer are associated with WPS as well as periodontal disease, obstetrical complications, osteoporosis and mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to the widely held misconception, WPS is associated with a variety of adverse short-term and long-term health effects that should reinforce the need for stronger regulation. In addition, this review highlights the limitations of the published work, which is mostly cross-sectional or retrospective. Prospective studies should be undertaken to assess the full spectrum of health effects of WPS, particularly in view of its growing popularity and attractiveness to youth. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors El-Zaatari,Z.M., Chami,H.A., Zaatari,G.S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150206 PMCID PMC4345795 Editors

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