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Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Saccharomyces cerevisiae biofilm tolerance towards systemic antifungals depends on growth phase	2014	Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark. rakb@vet.dtu.dk.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form 4-Dec Volume 14 Issue Start Page 305 Other Pages 014-0305-4 Notes LR: 20151028; JID: 100966981; 0 (Antifungal Agents); OID: NLM: PMC4258017; 2014/07/25 [received]; 2014/11/20 [accepted]; 2014/12/04 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2180; 1471-2180 Accession Number PMID: 25472667 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/s12866-014-0305-4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25472667 Abstract BACKGROUND: Biofilm-forming Candida species cause infections that can be difficult to eradicate, possibly because of antifungal drug tolerance mechanisms specific to biofilms. In spite of decades of research, the connection between biofilm and drug tolerance is not fully understood. RESULTS: We used Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for drug susceptibility of yeast biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata form similarly structured biofilms and that the viable cell numbers were significantly reduced by treatment of mature biofilms with amphotericin B but not voriconazole, flucytosine, or caspofungin. We showed that metabolic activity in yeast biofilm cells decreased with time, as visualized by FUN-1 staining, and mature, 48-hour biofilms contained cells with slow metabolism and limited growth. Time-kill studies showed that in exponentially growing planktonic cells, voriconazole had limited antifungal activity, flucytosine was fungistatic, caspofungin and amphotericin B were fungicidal. In growth-arrested cells, only amphotericin B had antifungal activity. Confocal microscopy and colony count viability assays revealed that the response of growing biofilms to antifungal drugs was similar to the response of exponentially growing planktonic cells. The response in mature biofilm was similar to that of non-growing planktonic cells. These results confirmed the importance of growth phase on drug efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that in vitro susceptibility to antifungal drugs was independent of biofilm or planktonic growth mode. Instead, drug tolerance was a consequence of growth arrest achievable by both planktonic and biofilm populations. Our results suggest that efficient strategies for treatment of yeast biofilm might be developed by targeting of non-dividing cells. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bojsen,R., Regenberg,B., Folkesson,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141204 PMCID PMC4258017 Editors
Development of an Escherichia coli K12-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay and DNA isolation suited to biofilms associated with iron drinking water pipe corrosion products	2014	US Environmental Protection Agency ORD, NERL, MCEARD, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA E-mail: Lu.Jingrang@epa.gov; jingrang_lu@yahoo.com.; ORISE, US Environmental Protection Agency ORD, NERL, MCEARD, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA and Department of Geology, Universi	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of water and health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Water.Health. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 12 Issue 4 Start Page 763 Other Pages 771 Notes JID: 101185420; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (Drinking Water); E1UOL152H7 (Iron); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1477-8920; 1477-8920 Accession Number PMID: 25473986 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.2166/wh.2014.203 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25473986 Abstract A quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay (115 bp amplicon) specific to Escherichia coli K12 with an ABI(TM) internal control was developed based on sequence data encoding the rfb gene cluster. Assay specificity was evaluated using three E. coli K12 strains (ATCC W3110, MG1655 & DH1), 24 non-K12 E. coli and 23 bacterial genera. The biofilm detection limit was 10(3) colony-forming units (CFU) E. coli K12 mL(-1), but required a modified protocol, which included a bio-blocker Pseudomonas aeruginosa with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid buffered to pH 5 prior to cell lysis/DNA extraction. The novel protocol yielded the same sensitivity for drinking water biofilms associated with Fe3O4 (magnetite)-coated SiO2 (quartz) grains and biofilm-surface iron corrosion products from a drinking water distribution system. The novel DNA extraction protocol and specific E. coli K12 assay are sensitive and robust enough for detection and quantification within iron drinking water pipe biofilms, and are particularly well suited for studying enteric bacterial interactions within biofilms. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lu,J., Gerke,T.L., Buse,H.Y., Ashbolt,N.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Prevalence, knowledge, and practices of hookah smoking among university students, Florida, 2012	2014	University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.; 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612. E-mail: jcorvin1@he	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventing chronic disease Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Chronic Dis. Pub Date Free Form 4-Dec Volume 11 Issue Start Page E214 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160317; JID: 101205018; OID: NLM: PMC4264467; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-1151; 1545-1151 Accession Number PMID: 25474386 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.5888/pcd11.140099 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25474386 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Although hookah smoking is becoming a source of tobacco use among college students in the United States, little is known of the students' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding hookah use. This cross-sectional study was aimed at determining the prevalence of hookah use and describing social and behavioral factors associated with hookah smoking among university students in a large urban university in Florida. METHODS: A convenience sample of 478 undergraduate and graduate students was recruited. Lifetime use and current use was evaluated. Logistic regression modeling was used to assess the independent association between study covariates and hookah use. RESULTS: Prevalence among students of having ever used hookah during their lifetime was 54.4%. Hookah use within the past 30 days was 16.3%. Hookah use was significantly associated with cigarette smoking (odds ratio [OR], 4.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.13-9.60) and hookah ownership (OR, 10.67; 95% CI, 4.83-23.66) but not with alcohol use (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 0.74-4.04). Findings also suggest hookah is perceived as a safer alternative to cigarette smoking. Almost 30% of those who never smoked hookah reported they would consider smoking hookah in the future. CONCLUSION: Hookah smoking is popular among college students. Misperceptions associated with hookah use indicate a starting point for developing health behavior change interventions. Future studies should investigate social and behavioral determinants of hookah use and determine the incidence of hookah use among college and high school students. Tobacco control activities should include prevention of hookah tobacco use in university settings. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rahman,S., Chang,L., Hadgu,S., Salinas-Miranda,A.A., Corvin,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141204 PMCID PMC4264467 Editors
Physicochemical and microbiological characterization of chicha, a rice-based fermented beverage produced by Umutina Brazilian Amerindians	2015	Food Sciences Department, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: puerariclaudia@gmail.com.; Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: karynamagat@gmail.com.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Food Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 46 Issue Start Page 210 Other Pages 217 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 8601127; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/03/25 [received]; 2014/08/08 [revised]; 2014/08/11 [accepted]; 2014/08/27 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1095-9998; 0740-0020 Accession Number PMID: 25475287 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.fm.2014.08.009 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25475287 Abstract Chicha is a traditional, fermented rice beverage produced by the indigenous Umutina people in Brazil. Culture-dependent and independent approaches were used to investigate the microbial community dynamic. The bacterial population ranged from 0.1 to 6.83 log mL(-1). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Bacillus dominated throughout the fermentation process. Representative colonies were grouped by Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic and Polymerase Chain Reaction (Rep-PCR) and by biochemical features. Genera of Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, Streptomyces, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Escherichia, Cronobacter, and Klebsiella were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequence. As shown by Polimerase and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis, uncultivable Bifidobacterium and Propioniobacterium were found throughout fermentation. Uncultured fungi composed the fungal PCR-DGGE profile. The pH values decreased from 5.2 (time 0) to 3.9 at 36 h of fermentation. Ethanol was not found. The lactic acid concentration increased rapidly throughout fermentation until it reached a high final value (1.4 g L(-1)) and the average glycerol content in the beverage was 0.425 g L(-1). Chicha fermentation might be described by the following phenomena: (i) increasing bacterial population, with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as the largest group detected; (ii) increasing concentrations of lactic and citric acids; and (iii) the final product is characterized by a high content of acids and the absence of ethanol, therefore characterizing rice chicha an acidic and nonalcoholic beverage. First, this study characterizes the microbial population involved in the nonalcoholic fermentation of chicha, which is produced from rice by Amerindians in Brazil. This study is important for promoting the appreciation of and safeguarding this Brazilian indigenous beverage as an immaterial cultural heritage. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Puerari,C., Magalhaes-Guedes,K.T., Schwan,R.F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140827 PMCID Editors
A competitive quantitative polymerase chain reaction method for characterizing the population dynamics during kimchi fermentation	2015	Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Ind.Microbiol.Biotechnol. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 42 Issue 1 Start Page 49 Other Pages 55 Notes JID: 9705544; 0 (DNA Primers); 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 2014/09/21 [received]; 2014/11/19 [accepted]; 2014/12/05 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1476-5535; 1367-5435 Accession Number PMID: 25475752 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s10295-014-1553-x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25475752 Abstract The aim of this study was to develop a competitive quantitative-PCR (CQ-PCR) method for rapid analysis of the population dynamics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in kimchi. For this, whole chromosome sequences of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lb. brevis were compared and species-specific PCR primers targeting dextransucrase, 16S rRNA, and surface layer protein D (SlpD) genes, respectively, were constructed. The tested strains were quantified both in medium and kimchi by CQ-PCR and the results were compared with the data obtained using a conventional plate-counting method. As a result, the three species were successfully detected and quantified by the indicated primer sets. Our results show that the CQ-PCR method targeting species-specific genes is suitable for rapid estimation of LAB population to be used in the food fermentation industry. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ahn,G.H., Moon,J.S., Shin,S.Y., Min,W.K., Han,N.S., Seo,J.H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141205 PMCID Editors
Development of a new sorptive extraction method based on simultaneous direct and headspace sampling modes for the screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples	2015	Departamento Quimica Analitica, Nutricion y Bromatologia, Instituto de Investigacion y Analisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.; Departamento Quimica Analitica, Nutricion y Bromatologia, Instituto d	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Talanta Periodical, Abbrev. Talanta Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 132 Issue Start Page 433 Other Pages 442 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 2984816R; 0 (Acenaphthenes); 0 (Acetonitriles); 0 (Drinking Water); 0 (Fluorenes); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Pyrenes); 0 (Silicones); 0 (Waste Water); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 1Z25C36811 (acenaphthylene) Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3573; 0039-9140 Accession Number PMID: 25476328 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.044 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25476328 Abstract A new straightforward and inexpensive sample screening method for both EPA and EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water has been developed. The method is based on combined direct immersion and headspace (DIHS) sorptive extraction, using low-cost disposable material, coupled to ultraperformance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV detection (UPLC-FD-UV). Extraction parameters, such as the sampling mode, extraction time and ionic strength were investigated in detail and optimized. Under optimized conditions, water samples (16 mL) were concentrated in silicone disks by headspace (HS) and direct immersion (DI) modes simultaneously, at room temperature for 9h for the majority of the 24 studied compounds. Ultrasound-assisted desorption of extracted analytes in acetonitrile was carried out also at room temperature. The optimized chromatographic method provided a good linearity (R>/=0.9991) and a broad linear range for all studied PAHs. The proposed analytical procedure exhibited a good precision level with relative standard deviations below 15% for all analytes. Quantification limits between 0.7 and 2.3 microg L(-1) and 0.16 and 3.90 ng L(-1) were obtained for compounds analyzed by UV (acenaphtylene, cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene and benzo[j]fluoranthene) and fluorescence, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the determination of PAHs in different real tap, river and wastewater samples. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Trinanes,S., Pena,M.T., Casais,M.C., Mejuto,M.C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141007 PMCID Editors
Gas chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and smoked rice samples after solid-phase microextraction using multiwalled carbon nanotube loaded hollow fiber	2014	Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbijan Shahid Madani University, 53714-161 Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: matinchem@gmail.com.; Department of Basic Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran. Elec	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 29-Dec Volume 1374 Issue Start Page 50 Other Pages 57 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 9318488; 0 (Nanotubes, Carbon); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Smoke); 059QF0KO0R (Water); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/04/19 [received]; 2014/11/14 [revised]; 2014/11/17 [accepted]; 2014/11/26 [aheadofprint]; pp Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3778; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 25476686 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.048 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25476686 Abstract A novel solid-phase microextraction fiber was prepared based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) loaded on hollow fiber membrane pores. Stainless steel wire was used as unbreakable support. The major advantages of the proposed fiber are its (a) high reproducibility due to the uniform structure of the hollow fiber membranes, (b) high extraction capacity related to the porous structure of the hollow fiber and outstanding adsorptive characteristics of MWCNTs. The proposed fiber was applied for the microextraction of five representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from aqueous media (river and hubble-bubble water) and smoked rice samples followed by gas chromatographic determination. Analytical merits of the method, including high correlation coefficients [(0.9963-0.9992) and (0.9982-0.9999)] and low detection limits [(9.0-13.0ngL(-1)) and (40.0-150.0ngkg(-1))] for water and rice samples, respectively, made the proposed method suitable for the ultra-trace determination of PAHs. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Matin,A.A., Biparva,P., Gheshlaghi,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141126 PMCID Editors
The risks of scuba diving: a focus on Decompression Illness	2014	Department of Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Hawai'i journal of medicine & public health : a journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. Hawaii.J.Med.Public.Health. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 73 Issue 11 Suppl 2 Start Page 13 Other Pages 16 Notes LR: 20151028; JID: 101579076; OID: NLM: PMC4244896; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 2165-8242; 2165-8242 Accession Number PMID: 25478296 Language eng SubFile Case Reports; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25478296 Abstract Decompression Illness includes both Decompression Sickness (DCS) and Pulmonary Overinflation Syndrome (POIS), subsets of diving-related injury related to scuba diving. DCS is a condition in which gas bubbles that form while diving do not have adequate time to be resorbed or "off-gassed," resulting in entrapment in specific regions of the body. POIS is due to an overly rapid ascent to the surface resulting in the rupture of alveoli and subsequent extravasation of air bubbles into tissue planes or even the cerebral circulation. Divers must always be cognizant of dive time and depth, and be trained in the management of decompression. A slow and controlled ascent, plus proper control of buoyancy can reduce the dangerous consequences of pulmonary barotrauma. The incidence of adverse effects can be diminished with safe practices, allowing for the full enjoyment of this adventurous aquatic sport. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hall,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4244896 Editors
A review of air quality, biological indicators and health effects of second-hand waterpipe smoke exposure	2015	New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.; New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.; Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 24 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page i54 Other Pages i59 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.; JID: 9209612; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Particulate Matter); Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 25480544 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052038 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25480544 Abstract OBJECTIVE: There has been a rapid increase in the use of waterpipe tobacco and non-tobacco based shisha in many countries. Understanding the impact and effects of second-hand smoke (SHS) from cigarette was a crucial factor in reducing cigarette use, leading to clean indoor air laws and smoking bans. This article reviews what is known about the effects of SHS exposure from waterpipes. DATA SOURCES: We used PubMed and EMBASE to review the literature. Articles were grouped into quantitative measures of air quality and biological markers, health effects, exposure across different settings, different types of shisha and use in different countries. STUDY SELECTION: Criteria for study selection were based on the key words related to SHS: waterpipe, hookah, shisha and third-hand smoke. DATA EXTRACTION: Independent extraction with two reviewers was performed with inclusion criteria applied to articles on SHS and waterpipe/hookah/shisha. We excluded articles related to pregnancy or prenatal exposure to SHS, animal studies, and non-specific source of exposure as well as articles not written in English. DATA SYNTHESIS: A primary literature search yielded 54 articles, of which only 11 were included based on relevance to SHS from a waterpipe/hookah/shisha. CONCLUSIONS: The negative health consequences of second-hand waterpipe exposure have major implications for clean indoor air laws and for occupational safety. There exists an urgent need for public health campaigns about the effects on children and household members from smoking waterpipe at home, and for further development and implementation of regulations to protect the health of the public from this rapidly emerging threat. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kumar,S.R., Davies,S., Weitzman,M., Sherman,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141205 PMCID PMC4345792 Editors
Reasons for Electronic Cigarette Experimentation and Discontinuation Among Adolescents and Young Adults	2015	Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; grace.kong@yale.edu.; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;;	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 17 Issue 7 Start Page 847 Other Pages 854 Notes LR: 20160701; CI: (c) The Author 2014; GR: 1K12DA033012-01A1/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50DA009241/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: T32DA019426/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 0 (Flavoring Agents); OID: NLM: PMC4674436; 2014/07/22 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 25481917 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntu257 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25481917 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Understanding why young people try and stop electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is critical to inform e-cigarette regulatory efforts. METHODS: We conducted 18 focus groups (N = 127) in 1 middle school (MS), 2 high schools (HSs), and 2 colleges in Connecticut to assess themes related to e-cigarette experimentation and discontinuation. We then conducted surveys to evaluate these identified themes in 2 MSs, 4 HSs, and 1 college (N = 1,175) to explore whether reasons for e-cigarette experimentation and/or discontinuation differed by school level or cigarette smoking status. RESULTS: From the focus groups, we identified experimentation themes (i.e., curiosity, flavors, family/peer influence, easy access, and perceptions of e-cigarettes as "cool" and as a healthier/better alternative to cigarettes) and discontinuation themes (i.e., health concerns, loss of interest, high cost, bad taste, and view of e-cigarettes as less satisfying than cigarettes). The survey data showed that the top reasons for experimentation were curiosity (54.4%), appealing flavors (43.8%), and peer influences (31.6%), and the top reasons for discontinuation were responses related to losing interest (23.6%), perceiving e-cigarettes as "uncool" (16.3%), and health concerns (12.1%). Cigarette smokers tried e-cigarettes because of the perceptions that they can be used anywhere and to quit smoking and discontinued because they were not as satisfying as cigarettes. School level differences were detected. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette prevention efforts toward youth should include limiting e-cigarette flavors, communicating messages emphasizing the health risks of use, and changing social norms surrounding the use of e-cigarettes. The results should be interpreted in light of the limitations of this study. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Data Source Authors Kong,G., Morean,M.E., Cavallo,D.A., Camenga,D.R., Krishnan-Sarin,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141206 PMCID PMC4674436 Editors

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