WTS database | WHO FCTC

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
Comparison of CO, PAH, Nicotine, and Aldehyde Emissions in Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke Generated Using Electrical and Charcoal Heating Methods	2019	Mechanical Engineering Department , American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020 , Lebanon.; Mechanical Engineering Department , American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020 , Lebanon.; Mechanical Engineering Department , American Univer(TRUNCATED	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Chemical research in toxicology Periodical, Abbrev. Chem.Res.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form 6-May Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes LR: 20190506; JID: 8807448; 2019/05/01 06:00 [pubmed]; 2019/05/01 06:00 [medline]; 2019/05/01 06:00 [entrez]; aheadofprint Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1520-5010; 0893-228X Accession Number PMID: 31038931 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00045 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 31038931 Abstract Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) has been characterized as a global epidemic. Waterpipe smoke has been shown to contain and deliver significant doses of many of the toxicants known to cause cancer, respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases in cigarette smokers. It has also been shown that the charcoal used to heat the tobacco contributes most of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbon monoxide (CO) found in the smoke, two major causative agents in smoking-related lung cancer and heart disease, respectively. Possibly as a result of growing awareness of charcoal as a toxicant source, electrical heating elements (EHEs) are being marketed for waterpipe use as reduced harm charcoal substitutes. We measured thermal performance characteristics (tobacco burned, total aerosolized particulate matter) and toxicant emissions in WTS generated using three commercially available waterpipe EHEs and charcoal to examine the hypothesis that EHEs can function similarly to charcoal while presenting a reduced toxicant profile. Toxicants quantified included total particulate matter, nicotine, PAHs, CO, and volatile aldehydes delivered at the mouthpiece when the waterpipe was machine smoked using a standard protocol. We found that while EHEs involved an 80% reduction in total PAH and a 90% reduction in CO emissions, they also resulted in a several-fold increase in the potent respiratory toxicant acrolein. These mixed findings underscore the complexity of toxicant reduction by product manipulation and suggest that marketing EHEs as reduced harm products may be misleading. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors El Hourani,M., Talih,S., Salman,R., Karaoghlanian,N., Karam,E., El Hage,R., Saliba,N.A., Shihadeh,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20190506 PMCID Editors
Comparison of CO, PAH, Nicotine, and Aldehyde Emissions in Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke Generated Using Electrical and Charcoal Heating Methods	2019	Mechanical Engineering Department , American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020 , Lebanon.; Mechanical Engineering Department , American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020 , Lebanon.; Mechanical Engineering Department , American Univer(TRUNCATED	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Chemical research in toxicology Periodical, Abbrev. Chem.Res.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form 6-May Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes LR: 20190506; JID: 8807448; 2019/05/01 06:00 [pubmed]; 2019/05/01 06:00 [medline]; 2019/05/01 06:00 [entrez]; aheadofprint Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1520-5010; 0893-228X Accession Number PMID: 31038931 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00045 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 31038931 Abstract Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) has been characterized as a global epidemic. Waterpipe smoke has been shown to contain and deliver significant doses of many of the toxicants known to cause cancer, respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases in cigarette smokers. It has also been shown that the charcoal used to heat the tobacco contributes most of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbon monoxide (CO) found in the smoke, two major causative agents in smoking-related lung cancer and heart disease, respectively. Possibly as a result of growing awareness of charcoal as a toxicant source, electrical heating elements (EHEs) are being marketed for waterpipe use as reduced harm charcoal substitutes. We measured thermal performance characteristics (tobacco burned, total aerosolized particulate matter) and toxicant emissions in WTS generated using three commercially available waterpipe EHEs and charcoal to examine the hypothesis that EHEs can function similarly to charcoal while presenting a reduced toxicant profile. Toxicants quantified included total particulate matter, nicotine, PAHs, CO, and volatile aldehydes delivered at the mouthpiece when the waterpipe was machine smoked using a standard protocol. We found that while EHEs involved an 80% reduction in total PAH and a 90% reduction in CO emissions, they also resulted in a several-fold increase in the potent respiratory toxicant acrolein. These mixed findings underscore the complexity of toxicant reduction by product manipulation and suggest that marketing EHEs as reduced harm products may be misleading. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors El Hourani,M., Talih,S., Salman,R., Karaoghlanian,N., Karam,E., El Hage,R., Saliba,N.A., Shihadeh,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20190506 PMCID Editors
Does switching to a tobacco-free waterpipe product reduce toxicant intake? A crossover study comparing CO, NO, PAH, volatile aldehydes, "tar" and nicotine yields	2012	Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. as20@aub.edu.lb	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 50 Issue 5 Start Page 1494 Other Pages 1498 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2012; GR: F31 DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: F31DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6351; 0278-6915 Accession Number PMID: 22406330 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.041 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22406330 Abstract Waterpipe (hookah, narghile, shisha) use has become a global phenomenon, with numerous product variations. One variation is a class of products marketed as "tobacco-free" alternatives for the "health conscious user". In this study toxicant yields from waterpipes smoked using conventional tobacco-based and tobacco-free preparations were compared. A human-mimic waterpipe smoking machine was used to replicate the puffing sequences of 31 human participants who completed two double-blind ad libitum smoking sessions in a controlled clinical setting: once with a tobacco-based product of their choosing and once with a flavor-matched tobacco-free product. Outcome measures included yields of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, volatile aldehydes, nicotine, tar, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Smoke from both waterpipe preparations contained substantial quantities of toxicants. Nicotine yield was the only outcome that differed significantly between preparations. These findings contradict advertising messages that "herbal" waterpipe products are a healthy alternative to tobacco products. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Shihadeh,A., Salman,R., Jaroudi,E., Saliba,N., Sepetdjian,E., Blank,M.D., Cobb,C.O., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120301 PMCID PMC3407543 Editors
Second-hand smoke in indoor hospitality venues in Pakistan	2011	Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 15 Issue 7 Start Page 972 Other Pages 977 Notes JID: 9706389; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 1815-7920; 1027-3719 Accession Number PMID: 21682974 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.5588/ijtld.10.0524 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21682974 Abstract BACKGROUND: Second-hand smoke (SHS) constitutes a significant public health threat in countries with a high smoking prevalence. However, data assessing the quality of indoor air at public venues in Pakistan are limited. OBJECTIVES: To measure mean concentrations of PM(2.5) (particulate matter =2.5 microns in diameter), a sensitive indicator of SHS, in hospitality venues in Pakistan. SETTING AND DESIGN: Data were collected discreetly from 39 indoor venues such as cafes, restaurants and shisha (water-pipe) bars from three major cities in Pakistan. Data were recorded using a portable air quality monitoring device. RESULTS: The overall mean PM(2.5) value for the visited venues was 846 mug/m(3) (95%CI 484-1205). The mean PM(2.5) value was 101 mug/m(3) (95%CI 69-135 mug/m(3)) for non-smoking venues, 689 mug/m(3) (95%CI 241-1138) for cigarette smoking venues and 1745 mug/m(3) (95%CI 925-2565) for shisha smoking venues. CONCLUSION: The significant levels of SHS recorded in this study, in particular from shisha smoking venues, could represent a major public health burden in Pakistan. Appropriate legislation needs to be enforced to protect the health of those exposed to the hazards of second-hand tobacco smoke. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zaidi,S.M., Moin,O., Khan,J.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The Role of Neighborhood Environment in Promoting Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease among Young Adults: Data from Middle to High Income Population in an Asian Megacity	2015	Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi, Pakistan.; Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi, Pakistan.; Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi, Pakis	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PloS one Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS One Pub Date Free Form 6-May Volume 10 Issue 5 Start Page e0124827 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150513; Dryad/3N451; JID: 101285081; OID: NLM: PMC4422655; 2015 [ecollection]; 2014/03/22 [received]; 2015/03/18 [accepted]; 2015/05/06 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1932-6203; 1932-6203 Accession Number PMID: 25946006 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0124827 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25946006 Abstract BACKGROUND: Modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have their triggers in the neighborhood environments of communities. Studying the environmental triggers for CVD risk factors is important to understand the situation in a broader perspective. Young adults are influenced the most by the environment profile around them hence it is important to study this subset of the population. METHODS: This was a descriptive study conducted using the EPOCH research tool designed by the authors of the PURE study. The study population consisted of young adults aged 18-25 in two areas of Karachi. The study setting was busy shopping malls frequented by young adults in the particular community being studied. RESULTS: Our total sample size was 120 individuals, who consented to be interviewed by our interviewers. Less than 50% of the population recognized some form of restriction regarding smoking in their communities. The largest contributor to tobacco advertising was actors smoking in movies and TV shows with 89% responses from both communities. Only 11.9% of the individuals disapproved of smoking cigarettes among men with wide acceptance of 'sheesha' across all age groups. Advertising for smoking and junk food was more frequent as compared to smoking cessation, healthy diet and exercise in both the areas. Unhealthy food items were more easily available in contrast to healthier options. The cost of healthy snack food options including vegetables and fruits was higher than sugary drinks and foods. CONCLUSION: This assessment showed that both communities were exposed to environments that promote risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hussain,M.A., Noorani,S., Khan,A., Asad,H., Rehan,A., Kazi,A., Baig,M.Z., Noor,A., Aqil,A., Bham,N.S., Khan,M.A., Hassan,I.N., Kadir,M.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150506 PMCID PMC4422655 Editors
Hazardous Health Behaviour among Medical Students: a Study from Turkey	2015	Medical Education, Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey E-mail : mnacar@erciyes.edu.tr.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP Periodical, Abbrev. Asian Pac.J.Cancer.Prev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 16 Issue 17 Start Page 7675 Other Pages 7681 Notes JID: 101130625; ppublish Place of Publication Thailand ISSN/ISBN 1513-7368; 1513-7368 Accession Number PMID: 26625780 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26625780 Abstract BACKGROUND: Hazardous health behaviour in young people is an important factor that affects the individual risk for non-communicable diseases and other disorders later in life. This study aimed to determine the hazardous health behaviour of first and last class medical students of Erciyes University. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive study was carried out with 240 medical students from the first and 130 students from the last (sixth) class. Data were obtained by questionnaire between March-April 2012. In total, 339 students were included with a response rate of 91.6%. Socio-demographic characteristics, school success, self-reported economic difficulties, health perceptions, hazardous health behaviour related to chronic disease, tobacco, alcohol, substance use, body weight, height, traffic, violence and nutrition were assessed in line with the literature. RESULTS: Of the participants; 64.0% were from first and 36.0% were from the last class. Mean ages for the first and last classes were 19.4 +/- 1.5 and 24.0 +/- 1.5 years, respectively. In the current study, males exhibited more hazardous behaviour than females. Sime 19.8% of the students in the study group used alcohol, 35.4% used a waterpipe, and 24.8% used tobacco at least once. These rates increased in both genders in the last class and the increase in males was significant. Some 3.8% of the students in the current study used pleasure-inducing illegal substances at least once. All the students participating in the current study were single, the number of males reported not using condoms (8.6%) was 4.56 times higher compared to females. Some 64.0% of the students did not perform physical activity lasting at least 30 minutes for five times a week, 13.0% did not sleep for mean 7-8 hours daily, males having a 2.9 times higher risk. More than 1/3 of the students did not consume cooked vegetable dishes and 1/4 did not consume fresh fruits and salads, the rates were higher among males. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, hazardous health behaviour was prevalent among medical students, with higher risks among males and last class students. According to these results, medical curriculum may be focused on decreasing hazardous health behaviour. In addition, in order to prevent unhealthy behaviour, the number of youth-friendly health facilities should be increased. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Nacar,M., Cetinkaya,F., Baykan,Z., Yilmazel,G., Elmali,F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Experimentation and use of cigarette and other tobacco products among adolescents in the Brazilian state capitals (PeNSE 2012)	2014	Medical School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.; School of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.; Medical School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.; Brazili	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Bras.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 17 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page 62 Other Pages 76 Notes JID: 100954576; 2014/01/13 [received]; 2014/02/21 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Brazil ISSN/ISBN 1980-5497; 1415-790X Accession Number PMID: 25054254 Language eng; por SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI S1415-790X2014000500062 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25054254 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Nicotine dependence establishes itself more rapidly among adolescents than among adults. Tobacco occupies the fourth place in the rank of main risk factors for non-communicable diseases in the continent. Studies reveal that other forms of tobacco use have increased among adolescents. METHODS: Were included the 9th grade students from the 26 State Capitals and the Federal District. who were participants of the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE), in 2012. Factors independently associated with experimentation and regular use of cigarettes were investigated by means of multinomial logistic regression, using as reference "never tried a cigarette". The use of other tobacco products included cigar, pipe, narghile and others. RESULTS: Of the in the 61,037 participants in the 26 Brazilian capitals and the Federal District, 22.7% (95%CI 21.7 - 23.5) had experimented cigarettes, 6.1% (95%CI 5.6 - 6.6) are regular smokers and 7.1% (95%CI 6.5 - 7.7) had used other tobacco products, with half of them also being regular smokers. The chances of experimenting and being a regular smoker increased with age and according to the frequency of weekly exposure to other smokers. These chances were also higher among students who worked, who lived in monoparental families or without their parents, and those who felt that their parents would not mind if they smoked. CONCLUSION: Results reinforce the association between social disadvantages and experimenting and regular smoking. In addition, the use of other tobacco products is worthy of attention and may lead to regular smoking. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Barreto,S.M., Giatti,L., Oliveira-Campos,M., Andreazzi,M.A., Malta,D.C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
An audit of persistent foramen ovale closure in 105 divers	2015	Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.; Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal In fi rmary, Bristol, UK.; Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal In fi rmary, Bristol, UK.; Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal In fi rmary, Bristol, UK.; Leve	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Diving and hyperbaric medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Diving.Hyperb.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 45 Issue 2 Start Page 94 Other Pages 97 Notes JID: 101282742; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/03/30 [received]; 2015/05/01 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1833-3516; 1833-3516 Accession Number PMID: 26165531 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26165531 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Right-to-left shunt across a persistent foramen ovale (PFO) has been associated with cutaneous, neurological and vestibular decompression illness (DCI). Percutaneous closure of a PFO has been used to reduce the risk of DCI. There are no randomised controlled trial data to support PFO closure for the prevention of decompression illness (DCI), so the need for audit data on the safety and ef fi cacy of this technique has been recognised by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence in the UK. METHOD: Retrospective audit of all transcatheter PFO closures to reduce the risk of DCI performed by a single cardiologist with an interest in diving medicine. RESULTS: A total of 105 eligible divers undergoing 107 procedures was identi fi ed. There was a low rate of procedural complications; a rate lower than a recent randomised trial of PFO closure for stroke. Atrial fi brillation required treatment in two patients. One patient with a previously repaired mitral valve had a stroke that was thought to be unrelated to the PFO closure. Sixteen divers had minor post-procedure symptoms not requiring any treatment. Two divers required a second procedure because of residual shunt; both subsequently returned to unrestricted diving. Eighty-one of 95 divers in whom follow-up bubble contrast echocardiography was available returned to unrestricted diving. CONCLUSIONS: The PFO closure procedure appeared to be safe and was associated with the majority of divers being able to successfully return to unrestricted diving. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pearman,A., Bugeja,L., Nelson,M., Szantho,G.V., Turner,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Facility-Based Delivery during the Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic in Rural Liberia: Analysis from a Cross-Sectional, Population-Based Household Survey	2016	Medical Team, Last Mile Health, Zwedru, Liberia.; Monitoring and Evaluation Team, Last Mile Health, Zwedru, Liberia.; Monitoring and Evaluation Team, Last Mile Health, Zwedru, Liberia.; Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bosto	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PLoS medicine Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS Med. Pub Date Free Form 2-Aug Volume 13 Issue 8 Start Page e1002096 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160819; JID: 101231360; OID: NLM: PMC4970816; 2016/08 [ecollection]; 2015/06/11 [received]; 2016/06/17 [accepted]; 2016/08/02 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1549-1676; 1549-1277 Accession Number PMID: 27482706 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002096 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27482706 Abstract BACKGROUND: The Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic has threatened access to basic health services through facility closures, resource diversion, and decreased demand due to community fear and distrust. While modeling studies have attempted to estimate the impact of these disruptions, no studies have yet utilized population-based survey data. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a two-stage, cluster-sample household survey in Rivercess County, Liberia, in March-April 2015, which included a maternal and reproductive health module. We constructed a retrospective cohort of births beginning 4 y before the first day of survey administration (beginning March 24, 2011). We then fit logistic regression models to estimate associations between our primary outcome, facility-based delivery (FBD), and time period, defined as the pre-EVD period (March 24, 2011-June 14, 2014) or EVD period (June 15, 2014-April 13, 2015). We fit both univariable and multivariable models, adjusted for known predictors of facility delivery, accounting for clustering using linearized standard errors. To strengthen causal inference, we also conducted stratified analyses to assess changes in FBD by whether respondents believed that health facility attendance was an EVD risk factor. A total of 1,298 women from 941 households completed the survey. Median age at the time of survey was 29 y, and over 80% had a primary education or less. There were 686 births reported in the pre-EVD period and 212 in the EVD period. The unadjusted odds ratio of facility-based delivery in the EVD period was 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48-0.90, p-value = 0.010). Adjustment for potential confounders did not change the observed association, either in the principal model (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.70, 95%CI 0.50-0.98, p = 0.037) or a fully adjusted model (AOR = 0.69, 95%CI 0.50-0.97, p = 0.033). The association was robust in sensitivity analyses. The reduction in FBD during the EVD period was observed among those reporting a belief that health facilities are or may be a source of Ebola transmission (AOR = 0.59, 95%CI 0.36-0.97, p = 0.038), but not those without such a belief (AOR = 0.90, 95%CI 0.59-1.37, p = 0.612). Limitations include the possibility of FBD secular trends coincident with the EVD period, recall errors, and social desirability bias. CONCLUSIONS: We detected a 30% decreased odds of FBD after the start of EVD in a rural Liberian county with relatively few cases. Because health facilities never closed in Rivercess County, this estimate may under-approximate the effect seen in the most heavily affected areas. These are the first population-based survey data to show collateral disruptions to facility-based delivery caused by the West African EVD epidemic, and they reinforce the need to consider the full spectrum of implications caused by public health emergencies. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ly,J., Sathananthan,V., Griffiths,T., Kanjee,Z., Kenny,A., Gordon,N., Basu,G., Battistoli,D., Dorr,L., Lorenzen,B., Thomson,D.R., Waters,A., Moore,U.G., Roberts,R., Smith,W.L., Siedner,M.J., Kraemer,J.D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160802 PMCID PMC4970816 Editors
Effectiveness of clean indoor air ordinances in controlling environmental tobacco smoke in restaurants	2004	Medical University of Ohio, Department of Public Health, Toledo, Ohio 43614-5803, USA. fakbar@meduohio.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Archives of Environmental Health Periodical, Abbrev. Arch.Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 59 Issue 12 Start Page 677 Other Pages 685 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0212627; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0003-9896; 0003-9896 Accession Number PMID: 16789477 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI 10.1080/00039890409602953 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16789477 Abstract Clean indoor air (CIA) ordinances in Toledo, Ohio, and Bowling Green, Ohio, regulate smoking in restaurants to protect patrons and employees. Yet complete protection is questionable because the ordinances allow for smoking in certain dining sections. Two restaurants were studied in each city, one smoking and one nonsmoking. Levels of contaminants related to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)--determined by personal and area air monitoring-in the nonsmoking restaurants were comparable to levels in a control environment. However, levels of ETS-related contaminants in the smoking restaurants, including designated nonsmoking sections, were significantly higher than levels in the control environment. ETS-related contamination of the nonsmoking sections in the smoking restaurants is attributable to direct openings between the smoking and nonsmoking sections. Reasonable protection of employees and patrons against ETS-related contaminants requires strict enforcement of CIA ordinances. Full protection is achievable only with 100% smoke-free policies. Descriptors Air Pollutants/adverse effects/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Data Collection, Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Nicotine/toxicity, Ohio, Public Policy, Restaurants/legislation & jurisprudence, Smoking/adverse effects/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Akbar-Khanzadeh,F., Milz,S., Ames,A., Spino,S., Tex,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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