WTS database

Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Secondhand smoke exposure and risk following the Irish smoking ban: an assessment of salivary cotinine concentrations in hotel workers and air nicotine levels in bars	2005	Health Service Executive, Western Area, The Annex, Galway, Republic of Ireland. mauricemulcahy@eircom.net	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 14 Issue 6 Start Page 384 Other Pages 388 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9209612; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OID: NLM: PMC1748138; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 16319361 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 14/6/384 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16319361 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the Irish smoking ban has had an impact on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures for hospitality workers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Before and after the smoking ban a cohort of workers (n = 35) from a sample of city hotels (n = 15) were tested for saliva cotinine concentrations and completed questionnaires. Additionally, a random sample (n = 20) of city centre bars stratified by size (range 400-5000 square feet), were tested for air nicotine concentrations using passive samplers before and after the ban. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Salivary cotinine concentrations (ng/ml), duration of self reported exposures to secondhand smoke, air nicotine (microg/cubic metre). RESULTS: Cotinine concentrations reduced by 69%, from 1.6 ng/ml to 0.5 ng/ml median (SD 1.29; p < 0.005). Overall 74% of subjects experienced decreases (range 16-99%), with 60% showing a halving of exposure levels at follow up. Self reported exposure to SHS at work showed a significant reduction from a median 30 hours a week to zero (p < 0.001). There was an 83% reduction in air nicotine concentrations from median 35.5 microg/m3 to 5.95 microg/m3 (p < 0.001). At baseline, three bars (16%) were below the 6.8 microg/m3 air nicotine significant risk level for lung cancer alone; at follow up this increased to 10 (53%). CONCLUSIONS: Passive smoking and associated risks were significantly reduced but not totally eliminated. Exposure to SHS is still possible for those working where smoking is still allowed and those working where smoke may migrate from outdoor areas. Further research is required to assess the true extent and magnitude of these exposures. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Biomarkers/analysis, Cotinine/analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Ireland, Middle Aged, Nicotine/analysis, Occupational Exposure/analysis, Restaurants, Risk Assessment, Saliva/chemistry, Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mulcahy,M., Evans,D. S., Hammond,S. K., Repace,J. L., Byrne,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1748138 Editors
Secondhand smoke exposure at home: assessment by biomarkers and airborne markers	2014	Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 199-203 Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Prevention and Control Group, Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica de Bel	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental research Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Res. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 133 Issue Start Page 111 Other Pages 116 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 0147621; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); J64922108F (Benzene); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/03/22 [received]; 2014/05/05 [revised]; 2014/05/07 [accepted]; 2014/06/0 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-0953; 0013-9351 Accession Number PMID: 24912142 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.013 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24912142 Abstract OBJECTIVE: We assessed and characterized the relationship among biomarkers of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in non-smokers according to their exposure at home as measured by airborne markers. METHODS: We conducted an observational study on exposure to SHS at home using airborne markers (nicotine and benzene) and biomarkers from the non-smokers living in these homes. We selected 49 non-smoking volunteers from different homes: 25 non-smokers living with at least one smoker and 24 non-smokers living in smoke-free homes. We installed two passive devices to measure nicotine and benzene concentrations in the main room of the house (i.e., the living room). One week later, the researcher returned to the volunteer's home to collect the two devices, obtain saliva and urine samples, and administer a SHS questionnaire. RESULTS: Salivary and urinary cotinine concentrations highly correlated with air nicotine concentrations measured at the volunteers'homes (rsp=0.738 and rsp=0.679, respectively). The concentrations of airborne markers of SHS and biomarkers in non-smokers increased with increasing self-reported intensity and duration of SHS exposure at home during the previous week (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Martinez-Sanchez,J.M., Sureda,X., Fu,M., Perez-Ortuno,R., Ballbe,M., Lopez,M.J., Salto,E., Pascual,J.A., Fernandez,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140607 PMCID Editors
Secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy and infantile neurodevelopment	2011	Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 911-1 Mok-6-Dong, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental research Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Res. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 111 Issue 4 Start Page 539 Other Pages 544 Notes LR: 20111214; CI: Copyright (c) 2011; JID: 0147621; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); CIN: Environ Res. 2011 Nov;111(8):1332-3. PMID: 21996059; 2010/02/08 [received]; 2011/01/31 [revised]; 2011/02/22 [accepted]; 2011/03/12 [aheadofprint]; p Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-0953; 0013-9351 Accession Number PMID: 21397902 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.014 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21397902 Abstract During prenatal development, the nervous system may be more susceptible to environmental toxicants, such as secondhand smoke. The authors assessed the effects of prenatal and postnatal secondhand smoke exposure on the neurodevelopment of 6-month infants. The subjects were 414 mother and infant pairs with no medical problems, taken from the Mothers' and Children's Environmental Health study. Prenatal and postnatal exposures to secondhand smoke were determined using maternal self-reports. Examiners, unaware of exposure history, assessed the infants at 6 months of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Bayley scores were compared for secondhand smoke exposed and unexposed groups after adjusting for potential confounders. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to estimate the risk of developmental delay posed by SHS exposure. The multivariate model included residential area, maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, education, income, infant sex, parity, birth weight, and type of feeding. After adjusting for covariates, secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy was found to be related to a decrease in mental developmental index score, but not to a decrease in psychomotor developmental index score. In addition, secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy was found to increase the risk of developmental delay (mental developmental index score </=85) at 6 months. This study suggests that the infants of non-smoking women exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk of neurodevelopmental delay. Descriptors Adult, Air Pollutants/toxicity, Female, Humans, Infant, Inhalation Exposure/statistics & numerical data, Logistic Models, Male, Maternal Exposure/statistics & numerical data, Nervous System/drug effects/growth & development, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/epidemiology, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Lee,B. E., Hong,Y. C., Park,H., Ha,M., Kim,J. H., Chang,N., Roh,Y. M., Kim,B. N., Kim,Y., Oh,S. Y., Kim,Y. J., Ha,E. H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110312 PMCID Editors
Secondhand smoke exposure in a rural high school	2007	Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of school nursing : the official publication of the National Association of School Nurses Periodical, Abbrev. J.Sch.Nurs. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 23 Issue 4 Start Page 222 Other Pages 228 Notes JID: 9206498; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1059-8405; 1059-8405 Accession Number PMID: 17676970 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N DOI 1059-8405-23-4-222 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17676970 Abstract Although federal law requires all public schools to be smoke free, lack of compliance with the smoke-free policy is commonly reported. The aims of this study were to describe the indoor fine-particle (PM(2.5)) air pollution in a rural high school and surrounding public venues. This cross-sectional, nonexperimental study was conducted in Monroe County, Kentucky (population of 11,756). Fine-particle concentrations were measured in the high school and 5 public venues using spectrometers. Because of illegal student smoking, PM(2.5) concentrations were 19 times higher in the boys' student restroom than the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for outdoor air (670 vs. 35 microg/m(3)). The staff restrooms adjacent to the student restroom where staff did not smoke also showed high PM(2.5) levels. Average indoor air pollution in the public venues was 158 microg/m(3). Strict enforcement of smoke-free school policy and cessation resources are needed to reduce secondhand smoke exposure. Collaborative school-community campaigns involving parents, students, mass media, and community organizations may be effective in reducing the harm caused by tobacco. Implications for school nurses are discussed. Descriptors Adolescent, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Consumer Participation, Cooperative Behavior, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Interinstitutional Relations, Kentucky, Male, Mass Media, Nurse's Role, Public Facilities/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data, Restaurants/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data, Rural Health/statistics & numerical data, School Health Services/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data, School Nursing, Schools/organization & administration, Smoking Cessation, Time Factors, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Toilet Facilities Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lee,K., Hahn,E. J., Riker,C. A., Hoehne,A., White,A., Greenwell,D., Thompson,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Secondhand smoke exposure in bars and restaurants in Guatemala City: before and after smoking ban evaluation	2011	Cardiovascular Unit of Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala. jbarnoya@post.harvard.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Cancer causes & control : CCC Periodical, Abbrev. Cancer Causes Control Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 22 Issue 1 Start Page 151 Other Pages 156 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: R01 DA024877/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9100846; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 2010/05/19 [received]; 2010/10/15 [accepted]; 2010/11/03 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1573-7225; 0957-5243 Accession Number PMID: 21046446 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s10552-010-9673-8 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21046446 Abstract OBJECTIVE: In February 2009, Guatemala implemented a comprehensive smoking ban. We assessed air nicotine levels in bars and restaurants 6 months after the ban (post-ban) and compared them with levels found in 2006 (pre-ban). METHODS: Exposure was estimated by passive sampling of vapor-phase nicotine using samplers (n=50) placed for 7 working days in 10 bars and 11 restaurants in Guatemala City. Air nicotine was measured by gas chromatography, and the time-weighted average concentration in mug/m(3) was estimated. Employees answered a survey about smoke-free workplaces (n = 32) and compared with pre-ban (n = 37) results. RESULTS: Nicotine was detectable in all bars pre- and post-ban. In restaurants, it was detectable in all pre- and 73% post-ban. Median nicotine concentrations in bars significantly decreased from 4.58 mug/m(3) (IQR, 1.71, 6.45) pre-ban to 0.28 mug/m(3) (IQR 0.17, 0.66) post-ban (87% decrease). In restaurants, concentrations significantly decreased from 0.58 mug/m(3) (IQR, 0.44, 0.71) to 0.04 mug/m(3) (IQR 0.01, 0.11) (95% decrease). Employees' support for a smoke-free workplace increased in the post-ban survey (from 32 to 81%, p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Barnoya,J., Arvizu,M., Jones,M.R., Hernandez,J.C., Breysse,P.N., Navas-Acien,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20101103 PMCID Editors
Secondhand smoke exposure within semi-open air cafes and tobacco specific 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) concentrations among nonsmoking employees	2014	Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Global Tobacco Control, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, vardavas@hsph.harvard.edu.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Occup.Med.Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 27 Issue 5 Start Page 875 Other Pages 881 Notes JID: 9437093; 2013/10/25 [received]; 2014/05/16 [accepted]; 2014/09/12 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1896-494X; 1232-1087 Accession Number PMID: 25218107 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.2478/s13382-014-0294-4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25218107 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a defined occupational hazard. The association though between SHS exposure in semi-open air venues and tobacco specific carcinogen uptake is an area of debate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross sectional survey of 49 semi-open air cafes in Athens, Greece was performed during the summer of 2008, prior to the adoption of the national smoke free legislation. All venues had at least 1 entire wall open to allow for free air exchange. Indoor concentrations of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) attributable to SHS were assessed during a work shift, while 1 non-smoking employee responsible for indoor and outdoor table service from each venue provided a post work shift urine sample for analysis of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). RESULTS: Post work shift NNAL concentrations were correlated with work shift PM2.5 concentrations attributable to SHS (r = 0.376, p = 0.0076). Urinary NNAL concentrations among employees increased by 9.5%, per 10 mug/m(3) increase in PM2.5 concentrations attributable to SHS after controlling for the time of day and day of week. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the commonly proposed practice of maintaining open sliding walls as a means of free air exchange does not lead to the elimination of employee exposure to tobacco specific carcinogens attributable to workplace SHS. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Vardavas,C.I., Karabela,M., Agaku,I.T., Matsunaga,Y., Myridakis,A., Kouvarakis,A., Stephanou,E.G., Lymperi,M., Behrakis,P.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140912 PMCID Editors
Secondhand smoke exposure, awareness, and prevention among African-born women	2010		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Am J Prev Med Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Volume 39 Issue 6 Start Page S37 Other Pages 43 Notes ID: 21074676 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Little research exists on exposure to the health risks of secondhand smoke among women and children in African immigrant communities. PURPOSE: This exploratory study aims to understand the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure; assess levels of awareness of the dangers of secondhand smoke; and identify strategies for building increased awareness of these issues in African immigrant communities in Minnesota. METHODS: Key informant interviews with ten African women community leaders, focus groups with 29 female African youth, and surveys of 223 African women were conducted between August 2008 and March 2009. The focus groups and key informant interviews were in English, and the surveys were in English, French, Oromo, and Somali. RESULTS: Over one quarter of African women reported daily exposure to cigarette smoke, and one in ten women reported daily exposure to smoke from shisha (fruit-flavored tobacco smoked in a hookah or waterpipe). Many respondents had general awareness of the health impacts of tobacco smoke, but some were unsure. The majority felt that increased awareness was badly needed in their communities. Awareness of the health impacts of shisha smoking was particularly low. Strategies for increasing awareness include: using media and visual images, attending large gatherings, and appealing to community members' priorities, including protecting their children. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to secondhand smoke among women and children in African immigrant communities in Minnesota is substantial. Awareness about the health impacts of secondhand smoke exposure in these communities needs to be increased. Disseminating visual information at existing community gatherings or appealing to individual priorities may be the best approaches to increase awareness and motivate change. Descriptors Environmental Exposure/prevention & control, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/prevention & control, Adolescent, Adult, Africa/ethnology, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Emigrants and Immigrants, Environmental Exposure/adverse effects, Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Minnesota, Prevalence, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data, Young Adult Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.08.011 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Dillon,Kristin A., Chase,Richard A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Secondhand smoke exposures in indoor public places in seven Asian countries	2010	Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of hygiene and environmental health Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Hyg.Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 213 Issue 5 Start Page 348 Other Pages 351 Notes LR: 20140905; CI: Copyright 2010; GR: 5 D43 TW05750/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: D43 TW005750/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; JID: 100898843; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2010/01/25 [received]; 2010/05/06 [revised]; 2010/05/12 [accepted]; 2010/06/09 [a Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1618-131X; 1438-4639 Accession Number PMID: 20542729 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.05.007 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20542729 Abstract Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a major threat to public health. Asian countries having the highest smoking prevalence are seriously affected by SHS. The objective of the study was to measure SHS levels in hospitality venues in seven Asian countries and to compare the SHS exposure to the levels in Western countries. The study was carried out in four types of related hospitality venues (restaurant, cafe, bar/club and entertainment) in China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Real-time measurement of particulate matter of <2.5microm aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)) was made during business hour using a handheld laser operated monitor. A total of 168 venues were measured in seven countries. The average indoor PM(2.5) level was 137microg/m(3), ranging from 46microg/m(3) in Malaysia to 207microg/m(3) in India. Bar/club had the highest PM(2.5) level of 191microg/m(3) and restaurants had the lowest PM(2.5) level of 92microg/m(3). The average indoor PM(2.5) level in smoking venues was 156micro/m(3), which was 3.6 times higher than non-smoking venues (43microg/m(3)). Indoor PM(2.5) levels were significantly associated with country, type of venue, smoking density and air exchange rate (p<0.05). In the seven Asian countries, PM(2.5) levels were high due to SHS in public places. The current levels are comparable to the levels in Western countries before the adoption of smoke-free policy. Since Asian country has high prevalence of SHS in public places, there is an urgent need for comprehensive smoke-free regulation in Asian countries. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Asia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Restaurants/statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier GmbH Data Source Authors Lee,J., Lim,S., Lee,K., Guo,X., Kamath,R., Yamato,H., Abas,A. L., Nandasena,S., Nafees,A. A., Sathiakumar,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100609 PMCID Editors
Secondhand smoke in hospitality venues. Exposure, body burden, economic and health aspects in conjunction with smoking bans	2009	Sachgebiet Umweltmedizin, Bayerisches Landesamt fur Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleissheim. hermann.fromme@lgl.bayern.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)) Periodical, Abbrev. Gesundheitswesen Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 71 Issue 4 Start Page 242 Other Pages 257 Notes JID: 9204210; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); RF: 134; 2009/03/26 [epublish]; 2009/03/26 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1439-4421; 0941-3790 Accession Number PMID: 19326335 Language ger SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.1055/s-0029-1192031 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19326335 Abstract Secondhand smoke was classified by national and international organisations as a known cause of cancer in humans and has many adverse health effects, especially cardiovascular diseases and lung tumours. Global studies have clearly shown that hospitality venues have the highest levels of indoor air pollution containing different substances that are clearly carcinogenic--such as tobacco-related chemicals--compared with other, smoke-free indoor spaces. Data from the human biomonitoring of non-smoking employees in the food service industry confirm this high exposure level. Non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke in these environments are at increased risk for adverse health effects. The consistent protection of non-smokers in public places such as restaurants and bars through a smoking ban results in a significant reduction of the pollutants in the air (mostly > 90%) and clearly reduces the internal body burden for users and employees. Furthermore, health complaints by non-smoking employees are reduced and the higher risk for lung tumours of employees in the food service industry compared with the general population can be effectively reduced as well. According to current standards of knowledge, other measures such as spatial separation of smoking areas or the use of mechanical venting systems do not achieve a comparably high and effective pollutant reduction under field conditions. Studies concerning the economic effects of prohibiting smoking in public places conducted in various countries have shown that beverage-focused gastronomic enterprises experience a short-term down trend but that food-focused gastronomic enterprises do not experience any negative or even positive effects. The positive effects of a ban on smoking in public places on the general population are a decline in cigarette consumption and the reduction of secondhand smoke exposure by non-smokers. Smoking bans in hospitality venues are not necessarily linked with a shift of the tobacco consumption to private rooms and an associated increase of secondhand smoke exposure. A comprehensive smoking ban in public spaces without exemption is therefore an easy and targeted measure for gastronomic enterprises from a health perspective. Descriptors Environmental Exposure/analysis/economics/statistics & numerical data, Internationality, Public Facilities/economics/statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/economics/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Fromme,H., Kuhn,J., Bolte,G. Original/Translated Title Tabakrauch in gastronomischen Einrichtungen. Exposition, innere Belastung, okonomische und gesundheitliche Aspekte im Zusammenhang mit Rauchverboten URL Date of Electronic 20090326 PMCID Editors
Secondhand smoke in hospitals of Catalonia (Spain) before and after a comprehensive ban on smoking at the national level	2008	Tobacco Control and Research Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Department, Institut Catala d'Oncologia-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain. efernandez@ico.scs.es	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventive medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 47 Issue 6 Start Page 624 Other Pages 628 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0322116; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 2008/04/24 [received]; 2008/09/03 [revised]; 2008/09/08 [accepted]; 2008/09/19 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-0260; 0091-7435 Accession Number PMID: 18845179 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.09.003 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18845179 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in secondhand smoke exposure by means of airborne nicotine concentrations in public hospitals of Catalonia (Spain) before and after a comprehensive national smoking ban. METHODS: We monitored vapor-phase nicotine concentrations in 44 public hospitals in Catalonia (Spain) before the smoking ban (September-December 2005) and one year after (September-December 2006). We installed 5-7 sampling devices per hospital for 7 days in different places (228 pairs of samples), and 198 pairs of samples were available for the final analysis. RESULTS: The median nicotine concentration declined from 0.23 microg/m(3) (interquartile range: 0.13-0.63) before the law to 0.10 microg/m(3) (interquartile range: 0.02-0.19) after the law (% decline=56.5, p<0.01). We observed significant reductions in the median nicotine concentrations in all hospital locations, although secondhand smoke exposure was still present in some places (main hospital entrance, emergency department waiting rooms, fire escapes, and cafeterias). CONCLUSIONS: Secondhand smoke in hospitals has decreased after the ban. Assessment of airborne nicotine concentrations appears to be an objective and feasible system to monitor and reinforce the compliance of smoke-free legislations in this setting. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hospital Departments, Humans, Nicotine/analysis, Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence, Spain, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Fernandez,E., Fu,M., Martinez,C., Martinez-Sanchez,J. M., Lopez,M. J., Martin-Pujol,A., Centrich,F., Munoz,G., Nebot,M., Salto,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080919 PMCID Editors

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