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Depression in smoking pregnant women: impact on motivation to quit smoking 2014 Service de maternite, groupe hospitalier mutualiste de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France.; Institut Rhone-Alpes Auvergne de tabacologie (IRAAT), hopital de la Croix-Rousse, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69004 Lyon, France; Dispensaire Emile-Roux, 11,
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Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Gynecol.Obstet.Biol.Reprod.(Paris)
Pub Date Free Form
Nov
Volume
43
Issue
9
Start Page
691
Other Pages
697
Notes
CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 0322206; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/07/01 [received]; 2013/09/09 [revised]; 2013/09/13 [accepted]; 2013/10/14 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
France
ISSN/ISBN
1773-0430; 0150-9918
Accession Number
PMID: 24135016
Language
fre
SubFile
English Abstract; Journal Article; Multicenter Study; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.09.005 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
24135016
Abstract
Despite the organization of smoking cessation program, the percentage of pregnant smokers remains too high in France. The knowledge of the factors limiting success of the attempt can help the smoking cessation. AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of depressive disorders in pregnant smokers compared to nonsmokers; assess their impact on motivation stopping smoking; verify their identification can be performed by midwives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective multicenter survey on 792 women (435 smokers and 357 non-smokers), the assessment of the current depression is made by the Hospital Anxiety Depression scale, and motivation to quit smoking by the Richmond test. RESULTS: Pregnant smokers compared to non-smokers, have more frequent depressive disorders (current: OR=2.4; history: OR=2). These problems do not decrease the motivation to quit, they are associated with a high nicotine dependence and low socioeconomic levels. Their testing can be done by midwives. CONCLUSION: Systematic screening for depression in pregnant women smoking could facilitate smoking cessation.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Masson SAS
Data Source
Authors
Dupre,F., Perriot,J., Defay,I., Lavessiere,C., Defay,F., Guillon,C., Mathern,G., Berland,M.
Original/Translated Title
Depression chez la femme enceinte fumeuse : impact sur la motivation a l'arret du tabac
URL
Date of Electronic
20131014
PMCID
Editors
Dependency of bulk chlorine decay rates on flow velocity in water distribution networks 2003 Menaia, J., LNEC (National Civ. Eng. Laboratory), 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Water Science and Technology: Water Supply
Periodical, Abbrev.
Water Sc.Technol.Water Supply
Pub Date Free Form
2003/
Volume
3
Issue
2-Jan
Start Page
209
Other Pages
214
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1606-9749
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Understanding chlorine residual decay kinetics and the factors that influence them are essential for such current tasks as siting chlorination facilities, dosage optimisation, choice of sampling locations and frequencies, and general design and operational control of drinking water networks, increasingly accomplished with the help of simulation models. Available constants for bulk chlorine decay are typically determined under static conditions. However, as for all fast reactions in water flows, chlorine consumption rates in drinking water pipes may be influenced by the existing mixing regimes, a function of flow turbulence, which is primarily controlled by flow velocity and pipe diameter. Flow velocities vary greatly in space and time in water transmission and distribution systems; pipe diameters are seldom uniform. Although both variables are readily available in the currently available network analysis simulators that implement chlorine models, such variations are not accounted for. Instead, a single preset decay rate constant is generally used for describing chlorine residual consumption throughout an entire system. In addition to highlighting how negligible PVC pipe wall chlorine consumption is, as such, this paper presents experimental evidence of a significant correlation between pipe flow velocity and bulk chlorine decay rates, and proposes a simple but effective approach to implement this dependency in current simulators.
Descriptors
chlorine, drinking water, chlorination, conference paper, correlation analysis, flow rate, fluid intake, kinetics, process control, simulation, tube, turbulent flow, water flow, water sampling, water supply
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Menaia,J., Coelho,S. T., Lopes,A., Fonte,E., Palma,J.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Dependence on tobacco and nicotine products: a case for product-specific assessment 2012
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine Tob Res
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
14
Issue
11
Start Page
1382
Other Pages
90
Notes
ID: 22459798
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
The International Classification of Diseases and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for diagnosing tobacco/nicotine dependence emphasize the dependence-producing drug nicotine. These diagnostic tools have been challenged on grounds of poor predictive validity, and they do not differentiate across various forms of nicotine-containing products. In fact, nicotine-containing products (e.g., tobacco cigarettes, smokeless tobacco ST], waterpipe, electronic cigarettes ECIGs], and nicotine replacement NR] products) have very different characteristics both in terms of sensory and behavioral involvement and also in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects. For example, a cigarette and a nicotine patch are very different on almost every one of these dimensions. When ability to stop using a nicotine/tobacco product is used as a criterion for dependence, success rates vary considerably across products: Tobacco cigarette cessation is more difficult than ST cessation that in turn is more difficult than NR product cessation. Based on these results, we hypothesize that there is a continuum of dependence as much as there is a continuum of harm, with tobacco cigarettes and NR products on opposite ends of both continua and other products (waterpipe and ECIGs) somewhere in between. In order to capture more precisely the dependence produced by both nicotine and its administration forms, product-specific instruments may be required. The pros and cons of this approach are discussed.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Fagerström, Karl, Eissenberg,Thomas
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Dependence measures based on hookah smokers' experiences and context are needed 2016 Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.; School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.; Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health,
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Print(0)
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Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Addiction (Abingdon, England)
Periodical, Abbrev.
Addiction
Pub Date Free Form
May
Volume
111
Issue
5
Start Page
936
Other Pages
Notes
JID: 9304118; CON: Addiction. 2016 Feb;111(2):351-9. PMID: 26417942; CIN: Addiction. 2016 May;111(5):937-8. PMID: 26987303; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/12/16 [received]; 2015/12/17 [accepted]; 2016/02/02 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1360-0443; 0965-2140
Accession Number
PMID: 26841019
Language
eng
SubFile
Comment; Letter; IM
DOI
10.1111/add.13287 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26841019
Abstract
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Myers,K., Ward,K.D., Maziak,W.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20160202
PMCID
Editors
Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes 2015 Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: Jean-Francois.Etter@unige.ch.; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Dept. of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Drug and alcohol dependence
Periodical, Abbrev.
Drug Alcohol Depend.
Pub Date Free Form
1-Feb
Volume
147
Issue
Start Page
68
Other Pages
75
Notes
LR: 20160701; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: P50 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7513587; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); NIHMS797376; OID: NLM: NIHMS797376; OID: NLM: PMC4920051; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/08/28 [re
Place of Publication
Ireland
ISSN/ISBN
1879-0046; 0376-8716
Accession Number
PMID: 25561385
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.007 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25561385
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess dependence levels in users of e-cigarettes, and compare them with dependence levels in users of nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes. DESIGN: Self-reports from cross-sectional Internet and mail surveys. Comparisons of: (a) 766 daily users of nicotine-containing e-cigarettes with 30 daily users of nicotine-free e-cigarettes; (b) 911 former smokers who used the e-cigarette daily with 451 former smokers who used the nicotine gum daily (but no e-cigarette); (c) 125 daily e-cigarette users who smoked daily (dual users) with two samples of daily smokers who did not use e-cigarettes (2206 enrolled on the Internet and 292 enrolled by mail from the general population of Geneva). We used the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, the nicotine dependence syndrome scale, the cigarette dependence scale and versions of these scales adapted for e-cigarettes and nicotine gums. RESULTS: Dependence ratings were slightly higher in users of nicotine-containing e-cigarettes than in users of nicotine-free e-cigarettes. In former smokers, long-term (>3 months) users of e-cigarettes were less dependent on e-cigarettes than long-term users of the nicotine gum were dependent on the gum. There were few differences in dependence ratings between short-term (=3 months) users of gums or e-cigarettes. Dependence on e-cigarettes was generally lower in dual users than dependence on tobacco cigarettes in the two other samples of daily smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Some e-cigarette users were dependent on nicotine-containing e-cigarettes, but these products were less addictive than tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarettes may be as or less addictive than nicotine gums, which themselves are not very addictive.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ireland Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Etter,J.F., Eissenberg,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141218
PMCID
PMC4920051
Editors
Density of tobacco retail outlets near schools and smoking behaviour among secondary school students 2013
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Aust.N.Z.J.Public Health
Pub Date Free Form
Dec
Volume
37
Issue
6
Start Page
574
Other Pages
578
Notes
JID: 9611095; ppublish
Place of Publication
Australia
ISSN/ISBN
1753-6405; 1326-0200
Accession Number
PMID: 24892157
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
24892157
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the density of tobacco retail outlets near schools in Victoria, Australia, is associated with adolescent smoking behaviour. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey data of 2,044 secondary school students aged 12-17 years was combined with tobacco outlet audit data. Associations between students' self-reported tobacco use and the density of tobacco outlets near schools was examined using multilevel logistic and negative binomial regression models, with cigarette price at local milk bars and key socio-demographic and school-related variables included as covariates. RESULTS: Increased tobacco retail outlet density was associated with a significant increase in the number of cigarettes smoked in the previous seven days among students who smoked in the past month (IRR=1.13; 95% CI 1.02-1.26), but not the odds of smoking in the past month in the larger sample (OR=1.06; 95% CI 0.90-1.24), after controlling for local mean price of cigarettes and socio-demographic and school-related variables. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: This study suggests there is a positive association between tobacco retail outlet density and cigarette consumption among adolescent smokers, but not smoking prevalence, in the Australian context. There is value in considering policy measures that restrict the supply of tobacco retail outlets in school neighbourhoods as a means of reducing youth cigarette consumption.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Scully,M., McCarthy,M., Zacher,M., Warne,C., Wakefield,M., White,V.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Deniers and Admitters: Examining Smoker Identities in a Changing Tobacco Landscape 2016 Office of Statewide Health Improvement Initiatives, Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN; john.kingsbury@state.mn.us.; Health Promotion and Chronic Disease, Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN;; Department of Research, ClearWay Minnesota, B
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
16-Apr
Volume
Issue
Start Page
Other Pages
Notes
LR: 20160503; CI: (c) The Author 2016; JID: 9815751; 2016/02/17 [received]; 2016/04/09 [accepted]; 2016/04/16 [aheadofprint]; aheadofprint
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 27085084
Language
ENG
SubFile
JOURNAL ARTICLE
DOI
ntw110 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
27085084
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Smoking prevalence has declined considerably over the past 30 years. This decline has coincided with a growing stigma against smokers and a trend toward nondaily or occasional smoking. Some individuals now deny being a smoker despite current cigarette use-i.e., "deniers"; conversely, occasional smokers who admit to being a smoker are defined as "admitters." Although the "denier" phenomenon has been the focus of recent research, no studies have examined smoker identity in the context of emerging tobacco products and ongoing, statewide tobacco control programs. Recent data from the 2014 Minnesota Adult Tobacco Survey provided an opportunity to address these research gaps. METHOD: Using the Minnesota Adult Tobacco Survey, participants were 242 adults who reported smoking 100 cigarettes lifetime, currently smoking "some days," and past 30-day smoking. Questions also assessed smoker identity, emerging product use and perceptions, and changes in smoking behavior in response to a recent statewide tobacco tax increase. RESULTS: Regression models revealed no difference in e-cigarette or hookah use between deniers and admitters, but deniers were more likely to perceive that hookah use was less harmful than smoking cigarettes. In response to the tax increase, we found that admitters were more likely than deniers to report thinking about quitting, reducing cigarette amount, and making a quit attempt. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that deniers perceive lower harm from using tobacco products. Tax increases may be less effective at motivating quit attempts in deniers compared to admitters, implying that cessation programs tailored to specific smoking identities could usefully complement tax increases. IMPLICATIONS: Findings from this study suggest that tobacco tax increases should be coordinated with health promotion interventions to address occasional and social smoking. The denier phenomenon in particular is an important identity-based construct that population-level public health practice should consider in order to design effective tobacco control interventions. In addition, findings from our study and previous research suggest that occasional or social smokers who deny the smoker identity may be slowing progress in reducing smoking rates. Interventions targeting occasional smokers, and in particular, deniers, are needed to accelerate cessation efforts.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Data Source
Authors
Kingsbury,J.H., Parks,M.J., Amato,M.S., Boyle,R.G.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20160416
PMCID
Editors
Demographic and social characteristics of family planning acceptors in Jordan 1982
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Population bulletin of ECWA
Periodical, Abbrev.
Popul.Bull.ECWA
Pub Date Free Form
Jun-Dec
Volume
(22-23)
Issue
22-23
Start Page
119
Other Pages
136
Notes
LR: 20071115; JID: 8403915; OID: PIP: 026024; OID: POP: 00136376; OTO: PIP; GN: PIP: TJ: POPULATION BULLETIN OF ECWA; ppublish
Place of Publication
LEBANON
ISSN/ISBN
0378-679X; 0378-679X
Accession Number
PMID: 12266313
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; J
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
12266313
Abstract
PIP: In 1980 information on acceptor characteristics was collected from the files of4 privately run family planning centers established in 1963 in Jordan. The data were analyzed by constructing a series of number and percent distributions of acceptors by specific characteristics. If the Jordanian government adopts a family planning policy in the near future, the information collected in this study could be of use in planning a national family planning program. The government's current attitude toward family planning is neutral; however, in 1972 the Amman Conference on Population Policy in Relation to Urban Development noted that the average female in Jordan had 8.3 births, viewed population growth as a detriment to development, and recommened the adoption of a nationalpolicy to reduce fertility. The National Population Commission is currently working on a national policy document on population and development. In the past the Commission did not advocate adopting a national policy but it did recognize the impact of population on economic goals and the right of parents to have imformation on family planning. Several studies have also indicated that most Jordanian women approve of birth control. Presently, there are 20 private family planning clinics on the West Bank and 5 on the East Bank. Data was collected from clinics located in Amman , Salt, Irbid, and Jarash. Information on acceptors who used the clinics at least once during 1963-1980 was obtained by examining patient information cards filled out by patients. A sample of 1368 patient records was drawn by selecting every 4th card from the clinic files. Average age at marriage was 17.96 years for wives and 24.62 years for husbands, and average marriage duration was 9.05 years. The average birth interval was 1.28 years. 85.23% of the women worked at home only, and 14.77% worked outside the home. The majority of the husbands were manual labors. 37% of the women were illiterate, and only 3% had more than 12 years of education. Husbands were slightly more educated than their wives. Data on pervious births and abortions was available for 1484 clients. The average number of pregnancies was 5.9, and the average number of living children was 5.25. Illiterate women had and average of 7.9 pregnancies, and women with more than 12 years of school had an average of 2.2 pregnancies. The women reported a total of 662 previous abortions, and the proportion of pregnancies ending in abortion was lower among both illiterate women and women qith more than 12 years of education than among women with some education. Among women aho reported the type of abortion. 45 had induced abortions and 413 has spontaneous abortions. 36.3% of the acceptors said they came to the clinic because they had too many children, and 35.3% said they came from family planning purposes. All but 24.3% of the patients had used some contraceptive prior to coming to the clinic. Most clients were provided with oral contraceptives (OC) or IUDs. tables provide information on acceptor characteristics.
Descriptors
Abortion, Induced, Abortion, Spontaneous, Age Factors, Asia, Asia, Western, Attitude, Behavior, Birth Intervals, Communication, Contraception, Contraception Behavior, Data Collection, Delivery of Health Care, Demography, Developing Countries, Economics, Educational Status, Employment, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Family Characteristics, Family Planning Policy, Family Planning Services, Fertility, Health, Health Facilities, Proprietary, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Planning, Health Services, Health Services Needs and Demand, Jordan, Marriage, Middle East, Motivation, Occupations, Organization and Administration, Parity, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Patient Compliance, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Program Evaluation, Psychology, Public Policy, Research, Sampling Studies, Sexual Behavior, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Statistics as Topic, Acceptor Characteristics--statistics, Acceptors, Arab Countries, Birth Spacing, Contraceptive Methods Chosen, Contraceptive Usage, Data Analysis, Demographic Factors, Employment Status, Evaluation, Family And Household, Family Planning, Family Planning Clinic Attendance, Family Planning Program Evaluation, Family Planning Programs, Family Planning Surveys, Family Size, Fertility Control, Postconception, Kap Surveys, Knowledge Sources, Macroeconomic Factors, Marriage Age, Marriage Patterns, Needs, Nuptiality, Policy, Population Policy, Privately Sponsored Programs, Programs, Psychological Factors, Reproductive Behavior, Research Methodology, Research Report, Social Policy, Socioeconomic Status, Statistical Studies, Studies, Surveys, Western Asia
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Sahawneh,F.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Demographic and psychosocial profile of smoking among pregnant women in Lebanon: public health implications 2003
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Matern Child Health J
Periodical, Abbrev.
Matern.Child Health J.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
7
Issue
3
Start Page
179
Other Pages
86
Notes
ID: 14509413
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and determinants of smoking prior to and during pregnancy in Lebanon. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using two structured instruments. One instrument included information on demographic characteristics, smoking patterns in the index pregnancy and previous pregnancies, use of prenatal health services, stressful life events, and social support during pregnancy. The second was the Arabic General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Women who delivered in 11 randomly selected hospitals in Beirut and its suburbs within 24 hours were asked to consent to participate in the study. The total sample interviewed was 576 women. RESULTS: The prevalence of pre-pregnancy smoking was 32% and 20% for smoking in pregnancy. Considering argileh smoking, the prevalence of tobacco use in pregnancy increased to 27% in Beirut and 25% in the suburbs. Pre-pregnancy smoking was associated with older maternal age OR = 1.08, 95% CI (1.03, 1.14)], low and medium education OR = 2.22, 95% CI (1.22,4.04)], increased psychiatric distress OR = 3.11, 95% CI (1.77,5.46)], and a husband who smoked OR = 5.00, 95% CI (2.98,8.39)]. Continued smoking during pregnancy was associated with low and medium education OR = 3.77, 95% CI (1.31, 10.8)], younger age OR = 1.11, 95% CI (1.02-1.20)], and a heavy pre-pregnancy smoking pattern OR = 13.9, 95% CI (1.40,137.4)]. CONCLUSION: Policies and programs to eliminate or reduce smoking during pregnancy should be targeted toward young and less educated females and involving the spouse. Obstetricians should promote smoking cessation during pregnancy using evidence-based methods.
Descriptors
Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology, Pregnant Women/psychology, Public Health, Smoking/epidemiology, Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Female, Health Education, Humans, Lebanon/epidemiology, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications/etiology, Prevalence, Smoking/psychology
Links
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1457110/?tool=pubmed
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Chaaya,Monique, Awwad,Johnny, Campbell,Oona M. R., Sibai,Abla, Kaddour,Afamia
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Delayed neutrons emitted from cooling water at a high energy proton accelerator facility 1993 Suzuki, T., National Lab. High Energy Physics, Radiation Safety Control Centre, Tsukuba 305, Japan
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Radiation Protection Dosimetry
Periodical, Abbrev.
RADIAT.PROT.DOSIM.
Pub Date Free Form
1993/
Volume
46
Issue
2
Start Page
111
Other Pages
114
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
0144-8420
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
At a high energy proton accelerator facility, cooling water passing through magnets along a primary proton beam line is exposed to high energy secondary particles and becomes activated. The radiation levels on the surface of the water pipe carrying the activated water may be quite high due to annihilation gamma rays of positron emitters. It is also probable that radionuclides (RNs) emitting delayed neutrons are produced in cooling water. Delayed neutrons released from cooling water have been successfully measured and 17N (T(1/2) = 4.17 s) was identified as the RN responsible for the delayed neutrons by measuring the half-life.
Descriptors
cooling water, article, controlled study, fast proton radiation, neutron radiation
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Suzuki,T., Oki,Y., Nimajiri,M., Miura,T., Kondo,K.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors