Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title | Pub Year | Author | SearchLink Sort descending |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse effects of cigarette and noncigarette smoke exposure on the autonomic nervous system: mechanisms and implications for cardiovascular risk | 2014 | Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: hmiddlekauff@mednet.ucla.edu.; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, and the Veterans | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Am.Coll.Cardiol.
Pub Date Free Form
21-Oct
Volume
64
Issue
16
Start Page
1740
Other Pages
1750
Notes
CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: K23-HL098744/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; GR: MO1-RR00865/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8301365; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Smoke); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/05/10 [received]; 2014/06/24 [revised]; 2014/06/30 [accepted]; ppubl
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1558-3597; 0735-1097
Accession Number
PMID: 25323263
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; AIM; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1201 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25323263
Abstract
This review summarizes the detrimental effects of cigarette and noncigarette emission exposure on autonomic function, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of acute and chronic modulation of the sympathetic nervous system. We propose that the nicotine and fine particulate matter in tobacco smoke lead to increased sympathetic nerve activity, which becomes persistent via a positive feedback loop between sympathetic nerve activity and reactive oxidative species. Furthermore, we propose that baroreflex suppression of sympathetic activation is attenuated in habitual smokers; that is, the baroreflex plays a permissive role, allowing sympathoexcitation to occur without restraint in the setting of increased pressor response. This model is also applicable to other nontobacco cigarette emission exposures (e.g., marijuana, waterpipes [hookahs], electronic cigarettes, and even air pollution). Fortunately, emerging data suggest that baroreflex sensitivity and autonomic function may be restored after smoking cessation, providing further evidence in support of the health benefits of smoking cessation.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc
Data Source
Authors
Middlekauff,H.R., Park,J., Moheimani,R.S.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| Water pipes and E-cigarettes: new faces of an ancient enemy | 2014 | Read more... | |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Assoc.Physicians India
Pub Date Free Form
Apr
Volume
62
Issue
4
Start Page
324
Other Pages
328
Notes
JID: 7505585; ppublish
Place of Publication
India
ISSN/ISBN
0004-5772; 0004-5772
Accession Number
PMID: 25327035
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Review; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25327035
Abstract
In a world grappling with tobacco addiction, the hookah (water-pipe) and the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) are creating new problems. Apart from posing the inherent danger of nicotine addiction, they both seem to be wolves cloaked in the sheep-skin of consumer-perceived safety, at least in comparison to the cigarette. However it seems that the e-cigarette may have a role in a nicotine-replacement therapy. There has been a wave of interest around the world in analysing these phenomena. The following review discusses the current data regarding the hookah and the e-cigarette. A PubMed, Medline and Google search using the keywords'sheesha', 'hookah', water-pipe', 'electronic cigarette', 'e-cigarette', 'vapers' was carried out.The studies carried out between 2007-2013 were included in this review. Information available in the public domain on internet websites was included to study the perception of the lay consumer regarding the hookah and the e-cigarette.
Descriptors
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Data Source
Authors
Dagaonkar,R.S., Udwadi,Z.F.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| Fine particulate matter concentrations in smoking households: just how much secondhand smoke do you breathe in if you live with a smoker who smokes indoors? | 2015 | Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK.; Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Heal | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Oct
Volume
24
Issue
e3
Start Page
e205
Other Pages
11
Notes
CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.; JID: 9209612; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacc
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-3318; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 25331379
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051635 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25331379
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Using data on fine particulate matter less than 2.5 mum (PM2.5) concentrations in smoking and non-smoking homes in Scotland to estimate the mass of PM2.5 inhaled by different age groups. METHODS: Data from four linked studies, with real-time measurements of PM2.5 in homes, were combined with data on typical breathing rates and time-activity patterns. Monte Carlo modelling was used to estimate daily PM2.5 intake, the percentage of total PM2.5 inhaled within the home environment and the percentage reduction in daily intake that could be achieved by switching to a smoke-free home. RESULTS: Median (IQR) PM2.5 concentrations from 93 smoking homes were 31 (10-111) mug/m(3) and 3 (2-6.5) mug/m(3) for the 17 non-smoking homes. Non-smokers living with smokers typically have average PM2.5 exposure levels more than three times higher than the WHO guidance for annual exposure to PM2.5 (10 mug/m(3)). CONCLUSIONS: Fine particulate pollution in Scottish homes where smoking is permitted is approximately 10 times higher than in non-smoking homes. Taken over a lifetime many non-smokers living with a smoker inhale a similar mass of PM2.5 as a non-smoker living in a heavily polluted city such as Beijing. Most non-smokers living in smoking households would experience reductions of over 70% in their daily inhaled PM2.5 intake if their home became smoke-free. The reduction is likely to be greatest for the very young and for older members of the population because they typically spend more time at home.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Semple,S., Apsley,A., Azmina Ibrahim,T., Turner,S.W., Cherrie,J.W.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141020
PMCID
Editors
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| Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Its Rare Association with Barrett's Esophagus in Henan, China | 2014 | Henan Office for Cancer Research and Control, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases and Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of Ameri | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
PloS one
Periodical, Abbrev.
PLoS One
Pub Date Free Form
15-Oct
Volume
9
Issue
10
Start Page
e110348
Other Pages
Notes
LR: 20160219; JID: 101285081; Adenocarcinoma Of Esophagus; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; EIN: PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0127135. de Dieu Tapsoba, Jean [corrected to Tapsoba, Jean de Dieu]. PMID: 25919884; OID: NLM: PMC4198241; 2014 [ecollection]; 2014/0
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1932-6203; 1932-6203
Accession Number
PMID: 25333822
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0110348 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25333822
Abstract
Incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has increased sharply in Western Europe and United States over the past three decades. Nearly all cases of EAC in the west are thought to be associated with Barrett's esophagus (BE) at the time of diagnosis. Regions in the Henan province of China have one of world's highest incidences of esophageal cancer, yet recent temporal trends in the relative rates of EAC with respect to esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC), as well as its association with Barrett's esophagus (BE), have not been reported. In this report, we present large-scale longitudinal clinical and histological data on 5401 esophageal cancers (EC) patients diagnosed during the recent 10-year period (2002-2011) at Henan Cancer Hospital, China. All 217 esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) patients from these 5401 EC patients were examined to better understand the relationship between Barrett's esophagus (BE) and EAC. We found that EAC was relatively rare and accounted for approximately 5% of all esophageal cancers each year during 2002-2011. There is no evidence of significant temporal trends in the rate of EAC relative to ESCC. Only 10 out of 217 (4.6%) EAC cases were detected to have any evidence of Barrett's esophagus. This result raises the possibility of a different etiological basis for EAC in China motivating more detailed epidemiological, clinical and molecular characterization of EAC in China in order to better understand the neoplastic development of EAC.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
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Data Source
Authors
Liu,S., Dai,J.Y., Yao,L., Li,X., Reid,B., Self,S., Ma,J., Chang,Y., Feng,S., Tapsoba Jde,D., Sun,X., Sun,X.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141015
PMCID
PMC4198241
Editors
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| Paan (pan) and paan (pan) masala should be considered tobacco products | 2015 | Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA Department of Health Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA.; Institute for Population Health Improvement, Unive | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Dec
Volume
24
Issue
e4
Start Page
e280
Other Pages
4
Notes
CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/; GR: 1-TW-02-005/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: U54CA15
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-3318; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 25335900
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051700 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25335900
Abstract
Two products indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and popular among South Asians globally - paan and paan masala - are inconsistently categorised as tobacco by researchers, clinicians, program planners and policymakers. This article calls for a universally standard classification of these smokeless carcinogenic products as tobacco products and thus, subject to the same public health and clinical protections applied to other forms of tobacco. This recommendation is guided by scientific evidence strongly indicating the common presence of tobacco in paan and paan masala. Inclusion of these two products in population-level surveillance, clinical screening, as well as public health program planning and policy interventions may have considerable impact on preventing and reducing tobacco-related disparities among South Asians around the world.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Mukherjea,A., Modayil,M.V., Tong,E.K.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141021
PMCID
Editors
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| The mediating role of cytokine IL-6 on the relationship of FEV(1) upon 6-minute walk distance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2014 | Department of Pneumology, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Montescano, Pavia, Italy.; School of Psychology, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand.; Department of Pneumology, Scientific Institute of Montescano, | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Periodical, Abbrev.
Int.J.Chron.Obstruct Pulmon Dis.
Pub Date Free Form
7-Oct
Volume
9
Issue
Start Page
1091
Other Pages
1099
Notes
LR: 20151119; ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01253941; JID: 101273481; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (IL6 protein, human); 0 (Inflammation Mediators); 0 (Interleukin-6); OID: NLM: PMC4199845; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014 [ecollection]; 2014/10/07 [epublish]; epublish
Place of Publication
New Zealand
ISSN/ISBN
1178-2005; 1176-9106
Accession Number
PMID: 25336940
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.2147/COPD.S57845 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25336940
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To explore the mediating role of protein interleukin-6 (IL-6) on the relationship between forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) and, further, to determine whether status variables (such as age, sex, and body mass index [BMI]) operate as moderators of this mediation relationship. DESIGN: Moderated mediation model. SETTING: An inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation center in Italy. PARTICIPANTS: All 153 patients involved in the screening of a randomized controlled clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01253941) were included in this study. All patients were Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages I-IV and were aged 70.1+/-9.1 years. MEASUREMENTS: At run-in phase of the protocol, clinical and functional screening included BMI, fasting plasma levels of protein (IL-6), spirometry, and standardized 6-minute walking test, measured at the start of the respiratory rehabilitation program. METHODS: The size of the indirect effect of the initial variable (FEV1) upon the outcome variable (6MWD) through the intervening variable (IL-6) was computed and tested for statistical significance. Moderated mediation analyses were subsequently conducted with age, sex, and BMI. RESULTS: FEV1 averaged 53.4%+/-21.2%, and 6MWD 66.4%+/-41.3% of predicted. Median protein IL-6 was 6.68 pg/mL (interquartile range: 5.96). A bootstrapped mediation test supported the predicted indirect pathway (P=0.003). The indirect effect through IL-6 log units accounted for 17% of the total effect between FEV1 and 6MWD. Age functioned as a significant moderator of the mediational pattern. For individuals aged 70 years it was not significant (0.04, 95% CI: -0.010 to 0.142, P=0.10). CONCLUSION: This moderated mediation result based on concurrent data suggests, but does not prove, a causal role of systemic inflammatory syndrome on progression from functional impairment to "frailty" status and substantial disability in aging chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Baldi,S., Jose,P.E., Bruschi,C., Pinna,G.D., Maestri,R., Rezzani,A., Bellinzona,E., Fracchia,C., Dacosto,E., Crotti,P., Montemartini,S.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141007
PMCID
PMC4199845
Editors
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| The effect of smoking on bleeding on probing after nonsurgical periodontal therapy: a quasi-experimental study | 2014 | Department of Stomatology, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.; Department of Stomatology, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.; Department of Stomatology, Dental School, Uni | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Brazilian oral research
Periodical, Abbrev.
Braz Oral Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
28
Issue
Start Page
1
Other Pages
7
Notes
LR: 20150720; JID: 101307187; 2014/03/21 [received]; 2014/06/24 [accepted]; 2014/10/21 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
Brazil
ISSN/ISBN
1807-3107; 1806-8324
Accession Number
PMID: 25337935
Language
eng
SubFile
Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; D; IM
DOI
S1806-83242014000100267 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25337935
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy using the primary outcome measure of bleeding on probing (BoP). An periodontist performed periodontal therapy on 11 smokers and 14 never smokers with periodontitis. Two examiners assessed visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, probing pocket depth (PPD), BoP, suppuration on probing and clinical attachment level (CAL), at baseline and three months after therapy. BoP was categorized as 0 (absent), 1 (small bleeding point) and 2 (blood flow from the sulcus). Total BoP value was obtained by summing values of 1 and 2. All subjects had significant reductions in mean PPD and percentages of sites with BoP, with no difference between the groups. Only never smokers presented statistically significant CAL gain. BoP was significantly and consistently reduced at sites with initial PPDs of 1-3 mm and 4-6 mm in both groups. At sites with deep PPD ( >/= 7mm), never smokers showed a greater mean reduction in the number of sites with BoP than did smokers (p
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Ardais,R., Mario Tde,G., Boligon,J., Kantorski,K.Z., Moreira,C.H.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141021
PMCID
Editors
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| Waterpipes and electronic cigarettes: increasing prevalence and expanding science | 2014 | Center for Regulatory Research on Tobacco Communication, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina , 319D Rosenau Hall, CB #7400, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Chemical research in toxicology
Periodical, Abbrev.
Chem.Res.Toxicol.
Pub Date Free Form
18-Aug
Volume
27
Issue
8
Start Page
1336
Other Pages
1343
Notes
LR: 20160701; GR: P50 CA180907/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50CA180907/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8807448; 0 (Nitrosamines); OID: NLM: PMC4137989;
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1520-5010; 0893-228X
Accession Number
PMID: 25338174
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM
DOI
10.1021/tx500200j [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25338174
Abstract
The prevalence of non-cigarette tobacco product use is on the rise across the globe, especially for waterpipes (also known as hookah, narghile, and shisha) and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). The scientific literature reveals that waterpipe tobacco smoking is associated with exposure to a variety of toxicants that can cause short- and long-term adverse health events. In contrast, there is far less evidence of health harms related to e-cigarette use, although the variety of products in this category makes it difficult to generalize. We searched the PubMed database for all publications on waterpipes and e-cigarettes from January 2000 to March 2014. The number of publications on waterpipes rose in a slow, linear pattern during this time, while the number of publications on e-cigarettes showed exponential growth. The different trends suggest there may be more interest in studying a novel nicotine product (the e-cigarette) over a traditional tobacco product (the waterpipe). We posit that, although the specific research needs for these products are different, public health would be served best by a more equitable research approach. Scientists should continue to devote attention to understanding the unknown long-term health effects of e-cigarettes and their potential to serve as harm reduction or smoking cessation tools while simultaneously investigating how to reduce waterpipe smoking given that it exposes users to toxicants known to cause harm to health. Recent regulatory action in the United States, which proposes to include waterpipes and e-cigarettes under some of the same regulations as tobacco cigarettes, makes such research particularly timely.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Pepper,J.K., Eissenberg,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140804
PMCID
PMC4137989
Editors
|
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| Control of Ebola virus disease - firestone district, liberia, 2014 | 2014 | Read more... | |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report
Periodical, Abbrev.
MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep.
Pub Date Free Form
24-Oct
Volume
63
Issue
42
Start Page
959
Other Pages
965
Notes
JID: 7802429; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1545-861X; 0149-2195
Accession Number
PMID: 25340914
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
mm6342a6 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25340914
Abstract
On March 30, 2014, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW) of Liberia alerted health officials at Firestone Liberia, Inc. (Firestone) of the first known case of Ebola virus disease (Ebola) inside the Firestone rubber tree plantation of Liberia. The patient, who was the wife of a Firestone employee, had cared for a family member with confirmed Ebola in Lofa County, the epicenter of the Ebola outbreak in Liberia during March-April 2014. To prevent a large outbreak among Firestone's 8,500 employees, their dependents, and the surrounding population, the company responded by 1) establishing an incident management system, 2) instituting procedures for the early recognition and isolation of Ebola patients, 3) enforcing adherence to standard Ebola infection control guidelines, and 4) providing differing levels of management for contacts depending on their exposure, including options for voluntary quarantine in the home or in dedicated facilities. In addition, Firestone created multidisciplinary teams to oversee the outbreak response, address case detection, manage cases in a dedicated unit, and reintegrate convalescent patients into the community. The company also created a robust risk communication, prevention, and social mobilization campaign to boost community awareness of Ebola and how to prevent transmission. During August 1-September 23, a period of intense Ebola transmission in the surrounding areas, 71 cases of Ebola were diagnosed among the approximately 80,000 Liberians for whom Firestone provides health care (cumulative incidence = 0.09%). Fifty-seven (80%) of the cases were laboratory confirmed; 39 (68%) of these cases were fatal. Aspects of Firestone's response appear to have minimized the spread of Ebola in the local population and might be successfully implemented elsewhere to limit the spread of Ebola and prevent transmission to health care workers (HCWs).
Descriptors
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Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Reaves,E.J., Mabande,L.G., Thoroughman,D.A., Arwady,M.A., Montgomery,J.M.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| Risk assessment of volatile organic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) in consumer products | 2014 | a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of toxicology and environmental health.Part A
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Toxicol.Environ.Health A
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
77
Issue
22-24
Start Page
1502
Other Pages
1521
Notes
JID: 100960995; 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Volatile Organic Compounds); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1528-7394; 0098-4108
Accession Number
PMID: 25343298
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1080/15287394.2014.955905 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25343298
Abstract
Exposure and risk assessment was performed by evaluating levels of volatile organic compounds (VOC) benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) in 207 consumer products. The products were categorized into 30 different items, consisting of products of different brands. Samples were analyzed for BTEX by headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (headspace-GC/MS) with limit of detection (LOD) of 1 ppm. BTEX were detected in 59 consumer products from 18 item types. Benzene was detected in whiteout (ranging from not detected [ND] to 3170 ppm), glue (1486 ppm), oil-based ballpoint pens (47 ppm), and permanent (marking) pens (2 ppm). Toluene was detected in a leather cleaning product (6071 ppm), glue (5078 ppm), whiteout (1130 ppm), self-adhesive wallpaper (15-1012 ppm), shoe polish (806 ppm), permanent pen (609 ppm), wig adhesive (372 ppm), tapes (2-360 ppm), oil-based ballpoint pen (201 ppm), duplex wallpaper (12-52 ppm), shoes (27 ppm), and air freshener (13 ppm). High levels of ethylbenzene were detected in permanent pen (ND-345,065 ppm), shoe polish (ND-277,928 ppm), leather cleaner (42,223 ppm), whiteout (ND-2,770 ppm), and glue (ND-792 ppm). Xylene was detected in permanent pen (ND-285,132 ppm), shoe polish (ND-87,298 ppm), leather cleaner (12,266 ppm), glue (ND-3,124 ppm), and whiteout (ND-1,400 ppm). Exposure assessment showed that the exposure to ethylbenzene from permanent pens ranged from 0 to 3.11 mg/kg/d (men) and 0 to 3.75 mg/kg/d (women), while for xylene, the exposure ranges were 0-2.57 mg/kg/d and 0-3.1 mg/kg/d in men and women, respectively. The exposure of women to benzene from whiteout ranged from 0 to 0.00059 mg/kg/d. Hazard index (HI), defined as a ratio of exposure to reference dose (RfD), for ethylbenzene was 31.1 (3.11 mg/kg/d/0.1 mg/kg/d) and for xylene (2.57 mg/kg/d/0.2 mg/kg/d) was 12.85, exceeding 1 for both compounds. Cancer risk for benzene was calculated to be 3.2 x 10(-5) based on (0.00059 mg/kg/d x 0.055 mg/kg-d(-1), cancer potency factor), assuming that 100% of detected levels in some products such as permanent pens and whiteouts were exposed in a worst-case scenario. These data suggest that exposure to VOC via some consumer products exceeded the safe limits and needs to be reduced.
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Authors
Lim,S.K., Shin,H.S., Yoon,K.S., Kwack,S.J., Um,Y.M., Hyeon,J.H., Kwak,H.M., Kim,J.Y., Kim,T.Y., Kim,Y.J., Roh,T.H., Lim,D.S., Shin,M.K., Choi,S.M., Kim,H.S., Lee,B.M.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
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