WTS database

Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Role of iron and aluminum coagulant metal residuals and lead release from drinking water pipe materials	2015	a Department of Civil & Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental science and health.Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Sci.Health.A.Tox.Hazard.Subst.Environ.Eng. Pub Date Free Form Volume 50 Issue 4 Start Page 414 Other Pages 423 Notes LR: 20160526; JID: 9812551; 0 (Chlorides); 0 (Drinking Water); 0 (Sulfates); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 2P299V784P (Lead); CPD4NFA903 (Aluminum); E1UOL152H7 (Iron); OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1532-4117; 1093-4529 Accession Number PMID: 25723068 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/10934529.2015.987550 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25723068 Abstract Bench-scale experiments investigated the role of iron and aluminum residuals in lead release in a low alkalinity and high (> 0.5) chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) in water. Lead leaching was examined for two lead-bearing plumbing materials, including harvested lead pipe and new lead: tin solder, after exposure to water with simulated aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride and ferric sulfate coagulation treatments with 1-25-muM levels of iron or aluminum residuals in the water. The release of lead from systems with harvested lead pipe was highly correlated with levels of residual aluminum or iron present in samples (R(2) = 0.66-0.88), consistent with sorption of lead onto the aluminum and iron hydroxides during stagnation. The results indicate that aluminum and iron coagulant residuals, at levels complying with recommended guidelines, can sometimes play a significant role in lead mobilization from premise plumbing. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Knowles,A.D., Nguyen,C.K., Edwards,M.A., Stoddart,A., McIlwain,B., Gagnon,G.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Role of members of university students' unions in tobacco prevention	2007		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Prev Med Hyg Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 48 Issue 4 Start Page 136 Other Pages 40 Notes ID: 18557308 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract INTRODUCTION: In Egypt, each faculty has it own students' union, which represents the students and collaborates in organizing all educational, sporting and social activities. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the knowledge of members of students' unions about cigarette and Shisha smoking together with assessing their attitudes towards smoking in public places in general and in the university. METHODOLOGY: A random sample of members of Ain Shams University Students' Unions was subjected to an interview questionnaire. All participants were individually interviewed face-to-face by a trained interviewer from March 1, 2005 to April 30, 2005. RESULTS: Our study showed that 34 (31.5%) students were smokers. The mean knowledge score percentage was 79.4 +/- 20.7. Regarding knowledge about Shisha smoking hazards, the majority of the students (84.3%) knew that Shisha smoking is hazardous. The mean attitude score percentage was 56.8 +/- 22.2. Smokers had less mean knowledge as regard smoking hazards compared to non-smokers (p < 0.01). Also, smokers had a lower mean attitude compared to non-smokers (p < 0.001). More than one-third (38.9%) of the interviewed students didn't know if the students' union has a policy for prevention of smoking or not. CONCLUSION: Our findings point that although our students had a moderately high mean knowledge score yet this didn't increase their attitude about the smoking problem in the university and in the community. This supports the notion that, in addition to knowledge about smoking hazards, efforts are needed to change beliefs that allow this offensive habit to continue. Descriptors Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Promotion, Smoking/prevention & control, Social Marketing, Students, Universities, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Egypt, Humans, Male, Organizational Policy, Spain, Questionnaires Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-18557308 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Allam,M. F., Abd Elaziz,K.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Role of snus in initiation and cessation of tobacco smoking in Sweden	2006	Institute for Tobacco Studies, Stockholm, Sweden. tobstud@algonet.se	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 15 Issue 3 Start Page 210 Other Pages 214 Notes LR: 20140909; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC2564662; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 16728752 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 15/3/210 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16728752 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine patterns of smoking and snus use and identify individual pathways of Swedish tobacco users in order to clarify whether snus use is associated with increased or decreased smoking. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from a cross-sectional survey completed by 6752 adult Swedes in 2001-2 focusing on identifying tobacco use history by survey items on current and prior tobacco use and smoking initiation and cessation procedures. RESULTS: 15% of the men and 19% of the women completing the survey were daily smokers. 21% of the men and 2% of the women were daily snus users. Almost all (91%) male daily smoking began before the age of 23 years, whereas initiation of daily snus use continued throughout the age range (33% of initiation after age 22). 20% of male primary snus users started daily smoking compared to 47% of non-primary snus users. Thus, the odds of initiating daily smoking were significantly lower for men who had started using snus than for those who had not (odds ratio (OR) 0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22 to 0.36). Among male primary smokers, 28% started secondary daily snus use and 73% did not. 88% of those secondary snus users had ceased daily smoking completely by the time of the survey as compared with 56% of those primary daily smokers who never became daily snus users (OR 5.7, 95% CI 4.9 to 8.1). Among men who made attempts to quit smoking, snus was the most commonly used cessation aid, being used by 24% on their latest quit attempt. Of those men who had used one single cessation aid 58% had used snus, as compared with 38% for all nicotine replacement therapy products together. Among men who used snus as a single aid, 66% succeeded in quitting completely, as compared with 47% of those using nicotine gum (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.7) or 32% for those using the nicotine patch (OR 4.2, 95% CI 2.1 to 8.6). Women using snus as an aid were also significantly more likely to quit smoking successfully than those using nicotine patches or gum. CONCLUSION: Use of snus in Sweden is associated with a reduced risk of becoming a daily smoker and an increased likelihood of stopping smoking. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods/statistics & numerical data, Sweden/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/rehabilitation, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ramstrom,L. M., Foulds,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2564662 Editors
Role of some environmental factors on the breeding activity of Anopheles arabiensis in New Halfa town, eastern Sudan	2008	Entomology Unit, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Kassala, New Halfa, Sudan. yosifhimeidan@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit Periodical, Abbrev. East.Mediterr.Health J. Pub Date Free Form Mar-Apr Volume 14 Issue 2 Start Page 252 Other Pages 259 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 9608387; 059QF0KO0R (Water); EIN: East Mediterr Health J. 2008 Sep-Oct;14(5):1224. Rayah, E El-A [corrected to El Rayah, A E]; ppublish Place of Publication Egypt ISSN/ISBN 1020-3397; 1020-3397 Accession Number PMID: 18561715 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18561715 Abstract Anopheles arabiensis breeding was studied during March 1999-June 2000 in New Halfa town. Of 3642 anopheline larvae collected, 3633 (99.75%) were A. arabiensis: 82.49%, 11.56%, 3.08% and 2.88% of the larvae were collected from shallow sunlit pools resulting from pipes leakages, rain pools, irrigation canals and man-made pools respectively. The overall mean density was 24.34 larvae/10 dips: 40.73 during the rainy season, 30.45 during irrigation and 13.10 in the dry season. Water for crop cultivation increased the relative humidity (P = 0.013) and both factors enhanced A. arabiensis breeding (P < 0.005). There was no significant difference between the rainy and irrigation seasons. A. arabiensis breeding in this area has become perennial as a result of crop irrigation. Descriptors Agriculture, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Anopheles/parasitology/physiology, Climate, Ecology, Ecosystem, Humans, Humidity, Insect Vectors/parasitology/physiology, Larva/physiology, Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission, Mosquito Control, Population Density, Rain, Reproduction/physiology, Seasons, Sudan/epidemiology, Urban Health/statistics & numerical data, Water/parasitology, Water Supply Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Himeidan,Y. E., El Rayah,A. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Role of World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco	2018	WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India.; WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India(TRUNCATED	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Indian journal of medical research Periodical, Abbrev. Indian J.Med.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 148 Issue 1 Start Page 7 Other Pages 13 Notes LR: 20181211; JID: 0374701; OTO: NOTNLM; 2018/09/29 06:00 [entrez]; 2018/09/29 06:00 [pubmed]; 2018/12/12 06:00 [medline]; ppublish Place of Publication India ISSN/ISBN 0971-5916; 0971-5916 Accession Number PMID: 30264749 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_2036_17 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 30264749 Abstract Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is a recognized public health challenge, having over 350 million users globally, concentrated particularly in South-East Asia. A need for research on curbing major challenges in regulating SLT use has been long felt and subsequently highlighted in several sessions of the Conference of Parties (COP) of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). The sixth session of COP established a knowledge hub on SLT at the Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research India, with a mandate to (i) generate and share expertise, information and knowledge; (ii) promote and facilitate communication among Parties, organizations and stakeholders; and (iii) support the Convention Secretariat in contributing to technical aspects of SLT control. The hub disseminates scientific evidence through an interactive website and publications and supports national and international partners in SLT research. The hub is a contributor to many events/conferences and has conducted several workshops on SLT control, including an inter-country meeting on SLT policy implementation status, which brought together representatives from across the globe, and framed recommendations for policy reform. The hub is dedicated to interaction and collaboration with relevant tobacco control organizations to generate evidence, support and policy orientation in line with its mandates and recommendations under the World Health Organization FCTC. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mehrotra,R., Grover,S., Chandra,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC6172919 Editors
Roll-your-own tobacco use among Canadian youth: is it a bigger problem than we think?	2012	School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1. sleather@uwaterloo.ca	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 27-Jul Volume 12 Issue Start Page 557 Other Pages 2458-12-557 Notes LR: 20150224; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC3434020; 2012/03/26 [received]; 2012/07/03 [accepted]; 2012/07/27 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 22834563 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-12-557 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22834563 Abstract BACKGROUND: Despite the apparent decline in the popularity of roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes over the past few decades, RYO tobacco products are widely available and used by a substantial number of adult smokers. Considering research has yet to examine the prevalence of RYO tobacco use among youth populations, this manuscript examines the prevalence of RYO tobacco use and factors associated with RYO use in a nationally representative sample of youth smokers from Canada. METHODS: This study used data collected from 3,630 current smokers in grades 9 to 12 as part of the 2008-09 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS). Descriptive analyses of the sample demographic characteristics, smoking status, cigarettes per day, weekly spending money, and frequency of marijuana use were examined by RYO tobacco ever use and RYO tobacco current use. Two logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with RYO tobacco ever use and RYO tobacco current use. RESULTS: We identified that 51.2% of current smokers were RYO ever users and 24.2% were RYO current users. The prevalence of RYO current users was highest in Atlantic Canada (40.1%) and lowest in Quebec (12.3%). RYO current users were more likely to be male (OR 1.27), to be daily smokers (OR 1.75), to use marijuana once a month or more (OR 2.74), and to smoke 11 or more cigarettes per day (OR 6.52). RYO current users were less likely to be in grade 11 (OR 0.65) or grade 12 (OR 0.40) and less likely to have between $20 to $100 (OR 0.44) or more than $100 (OR 0.45) of disposable income. CONCLUSIONS: Developing a better understanding of RYO tobacco use among youth is important for advancing population-level tobacco control prevention strategies and cessation programs. We identified that RYO tobacco use is not a negligible problem among Canadian youth. Ongoing research is needed to continue monitoring the prevalence of RYO use among youth and the factors associated with its use, but to also monitor if this more affordable tobacco product is being targeted to price sensitive youth smokers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Leatherdale,S.T., Burkhalter,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120727 PMCID PMC3434020 Editors
Root and shoot growth, assimilate partitioning and cell proliferation in roots of sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) grown in filtered and unfiltered chambers	1996	Bambridge, L., Biochemistry Physiology Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental Pollution Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Pollut. Pub Date Free Form 1996/ Volume 92 Issue 3 Start Page 343 Other Pages 347 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0269-7491 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Rooted cuttings of clonal Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) were grown from April to October in 1 m long tubes sunk into the ground inside open top chambers. The same experiment was repeated in each of two consecutive years using a different clone of Sitka spruce each year. Air was either passed directly into the chambers (ambient ail) or passed over charcoal filters which removed the majority of gaseous pollutants before entering the chambers (filtered air). Ambient pollution did not appear to influence the growth of Sitka spruce at least over the experimental period used. No significant differences were found between plants exposed to ambient or filtered air in terms of shoot and root dry mass, needle dry mass, root length, carbohydrate content of roots and needles, and in the percentage of meristematic cells close to the apex in each phase or interphase or undergoing mitosis. Descriptors carbohydrate, charcoal, air pollutant, article, carbohydrate analysis, cell count, cell proliferation, clone, experiment, forestry, mass, mitosis, plant growth, plant root, pollution control, tree Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Bambridge,L., Harmer,R., Macleod,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Root proliferation of Norway spruce and Scots pine in response to local magnesium supply in soil	2009	College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, P.R. China. junlingz@cau.edu.cn	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tree physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Tree Physiol. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 29 Issue 2 Start Page 199 Other Pages 206 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 100955338; 0 (Soil); 27YLU75U4W (Phosphorus); I38ZP9992A (Magnesium); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); RWP5GA015D (Potassium); 2008/12/05 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 0829-318X; 0829-318X Accession Number PMID: 19203945 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/treephys/tpn016 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19203945 Abstract Nutrient sources in soils are often heterogeneously distributed. Although many studies have examined the root responses to local N and P enrichments in the soil, less research was conducted on root responses to Mg patches. New roots of pre-grown Mg-insufficient and Mg-sufficient plants of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were allowed to grow into four other pots of equal size, which were placed under the tree-bearing pot. Soils in the lower pots were either unfertilised, or supplied with Mg, or NPK or a mixture of NPKMg sources. Plants were harvested after 9 months of growth. Compared to the corresponding controls (Mg versus unfertilised and NPKMg versus NPK), Mg additions did not have a significant effect on either root dry matter, total root length (TRL) or specific root length (SRL), irrespective of tree species and plant Mg nutritional status. In contrast, NPK and NPKMg additions significantly increased the root dry matter and TRL in the nutrient-rich soil patch, and decreased SRL in Norway spruce. However, the observed root morphological changes did not occur in Scots pine. Root Mg concentrations were increased in Mg-rich soil patches, but those accumulations varied with tree species. Mg accumulation in a marked patch was measured only in newly grown roots of Mg-sufficient Norway spruce, whereas a more homogenous distribution of Mg concentration was observed for all newly grown roots in Mg-insufficient trees in the four soil treatments. In Scots pine, Mg accumulations occurred in both Mg-insufficient and Mg-sufficient plants. These results suggest that Mg patches in the soil may not lead to a local increase in root growth, but to Mg uptake and root Mg accumulation. Tree roots react differently to Mg patches in comparison to their response to N or P patches in the soil. Descriptors Biological Transport, Magnesium/metabolism, Nitrogen/metabolism, Phosphorus/metabolism, Picea/growth & development/metabolism, Pinus sylvestris/growth & development/metabolism, Plant Leaves/physiology, Plant Roots/growth & development/metabolism, Plant Shoots/physiology, Potassium/metabolism, Soil, Trees/growth & development Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zhang,J., George,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20081205 PMCID Editors
Routine prophylaxes every 3 months improves chronic periodontitis status in type 2 diabetes	2014	Currently, Department of Research and Postgraduate Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, University Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; previously, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of periodontology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Periodontol. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 85 Issue 7 Start Page e232 Other Pages 40 Notes JID: 8000345; 0 (Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated); 0 (Hypoglycemic Agents); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/12/19 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1943-3670; 0022-3492 Accession Number PMID: 24354651 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Controlled Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI 10.1902/jop.2013.130400 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24354651 Abstract BACKGROUND: Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are major health problems, especially in low-income populations with little access to dental care. Low-cost models for treatment of periodontal disease have not been tested in controlled studies in low-income populations. Dental prophylaxis, which includes removal of supragingival calculus and plaque, has been shown to arrest the progression of periodontitis. A controlled clinical trial was conducted to determine the effect of dental prophylaxis on periodontitis in T2DM. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with T2DM and chronic periodontitis (CP) and 26 without T2DM with CP were selected. Periodontal probing depth (PD), gingival bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), and surfaces with plaque were recorded at baseline and 3, 6, and 9 months after initial treatment. All the participants received instructions on oral hygiene and one session of dental prophylaxis at baseline and every 3 months. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured at baseline and every 3 months in patients with T2DM. RESULTS: A significant improvement of PD, BOP, and sites with plaque was observed 3 months after treatment in patients with T2DM (P = 0.001). In controls, mean PD significantly improved after 6 months compared with baseline (P = 0.001). No significant improvement of CAL occurred in either group. No significant differences in periodontal parameters between the groups were detected, and no participant showed progression of CP during the 9-month study period. Dental prophylaxis did not influence HbA1c levels, and no association among HbA1c concentration, pretreatment metabolic status, and severity of CP was found. CONCLUSION: Routine prophylaxes every 3 months significantly improve periodontal health and prevent progression of CP in both poorly controlled and well-controlled patients with T2DM. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lopez,N.J., Quintero,A., Casanova,P.A., Martinez,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131219 PMCID Editors
Saccharomyces cerevisiae biofilm tolerance towards systemic antifungals depends on growth phase	2014	Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark. rakb@vet.dtu.dk.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form 4-Dec Volume 14 Issue Start Page 305 Other Pages 014-0305-4 Notes LR: 20151028; JID: 100966981; 0 (Antifungal Agents); OID: NLM: PMC4258017; 2014/07/25 [received]; 2014/11/20 [accepted]; 2014/12/04 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2180; 1471-2180 Accession Number PMID: 25472667 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/s12866-014-0305-4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25472667 Abstract BACKGROUND: Biofilm-forming Candida species cause infections that can be difficult to eradicate, possibly because of antifungal drug tolerance mechanisms specific to biofilms. In spite of decades of research, the connection between biofilm and drug tolerance is not fully understood. RESULTS: We used Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for drug susceptibility of yeast biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata form similarly structured biofilms and that the viable cell numbers were significantly reduced by treatment of mature biofilms with amphotericin B but not voriconazole, flucytosine, or caspofungin. We showed that metabolic activity in yeast biofilm cells decreased with time, as visualized by FUN-1 staining, and mature, 48-hour biofilms contained cells with slow metabolism and limited growth. Time-kill studies showed that in exponentially growing planktonic cells, voriconazole had limited antifungal activity, flucytosine was fungistatic, caspofungin and amphotericin B were fungicidal. In growth-arrested cells, only amphotericin B had antifungal activity. Confocal microscopy and colony count viability assays revealed that the response of growing biofilms to antifungal drugs was similar to the response of exponentially growing planktonic cells. The response in mature biofilm was similar to that of non-growing planktonic cells. These results confirmed the importance of growth phase on drug efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that in vitro susceptibility to antifungal drugs was independent of biofilm or planktonic growth mode. Instead, drug tolerance was a consequence of growth arrest achievable by both planktonic and biofilm populations. Our results suggest that efficient strategies for treatment of yeast biofilm might be developed by targeting of non-dividing cells. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bojsen,R., Regenberg,B., Folkesson,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141204 PMCID PMC4258017 Editors

E-mail