WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Field application of acid mist to a single clone of Sitka spruce: Effects on foliar nutrition and frost hardiness	1997	Sheppard, L.J., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QB, United Kingdom	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental Pollution Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Pollut. Pub Date Free Form 1997/11 Volume 98 Issue 2 Start Page 175 Other Pages 184 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0269-7491 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Trees (> 2.5 m tall) belonging to a single clone of physiologically mature Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr), growing in a base rich agricultural loam, were treated approximately twice weekly with acid mist (pH 2.5) over three consecutive growing seasons. The treatment consisted of acid mist containing H+, NH4+, NO3- and SO42- in equimolar concentrations (1.6 mol m-3) identical to that used in previous open-top chamber (OTC) studies with seedlings and grafted cuttings. The acid mist supplied approximately 48 kg N and 51 kg S ha-1 year -1 and 3.3 kg H ha-1 year-1. Treated trees were surrounded by a framework which supported temporary blinds, positioned only during the spray treatment. Control trees received no treatment. Groups of four trees were assigned to one of five height classes, to take account of a gradient in height across the site, and these groups were treated as units of replication. Shoot frost hardiness and foliar nutrient concentrations were measured for comparison with previous OTC studies. Tree size, which initially was positively correlated with differences in nutrient status (N, P, S and K), exerted a significant effect on the frost hardiness response to acid mist. Acid mist had a negative effect on frost hardiness only in the smallest trees, and only when the trees were already hardy to -20Â°C and treatment applications were regular and continuous up to sampling. There was no evidence of foliar mediated affects such as enhanced ion leakage rates and substantially elevated foliar S concentrations which typified OTC exposures. The usefulness of these variables with respect to monitoring field effects of acid mist is discussed together with the importance of different environmental factors which appear to control tree response in the field. Descriptors ammonia, nitrate, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, proton, sulfate, sulfur, acid rain, air pollution, article, cold tolerance, controlled study, nebulization, nonhuman, nutrition, pH, pine Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Sheppard,L. J., Crossley,A., Harvey,F. J., Wilson,D., Cape,J. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Early health effects of the emerging tobacco epidemic in China. A 16-year prospective study	1997	Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, England.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Jama Periodical, Abbrev. JAMA Pub Date Free Form 12-Nov Volume 278 Issue 18 Start Page 1500 Other Pages 1504 Notes LR: 20140917; JID: 7501160; CIN: JAMA. 1997 Nov 12;278(18):1531-2. PMID: 9363976; CIN: JAMA. 1998 May 6;279(17):1346; author reply 1347-8. PMID: 9582036; CIN: JAMA. 1998 May 6;279(17):1346-7; author reply 1347-8. PMID: 9582037; EIN: JAMA 1999 May 26;281(2 Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0098-7484; 0098-7484 Accession Number PMID: 9363969 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9363969 Abstract CONTEXT: In recent decades, there has been a rapid and substantial increase in tobacco consumption in China, particularly by men, but little is known from local epidemiologic studies about the pattern of smoking-related deaths. OBJECTIVE: To assess the current health effects of cigarette smoking in Shanghai, China. DESIGN: Prospective observational study of mortality in relation to cigarette smoking. SETTING: Eleven factories in urban Shanghai. SUBJECTS: A total of 9351 adults (6494 men and 2857 women) aged 35 to 64 years at baseline survey during the 1970s. OUTCOME MEASURES: All-cause and cause-specific mortality. RESULTS: During an average follow-up of 16 years, 881 men and 207 women died. Among men, 61% had described themselves as current cigarette smokers at baseline, and their overall mortality was significantly greater than that of nonsmokers (relative risk [RR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.7; P<.001). The excess was almost twice as great (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.5-2.2 [corrected]; P<.001) among the men who had begun smoking before the age of 25 years and was significantly associated with the number of cigarettes smoked (P<.001 for trend) after adjustment for other major risk factors. The chief sources of the excess were lung cancer (RR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.1-6.8; P<.001), esophageal cancer (RR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.2-10.5; P=.02), liver cancer (RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.7; P=.03), coronary heart disease (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0-3.2; P=.04), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (RR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4-4.4; P<.01). Among the men in this Chinese population, about 20% (95% CI, 12%-29%) of all deaths during the study period could be attributed to cigarette smoking. Of these deaths, one third involved lung cancer, one third involved other cancers, and one third involved other diseases. Only 7% of women described themselves as current cigarette smokers at baseline, but among them there was also a statistically significant excess of overall mortality (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.5; P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking is already a major cause of death in China, and among middle-aged Shanghai men, about 20% of all deaths during the 1980s were due to smoking. The excess was greatest among men who began smoking before the age of 25 years, about 47% of whom would, at 1987 mortality rates, die between the ages of 35 and 69 years (compared with only 29% of nonsmokers). These estimates reflect the consequences of past smoking patterns. The future health effects of current smoking patterns are likely to be greater because of the recent large increase in cigarette consumption, particularly at younger ages, in China. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Cause of Death, China/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Lung Diseases, Obstructive/etiology/mortality, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality/trends, Neoplasms/etiology/mortality, Prevalence, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology/mortality, Vascular Diseases/etiology/mortality Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Chen,Z. M., Xu,Z., Collins,R., Li,W. X., Peto,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Stem growth reduction in mature sitka spruce trees exposed to acid mist	1997	Crossley, A., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, United Kingdom	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental Pollution Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Pollut. Pub Date Free Form 1997/ Volume 96 Issue 2 Start Page 185 Other Pages 193 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0269-7491 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract An eighteen-year-old clone of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr) growing in the field was used to evaluate the whole tree response of 'mature' Sitka spruce to acid mist treatment. The mist, an equimolar mixture of H2SO4 and NH4NO3 at pH 2.5 with or without particles (soda glass ballotini < 20 Î¼m diameter), was applied twice weekly (equivalent to 4 mm precipitation week-1) throughout the growing season, May-November 1990-1992. The annual dose of S, N, H applied as mist (at 51, 48 and 3.3 kg ha-1, respectively) was 2.5 times that measured in the Scottish uplands. Throughout the experiment there was no evidence of visible injury symptoms, yet there was a highly significant reduction (p < 0.02) in the stem-area increment relative to the stent area at the start, measured using vernier dendrometer bands. There was no significant difference between the (acid mist + particle) and the acid mist only treatments. The mean relative stent-area increment over two complete growing seasons (1991-1992) was 65% for control trees, but only 53% for acid-misted trees. Descriptors ammonium nitrate, sulfuric acid, acid rain, air pollution, airborne particle, article, environmental exposure, forest, growth inhibition, pH, tree, United Kingdom, water vapor Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Crossley,A., Sheppard,L. J., Cape,J. N., Smith,R. I., Harvey,F. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications with Barrett's esophagus	1997	University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The American Journal of Gastroenterology Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Gastroenterol. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 92 Issue 1 Start Page 27 Other Pages 31 Notes LR: 20071114; GR: P30 DK34987/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: T32 DK07634/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; JID: 0421030; CIN: Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Jan;92(1):1-3. PMID: 8995929; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0002-9270; 0002-9270 Accession Number PMID: 8995932 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8995932 Abstract BACKGROUND: Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by a columnar epithelium with malignant potential. Chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is accepted as the primary risk factor for the development of Barrett's esophagus, but only a small fraction of individuals with GERD develop Barrett's esophagus. We sought to identify factors that increase the risk of Barrett's esophagus in those with GERD. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this matched case-control study was to investigate possible clinical risk factors for Barrett's esophagus. METHODS: The study was based on 79 case patients with Barrett's esophagus and 180 control patients. Each case patient was matched to one control patient whose indication for endoscopy was GERD and one control patient who underwent endoscopy for other indications. The case and control patients were matched for age, gender, and race. All patients underwent endoscopy at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, between July 1992 and August 1994. RESULTS: On average, patients with Barrett's esophagus developed reflux symptoms at an earlier age than age- and gender-matched control patients and also had a longer duration of symptoms. Complications of reflux, including esophagitis, stricture, and ulceration, were reported significantly more frequently in the group of case patients than either group of control patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pilot study indicate that age of onset, duration of symptoms, and complications of GERD may be markers of increased risk of Barrett's esophagus. Descriptors Age of Onset, Aged, Barrett Esophagus/etiology/pathology, Case-Control Studies, Chronic Disease, Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal, Female, Gastroesophageal Reflux/complications/physiopathology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Eisen,G. M., Sandler,R. S., Murray,S., Gottfried,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Role of Helicobacter pylori in the genesis of gastric ulcerations among smokers and nonsmokers	1997		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full East Mediterr Health J Periodical, Abbrev. East.Mediterr.Health J. Pub Date Free Form Volume 3 Issue 2 Start Page 316 Other Pages 321 Notes ID: 50916 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language english SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Helicobacter pylori infection was investigated by three different methods serologically, microbiologically and biochemically] in 210 male patients aged 20-40 years. Gastric ulcers were diagnosed in 126 patients in which H. pylori infection showed a significant association X2] = 162.8]. Smokers had a higher rate of infection than nonsmokers, both among patients with gastric ulcers 99% compared to 79%] and without. The risk of H. pylori infection was computed for different categories of smoker. Heavy cigarette smokers were found to have the highest risk, followed by moderate to mild cigarette smokers and communal shisha smokers; neither private shisha nor cigar/pipe smokers showed any significant risk Descriptors Humans, Male, ABO Blood-Group System - 45 YEARS, Stomach Ulcer/pathology, Helicobacter Infections, Smoking/adverse effects, Risk Factors, Endoscopy, Digestive System Links http://www.emro.who.int/emhj/0302/emhj_1997_3_2_316_321.pdf; http://www.emro.who.int/publications/emhj/0302/16.htm Book Title Database GHL; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors El Barrawy,M. A., Morad,M. I., Gaber,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Environmental issues in dentistry--mercury. FDI Commission.	1997	Fan, P.L., American Dental Association, Chicago, Illinois 60611-2678, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International dental journal Periodical, Abbrev. Int.Dent.J. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 47 Issue 2 Start Page 105 Other Pages 109 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0020-6539 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract One of the consequences of placing amalgam restorations is that mercury is required for the trituration process. In turn, this raises the issue of the possible environmental impact of mercury. This report considers ways in which any impact can be modified and reduced by careful attention to mercury usage and hygiene in the dental practice, the use of filters and separators in waste water pipes and the appropriate disposal of waste contaminated with amalgam. The total amount of mercury discharged into the environment varies considerably in different parts of the world due to both natural and human activities. The extent to which dentistry adds to this total also varies according to local circumstances and requirements. Recommendations are given for further development of ways to reduce mercury discharge and for further research into the environmental impact of the metal. Descriptors dental alloy, mercury, article, dental assistant, dental surgery, dentist, filtration, health, hospital waste, human, devices, occupational exposure, pollutant, pollution, practice guideline, waste disposal, water pollution, water supply Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Fan,P. L., Arenholt-Bindslev,D., Schmalz,G., Halbach,S., Berendsen,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoking profile in village in assiut governorate, Egypt	1997		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Assiut Medical Journal Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 21 Issue 1 Start Page 201 Other Pages 211 Notes ID: 50150 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language english SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract This field study was conducted at a village in Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt. Systematic random sampling was used and only males aged more than ten years were included. A total of 441 male subjects was studied. A questionnaire was filled in including details of the smoking profile and chest symptoms. The studied group consisted of 64.4% regular-, 8.2% occasional-, 6.1 ex- and 21.3% never- smokers. Hubble-bubble Goza] smoking was exclusively practiced by 46.1% in addition to 17.3% combined cigarette and Goza smoking. The majority 55.6%] were mild smokers. About two thirds started smoking before the age of 20 years and about a half was encouraged to start smoking by a friend, imitation was the main cause of smoking. Smoking habit was significantly more prevalent among the families of smokers compared with never-smokers. There was inverse relation between educational level and prevalence of smoking. Cost of smoking did not differ in accordance with socioeconomic level. Most smokers wished to stop smoking and 40.1% of them had a stop-smoking trial. Illness was the main cause of stopping smoking. About half of regular smokers had chest symptoms in contrast to only 6.4% of the never- smokers. Cough was the most evident chest symptom in the smokers. These detailed baseline data helped in the construction of effective anti-smoking plans and campaigns Descriptors Humans, Male, Abdomen, Acute - 12 YEARS, 13 - 19 YEARS, ABO Blood-Group System - 44 YEARS, Absorption - 63 YEARS, OVER 64 YEARS, Smoking, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, EPIDEMIOLOGY METHODS^0x Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/emro-50150 Book Title Database GHL; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Farouk,Atef, Zarzour,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Responses of Picea, Pinus and Pseudotsuga roots to heterogeneous nutrient distribution in soil	1997	Institute of Plant Nutrition, Hohenheim University, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tree physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Tree Physiol. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 17 Issue 1 Start Page 39 Other Pages 45 Notes JID: 100955338; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1758-4469; 0829-318X Accession Number PMID: 14759912 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 14759912 Abstract The spatial distribution of plant-available mineral nutrients in forest soils is often highly heterogeneous. To test the hypothesis that local nutrient enrichment of soil leads to increased root proliferation in the nutrient-rich soil zone, we studied the effects of nutrient enrichment on the growth and nutrient concentrations of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) roots. Three-year-old seedlings were grown for 9 months in split-root containers filled with nutrient-poor forest mineral soil, with one side supplemented with additional mineral nutrients. Root dry weight and root length in Scots pine and Norway spruce were increased in the nutrient-supplemented soil compared with the nonsupplemented side, whereas root growth in Douglas-fir was unaffected by nutrient enrichment. Of the three species examined, Norway spruce exhibited the highest root and shoot growth and the highest nutrient demand. Specific root length (m g(-1)) and the number of root tips per unit root length were not affected by local nutrient addition in any of the species. Despite increased root growth in Norway spruce and Scots pine in nutrient-supplemented soil, their root systems contained similar nutrient concentrations on both sides of the split-root container. Thus, coniferous trees may respond to local nutrient supply by increased root proliferation, but the response varies depending on the species, and may only occur when trees are nutrient deficient. As a response to local nutrient enrichment, increases in root dry matter or root length may be better indicators of pre-existing nutrient deficiencies in conifers than increases in root nutrient concentrations. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors George,E., Seith,B., Schaeffer,C., Marschner,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Barrier role of water-purifying construction of water pipe in relation to opportunistic microorganisms	1997	Zhuravlev, P.V.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Gigiena i sanitariia Periodical, Abbrev. Gig.Sanit. Pub Date Free Form / Volume Issue 4 Start Page 15 Other Pages 16 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0016-9900 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The investigations have indicated that in the flood period when the water-purifying means of a water pipe bears the maximum load, the existing water-preparing system cannot fully purify and disinfect drinking water from some opportunistic microbes (Klebsiella, Acinetobacter). The latter were recorded in the pipe water having the MAC of coliform organisms established by the GOST. Descriptors article, microbiology, opportunistic infection, standard, water supply Links Book Title Bar'ernaia rol' vodoochistnykh sooruzhenii vodoprovoda v otnoshenii uslovno-patogennykh mikroorganizmov. Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Zhuravlev,P. V., Golovina,S. V., Aleshnia,V. V., Tsatska,A. A., Kartseva,N. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A comparison of surface roughness and composite/enamel bond strength of human enamel following the application of the Nd:YAG laser and etching with phosphoric acid	1997	Department of Dental Medicine and Surgery, University Dental Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials Periodical, Abbrev. Dent.Mater. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 13 Issue 1 Start Page 51 Other Pages 55 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8508040; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0 (Resin Cements); 129037-92-9 (Brilliant Dentin resin); 130037-96-6 (Pekalux); 2I87U3734A (Neodymium); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0109-5641; 0109-5641 Accession Number PMID: 9467323 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9467323 Abstract OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate enamel morphology after laser etching and acid etching and to determine the shear bond strength of composite to acid-etched and laser-treated enamel. METHODS: Enamel from freshly extracted permanent molar teeth was subjected to either laser treatment with an Nd:YAG laser in different laser parameters or was exposed to 37% phosphoric acid for 60 s (Gluma Gel, Bayer Dental). Surface profile analysis of the enamel was undertaken with a Perthometer (S8P, Feinpruif). The results were analyzed by SPSS/PC multiple range test and Student-Newman Keuls procedure. Specimens were examined in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Shear bond strengths of acid-etched and laser-etched enamel/composite (Brilliant Dentin, Coltene AG and Pekalux, Bayer Dental) were also determined. These results were compared by SPSS/PC multiple range test. RESULTS: The acid-etched specimens exhibited a qualitatively different type of enamel surface morphology when compared with the laser-treated specimens. Laser treatment at higher exposures resulted in the formation of microcracks and fissures. No significant difference in surface roughness was observed between laser-treated enamel in three different parameters (10 pps, 0.8 W; 15 pps, 1.0 W; 20 pps, 1.25 W) and acid-etched specimens. However, the mean bond strengths of all laser-treated specimens, regardless of the test parameters, were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the acid-etched enamel specimens. SIGNIFICANCE: Although the laser roughened the surface of the enamel, it did not provide a surface as retentive as a surface treated with conventional acid etching. It is concluded from this study that the Nd:YAG laser operated under the conditions described cannot be recommended as a viable alternative to acid etching. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding/methods, Dental Enamel/drug effects/radiation effects/ultrastructure, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Humans, Lasers/adverse effects, Materials Testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Neodymium, Phosphoric Acids/pharmacology, Resin Cements, Surface Properties/drug effects/radiation effects, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ariyaratnam,M. T., Wilson,M. A., Mackie,I. C., Blinkhorn,A. S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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