WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
Indoor and outdoor air concentrations of BTEX and NO2: correlation of repeated measurements	2004	GSF-National Research Center for Environment Health, Institute of Epidemiology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Monit. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 6 Issue 10 Start Page 807 Other Pages 812 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 100968688; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); S7G510RUBH (Nitrogen Dioxide); 2004/08/18 [aheadofprint]; 2004/10/13 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1464-0325; 1464-0325 Accession Number PMID: 15480494 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1039/b405537c [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15480494 Abstract Studies on health effects of air pollutants ideally define exposure through the collection of air samples in the participants' homes. Concentrations derived from these samples are then considered as an estimate for the average concentration of air pollutants in the homes. Conclusions drawn from such studies therefore depend very much on the validity of the measured air pollution concentrations. In this paper we analysed repeated BTEX and NO(2) measurements with a time period of several months lying between the two conducted home visits. We investigated the variability of their concentrations over time by determining correlation coefficients and calculating within- and between-home variances. Our population consisted of 631 homes of participants from two cohort studies within the framework of the German study on Indoor Factors and Genetics in Asthma. Air pollutants were measured using passive samplers both indoors and outdoors. The measured BTEX concentrations were poorly correlated, with Pearson's correlation coefficient r ranging from -0.19 to 0.27. Additionally, a considerable seasonal effect could be observed. A higher correlation was found for the NO(2) concentrations with r ranging between 0.24 and 0.55. For the BTEX, the between-home variance was bigger than the within-home variance, for NO(2) both variances were of about the same order. Our results indicate that in a setting of moderate climate like in Germany, the variability of BTEX and NO(2) concentrations over time is high and a single measurement is a poor surrogate for the long-term concentrations of these air pollutants. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Benzene/analysis, Child, Environmental Monitoring/methods/statistics & numerical data, Germany, Housing, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis, Time Factors, Toluene/analysis, Xylenes/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Topp,R., Cyrys,J., Gebefugi,I., Schnelle-Kreis,J., Richter,K., Wichmann,H. E., Heinrich,J., INGA Study Group Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20040818 PMCID Editors
Exploration of metal-organic framework MOF-177 coated fibers for headspace solid-phase microextraction of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	2015	Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory of Analysis and Testing Technology, Guangdong Institute of Analysis, Guangzhou 510070, PR China. Electronic address: ghwangvip@163.com.;	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Talanta Periodical, Abbrev. Talanta Pub Date Free Form 1-Nov Volume 144 Issue Start Page 369 Other Pages 374 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 2984816R; 0 (Adhesives); 0 (Organometallic Compounds); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 059QF0KO0R (Water); DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls); OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/04/29 [received]; 2015 Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3573; 0039-9140 Accession Number PMID: 26452835 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.058 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26452835 Abstract Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received much attention in analytical science for their large langmuir surface and high thermostability. Herein MOF-177-coated solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) fibers were fabricated on etched stainless steel by an adhensive method, and applied to the enrichment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB01, PCB05, PCB29, PCB47, PCB98, PCB154, PCB171, PCB201) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ANY, ANA, FLU, PHE, ANT, FLT, PYR) from environmental water samples. Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized prior to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, including extraction temperature and time, desorption time, stirring rate and salt addition. The results indicated that the coated fiber gave low detection limits (0.69-4.42 ng L(-1)) and good repeatability with the RSD ranging from 1.47% to 8.67% for PCBs and PAHs. The recoveries were between 81.8% and 113% with the spiked level of 10 ng L(-1) for the real water samples. Besides, the MOF-177 coated fiber was stable enough over 100 extraction cycles and the RSD for fiber-to- fiber reproducibility was less than 9.82% during the experiment. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Wang,G., Lei,Y., Song,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150623 PMCID Editors
Analysis of tobacco-related knowledge, attitude and related factors among college students in Guangzhou city	2013	Guangzhou Health Education Institute, Guangzhou 510403, China. Email: xxhong315@qq.com.; Guangzhou Health Education Institute, Guangzhou 510403, China.; Guangzhou Health Education Institute, Guangzhou 510403, China.; Guangzhou Health Education Institute,	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine] Periodical, Abbrev. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 47 Issue 12 Start Page 1128 Other Pages 1131 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 7904962; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 0253-9624; 0253-9624 Accession Number PMID: 24529273 Language chi SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24529273 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes and analyze related factors among the college students in Guangzhou. METHODS: In May 2012, 11 593 college students from six universities in Guangzhou were selected and investigated by stratified cluster random sampling.Investigation content includes social demographic information, smoking behaviors, tobacco-related knowledge and attitudes. Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference about knowledge of harm of tobacco and awareness of tobacco control related legislation as well as tobacco-related attitudes between smokers and non-smokers. Factors on tobacco-related knowledge were analyzed by using rank sum test. RESULTS: Current smoking rate among undergraduates was 6.1% (706/11 593) , 11.5% (622/5388) for males and 1.4% (84/6205) for females. The awareness rate of that smoking addiction was a chronic disease in non-smokers(82.6%, 8954/10 836) was higher than that in smokers (73.1%, 509/696) (chi(2) = 40.09, P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Xu,X.H., Chen,J.W., Sun,A., He,Z.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Formulation of a rice-based beverage of high nutritive value	1981	Guerra, M.J.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Archivos latinoamericanos de nutriciÃ³n Periodical, Abbrev. Arch.Latinoam.Nutr. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 31 Issue 2 Start Page 337 Other Pages 349 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0004-0622 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The purpose of this work was the production of a beverage with a nutritive value similar to that of milk, but available at a lower cost. A traditional beverage in Venezuela, "Chicha de Arroz" (Rice Chicha), was chosen. The various formulas studied were based on rice, non-fat milk and different kinds of soy flour, in addition to sugar, vegetable oil, vitamins, ferrous sulfate and different flavors. A product with protein and caloric values similar to those of milk was obtained. Twenty formulas were prepared and submitted to physico-chemical, microbiological and sensorial evaluations with respect to flavor, color, viscosity and stability during period of refrigeration. The most adequate formula was prepared on a pilot-plant scale. Rat assays gave the same PER results as those of casein. Consumer acceptability was tested on 1,080 school children, and showed to be greater than 95%. The stability was superior to that of milk and the cost, approximately three-fourths that of the latter. In the school-snack program of the National Institute of Nutrition, milk is now being replaced by this Chicha. Descriptors amino acid, vitamin, animal, article, beverage, child, comparative study, elemental diet, food handling, human, milk, nutritional value, rice Links Book Title FormulaciÃ³n de una bebida de alto valor nutritivo a base de arroz. Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Guerra,M. J., GonzÃ¡lez,D., JaffÃ©,W. G., CalderÃ³n,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
In vitro activity of caspofungin compared to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole against Candida strains isolated in a Turkish University Hospital	2005	Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey. sarikan@metu.edu.tr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Medical mycology Periodical, Abbrev. Med.Mycol. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 43 Issue 2 Start Page 171 Other Pages 178 Notes LR: 20131213; JID: 9815835; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Peptides, Cyclic); 304NUG5GF4 (Itraconazole); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); 8VZV102JFY (Fluconazole); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1369-3786; 1369-3786 Accession Number PMID: 15832560 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15832560 Abstract We investigated the in vitro activity of caspofungin compared to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole against clinical strains of Candida spp. (n =239). Antifungal susceptibility tests were done in accordance with NCCLS M27-A2 microdilution method and the results were read after 24 and 48 h. In general, 24 h MIC readings were similar to those at 48 h for most isolates and all antifungal agents. Caspofungin was active against all species tested. Caspofungin MICs of Candida parapsilosis were slightly higher than those for other Candida spp. Caspofungin MIC (microg/ml) ranges at 24 h for C. albicans, C. glabrata, C tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C kefyr, C krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. norvegensis, C. guilliermondii and C. lipolytica were 0.06-2, 0.125-2, 0.125-2, 1-4, 0.125-2, 1-2, 0.5-2, 0.5-1, 0.5-2 and 1-2, respectively. Eagle (paradoxical) effect was observed in 31 and 8% of the isolates at highest concentrations of caspofungin and itraconazole, respectively. The activity of caspofungin against fluconazole- and/or itraconazole-resistant isolates was similar to that detected for the susceptible ones. We conclude that caspofungin appears as a promising antifungal agent with enhanced activity against Candida, including the azole-resistant strains. Descriptors Amphotericin B/pharmacology, Antifungal Agents/pharmacology, Candida/drug effects/isolation & purification, Candidiasis/microbiology, Echinocandins, Fluconazole/pharmacology, Hospitals, University, Itraconazole/pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology, Turkey Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Arikan,S., Sancak,B., Hascelik,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Nicotine content in tobacco used in hubble-bubble smoking	2004	Hadidi, K.A., Forensic Med./Toxicology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Saudi medical journal Periodical, Abbrev. Saudi Med.J. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 25 Issue 7 Start Page 912 Other Pages 917 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0379-5284 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objective: To determine the nicotine content of commonly used tobacco in hubble-bubble (HB) and compare it with that found in cigarettes. Methods: Analysis of nicotine content of 13 commercial brands of HB tobacco was carried out using gas chromatography over an 8 month period; November 2002 through to June 2003 at the Toxicology Laboratory, University of Jordan. Results: A wide variation in nicotine content in all brands was noticed with an average of 8.32 mg/g tobacco, range (1.8-44.3 mg/g). The average nicotine content in each HB head (20 gm) of unflavored tobacco was (713mg/head) and flavored tobacco has (67mg/head). One head of unflavored tobacco has nicotine equivalent to 70 regular cigarettes. The addition of adulterations; honey, glycerin and other flavors in the process of preparing the flavored (Mua'sel) tobacco contributes to lowering the nicotine content in each gram of flavored tobacco. Smoking one head of flavored (Mua'sel) tobacco which contains on average one third of nicotine presented in 20 cigarettes (204mg/pack) usually resulted in a higher plasma nicotine level by 20%. Conclusion: Hubble-bubble smokers are not at a lesser risk from smoking than cigarette smokers in relation to nicotine dependence. The inability of water to trap significant amounts of chemical substances present in tobacco (especially nicotine) and the danger which might result from the combustion of additives like; glycerin, honey and other flavors could be a very important factor to extrapolate the damage resulting from HB smoking. Descriptors flavoring agent, glycerol, nicotine, article, blood level, chemical analysis, chemical composition, smoking, clinical laboratory, combustion, controlled study, flavor, gas chromatography, honey, Jordan, risk assessment, tobacco dependence, toxicology, university Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Hadidi,K. A., Mohammed,F. I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Self-perceived HIV risk and the use of risk reduction strategies among men who engage in transactional sex with other men in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam	2013	Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. mmimiaga@partners.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full AIDS Care Periodical, Abbrev. AIDS Care Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 25 Issue 8 Start Page 1039 Other Pages 1044 Notes LR: 20150219; GR: 1 UL1 RR 025758-02/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States; GR: UL1 TR000170/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8915313; NIHMS451634; OID: NLM: NIHMS451634; OID: NLM: PMC3700653; 2012/12/20 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1360-0451; 0954-0121 Accession Number PMID: 23252673 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; X DOI 10.1080/09540121.2012.748873 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23252673 Abstract An emerging HIV epidemic can be seen among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Vietnam, with prevalence as high as 18%. Transactional sex represents a risk factor for HIV transmission/acquisition among MSM globally, particularly in urban contexts, but remains largely underinvestigated in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. In 2010, 23 MSM who reported exchanging sex for money in the last month completed a brief survey and semistructured qualitative interview at The Life Centre, a non-governmental organization in HCMC, to assess sociodemographics, individual- and structural-level HIV risk factors and explore acceptable future prevention interventions. Participants' mean age was 24 years. Equal proportions of respondents self-identified as heterosexual/straight, homosexual/gay, and bisexual. Participants had a mean of 158 male clients in the past year, with a median of 60 male clients in the past year (interquartile range [IQR]=70) and reported inconsistent condom use and inaccurate perceptions of HIV risk. Nearly half of the sample reported engaging in unprotected anal sex with a male partner in the past 12 months and one-third with a male client. Major themes that emerged for HIV prevention interventions with male sex workers were those that: (1) focused on individual factors (drug and alcohol use, barriers to condom use, knowledge of asymptomatic STIs, enhancement of behavioral risk-reduction skills, and addressing concomitant mental health issues); (2) incorporated interpersonal and relational contexts (led by peer educators, built interpersonal skills, attended to partner type and intimacy dynamics); and (3) considered the exogenous environments in which individual choices/relationships operate (stigma of being MSM in Vietnam, availability of alternative economic opportunities, and varied sexual venues). HIV prevention efforts are needed that address the specific needs of MSM who engage in transactional sex in HCMC. Universally, MSM endorsed HIV prevention interventions, suggesting a need and desire for efforts in this context. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mimiaga,M.J., Reisner,S.L., Closson,E.F., Perry,N., Perkovich,B., Nguyen,T., Trang,N.N., Lan,H.X., Thien,D.D., Mayer,K.H., Colby,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121220 PMCID PMC3700653 Editors
The Effect of Exposure to Pro-Tobacco Advertising on Experimentation With Emerging Tobacco Products Among U.S. Adolescents	2014	Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA iagaku@post.harvard.edu.; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education Periodical, Abbrev. Health Educ.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 41 Issue 3 Start Page 275 Other Pages 280 Notes CI: (c) 2013; JID: 9704962; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/12/16 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1552-6127; 1090-1981 Accession Number PMID: 24347143 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1177/1090198113511817 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24347143 Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study assessed the influence of exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements on experimentation with emerging tobacco products among U.S. adolescents aged >/=9 years, in Grades 6 to 12. METHOD: Data were obtained from the 2011 National Youth Tobacco Survey. Multivariate logistic regression was used to measure the association between experimentation with snus and e-cigarettes and exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements from three sources: over the Internet, in newspapers/magazines, and at retail stores. RESULTS: After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and current use of other tobacco products, the odds of experimenting with snus were 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.88-3.16), 2.03 (95% CI = 1.30-3.17), and 3.24 (95% CI = 2.07-5.07), among students exposed to one, two, or all three types of pro-tobacco advertisements, respectively, compared with those exposed to none. Similar results were obtained for e-cigarettes. CONCLUSION: Stronger restrictions on tobacco advertisements, in concert with increased tobacco taxes and warning about the dangers of tobacco, use may help reduce youth tobacco use. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for Public Health Education Data Source Authors Agaku,I.T., Ayo-Yusuf,O.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131216 PMCID Editors
Environmental and economic evaluation of the Massachusetts Smoke-Free Workplace Law	2007	Harvard School of Public Health, Division of Public Health Practice, Tobacco Research Program, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Building, Floor 3E, Boston, MA 02215, USA. halpert@hsph.harvard.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of community health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Community Health Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 32 Issue 4 Start Page 269 Other Pages 281 Notes JID: 7600747; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0094-5145; 0094-5145 Accession Number PMID: 17696050 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17696050 Abstract An environmental and economic evaluation of the smoke-free law in Massachusetts provides a broad appreciation of how a state-wide smoking ban affects the health of patrons and workers as well as the industries that are commonly concerned about the effects of smoking bans on business. The aim of this study is to evaluate environmental and economic effects of the statewide Massachusetts statewide Smoke-Free Workplace Law. Before and after the smoking ban, air quality testing was conducted in a sample (n = 27) of hospitality venues and state-wide economic changes were assessed. Compliance, in terms of patronage was measured by person-counts. Environmental outcomes were respirable suspended particles (RSP) less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5). Economic outcomes were meals tax collections, employment in the food services and drinking places and accommodations industries. On average, levels of respirable suspended particles (RSPs) less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) decreased 93% in these venues after the Massachusetts Smoke-free Workplace Law went into effect. No statistically significant changes were observed among the economic indicators. This evaluation demonstrates that the state-wide Massachusetts law has effectively improved indoor air quality in a sample of Massachusetts venues and has not negatively affected several economic indicators. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Massachusetts, Occupational Exposure/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Particulate Matter/analysis, Public Facilities/legislation & jurisprudence, Restaurants/economics/legislation & jurisprudence, Smoking/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Taxes, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Workplace/legislation & jurisprudence Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Alpert,H. R., Carpenter,C. M., Travers,M. J., Connolly,G. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Tobacco use, smoking quit rates, and socioeconomic patterning among men and women: a cross-sectional survey in rural Andhra Pradesh, India	2014	Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA djcorsi@hsph.harvard.edu.; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.; Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada.; McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada.; McMaster Univers	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full European journal of preventive cardiology Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.J.Prev.Cardiol. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 21 Issue 10 Start Page 1308 Other Pages 1318 Notes CI: (c) The European Society of Cardiology 2013; JID: 101564430; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/05/30 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 2047-4881; 2047-4873 Accession Number PMID: 23723329 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1177/2047487313491356 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23723329 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is common in India and a majority of users are in rural areas. We examine tobacco use and smoking quit rates along gender and socioeconomic dimensions in rural Andhra Pradesh. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data come from a cross-sectional survey. Markers of socioeconomic status (SES) were education, occupation, and income. Regression analyses were undertaken to examine determinants of current smoking, smoking quit rates, tobacco use by type (cigarettes, bidis, and chewing), and quantity consumed (number per day, pack-years). RESULTS: The weighted prevalence of current smoking and tobacco chewing was higher in men (50.3%, 95% confidence interval, CI, 48.1-52.6 and 5.0%, 95% CI 4.1-5.9, respectively) compared with women (4.8%, 95% CI 3.9-5.7 and 1.0%, 95% CI 0.6-1.4, respectively) and higher among older age groups. The quit rate was higher in women (45.5%, 95% CI 38.7-52.2) compared to men (18.8%, 95% CI 16.7-20.9). Illiterate individuals were more likely to be current smokers of any type compared to those with secondary/higher education (odds ratio, OR, 3.25, 95% CI 2.54-4.16), although cigarette smoking was higher in men of high SES. Smoking quit rates were positively associated with SES (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.76-3.71) for secondary/higher education vs. illiterates. Level of consumption increased with SES and those with secondary/higher education smoked an additional 1.93 (95% CI 1.08-2.77) cigarettes or bidis per day and had an additional 1.87 (95% CI 0.57-3.17) pack-years vs. illiterates. CONCLUSIONS: The social gradients in cigarette smoking and level of consumption contrasted those for indigenous forms of tobacco (bidi smoking and chewing). International prevention and cessation initiatives designed at modifying Western-style cigarette usage will need to be tailored to the social context of rural Andhra Pradesh to effectively influence the use of cigarettes and equally harmful indigenous forms of tobacco. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Data Source Authors Corsi,D.J., Subramanian,S.V., Lear,S.A., Teo,K.K., Boyle,M.H., Raju,P.K., Joshi,R., Neal,B., Chow,C.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130530 PMCID Editors

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