WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort ascending	SearchLink
Microbiological and physicochemical characterisation of caxiri, an alcoholic beverage produced by the indigenous Juruna people of Brazil	2012	Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), CP 3037 - Campus Universitario, CEP 37.200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of food microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Food Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form 15-May Volume 156 Issue 2 Start Page 112 Other Pages 121 Notes LR: 20131121; CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 8412849; 0 (DNA, Ribosomal); 33X04XA5AT (Lactic Acid); 3K9958V90M (Ethanol); 2011/11/25 [received]; 2012/02/11 [revised]; 2012/03/11 [accepted]; 2012/03/20 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1879-3460; 0168-1605 Accession Number PMID: 22497838 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.010 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22497838 Abstract Caxiri is a traditional fermented alcoholic beverage produced from cassava and sweet potatoes by the indigenous Juruna or Yudja people in Brazil. Our results showed that caxiri fermentation is invariably associated with the following: (i) an increase in the total microbial population, with yeast being the largest group detected; (ii) a decrease in reducing sugars, malic, tartaric, succinic, oxalic and propionic acid; and (iii) a final product characterised by a high content of ethanol and a high concentration of lactic acid. The microbial community dynamics were investigated by culture-based and culture-independent approaches. Fermentation was assisted by a complex microbial community that changed in structure and composition during the fermentative process. The bacterial population ranged from 3.05 to 5.33 log/mL, and the yeast population varied from 3.27 log CFU/mL to 7.34 log CFU/mL, showing that yeasts dominated the fermentation process after 48 h. A total of 343 colonies of bacteria and 205 colonies of yeasts were isolated and initially grouped by Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) and by biochemical features. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of representative isolates showed that the bacteria were mainly represented by endospore-forming low-G+C content Gram-positive bacilli (Bacillus spp.; 61.5% of the isolates), with Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus spp. (Bacillus cereus group), and Bacillus subtilis being the main species identified. The species Sphingomonas sp. and Pediococcus acidilactici were also found. The dominant yeast identified was Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Pichia membranifaciens, Pichia guilliermondii and Cryptococcus luteolus were also found. According to the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis, the microbial communities present during fermentation were probably from the raw materials, ambient or present on the utensils used during beverage preparation. The results indicated the necessity to combine both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods for a better description of the microbial communities in indigenous starch fermentations. Also, pH values decreased from 4.76 to 3.15 during fermentation. The ethanol concentration was 83.9 g/L and lactic acid reached 27.89 g/L by the end of the fermentation process. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Santos,C.C., Almeida,E.G., Melo,G.V., Schwan,R.F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120320 PMCID Editors
A Qualitative Evidence of the Breeding Sites of Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) in and Around Kassala Town, Eastern Sudan	2016	Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, University of Kassala, Kassala State, Sudan.; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of insect science Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Insect Sci. Pub Date Free Form 11-Aug Volume 8 Issue Start Page 65 Other Pages 70 Notes JID: 101668982; OTO: NOTNLM; 2016 [ecollection]; 2016/05/02 [received]; 2016/07/14 [revised]; 2016/07/16 [accepted]; 2016/08/11 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication New Zealand ISSN/ISBN 1179-5433; 1179-5433 Accession Number PMID: 27547039 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.4137/IJIS.S40071 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27547039 Abstract Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) is considered the most efficient malaria vector in eastern Sudan. This study aims to characterize the breeding sites of An. arabiensis throughout the year in and around Kassala town, eastern Sudan. Diverse larval habitat types were visited and characterized based on the habitat type and chemical composition. Mosquito larvae were found in many diverse habitats. During the rainy season, rain pools and water bodies created by the seasonal Gash River serve as the main breeding sites. In the dry season, irrigation canals, seepage from water pipes, neglected wells, artificial containers, and man-made ditches serve as the main breeding sites. Breeding water showed a pH of 7.9 and a low concentration of the total dissolved salts. The results of this study may be considered in planning and implementing larval control programs in the area. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hamza,A.M., El Rayah el,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160811 PMCID PMC4982522 Editors
Effects of twice-ambient carbon dioxide and nitrogen amendment on biomass, nutrient contents and carbon costs of Norway spruce seedlings as influenced by mycorrhization with Piloderma croceum and Tomentellopsis submollis	2011	Department of Biology I and GeoBio-Center (LMU), Division of Organismic Biology: Mycology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany. weigt@wzw.tum.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Mycorrhiza Periodical, Abbrev. Mycorrhiza Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 21 Issue 5 Start Page 375 Other Pages 391 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100955036; 142M471B3J (Carbon Dioxide); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); 2010/05/29 [received]; 2010/10/26 [accepted]; 2010/11/24 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1432-1890; 0940-6360 Accession Number PMID: 21107870 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s00572-010-0343-1 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21107870 Abstract Elevated tropospheric CO(2) concentrations may increase plant carbon fixation. In ectomycorrhizal trees, a considerable portion of the synthesized carbohydrates can be used to support the mutualistic fungal root partner which in turn can benefit the tree by increased nutrient supply. In this study, Norway spruce seedlings were inoculated with either Piloderma croceum (medium distance "fringe" exploration type) or Tomentellopsis submollis (medium distance "smooth" exploration type). We studied the impact of either species regarding fungal biomass production, seedling biomass, nutrient status and nutrient use efficiency in rhizotrons under ambient and twice-ambient CO(2) concentrations. A subset was amended with ammonium nitrate to prevent nitrogen imbalances expected under growth promotion by elevated CO(2). The two fungal species exhibited considerably different influences on growth, biomass allocation as well as nutrient uptake of spruce seedlings. P. croceum increased nutrient supply and promoted plant growth more strongly than T. submollis despite considerably higher carbon costs. In contrast, seedlings with T. submollis showed higher nutrient use efficiency, i.e. produced plant biomass per received unit of nutrient, particularly for P, K and Mg, thereby promoting shoot growth and reducing the root/shoot ratio. Under the given low soil nutrient availability, P. croceum proved to be a more favourable fungal partner for seedling development than T. submollis. Additionally, plant internal allocation of nutrients was differently influenced by the two ECM fungal species, particularly evident for P in shoots and for Ca in roots. Despite slightly increased ECM length and biomass production, neither of the two species had increased its capacity of nutrient uptake in proportion to the rise of CO(2). This lead to imbalances in nutritional status with reduced nutrient concentrations, particularly in seedlings with P. croceum. The beneficial effect of P. croceum thus diminished, although the nutrient status of its host plants was still above that of plants with T. submollis. We conclude that the imbalances of nutrient status in response to elevated CO(2) at early stages of plant development are likely to prove particularly severe at nutrient-poor soils as the increased growth of ECM cannot cover the enhanced nutrient demand. Hyphal length and biomass per unit of ectomycorrhizal length as determined for the first time for P. croceum amounted to 6.9 m cm(-1) and 6.0 mug cm(-1), respectively, across all treatments. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Weigt,R.B., Raidl,S., Verma,R., Rodenkirchen,H., Gottlein,A., Agerer,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20101124 PMCID Editors
Structural characterization of rat ventricular tissue exposed to the smoke of two types of waterpipe	2015	Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan.; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Iranian journal of basic medical sciences Periodical, Abbrev. Iran.J.Basic Med.Sci. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 18 Issue 10 Start Page 942 Other Pages 949 Notes LR: 20160107; JID: 101517966; OID: NLM: PMC4686577; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish Place of Publication Iran ISSN/ISBN 2008-3866; 2008-3866 Accession Number PMID: 26730327 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26730327 Abstract OBJECTIVES: this study focused on the effect of waterpipe smoke exposure toxicity on the structure of albino rat's ventricular tissue and their recovery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Albino rats were divided into three groups: control, flavored, and unflavored. The control group was exposed to normal air while the flavored and unflavored groups were exposed to waterpipe smoke for a period of 90 days. Each group was followed by a period of 90 days of fresh air exposure. Following each period, the ventricular tissue was removed for biochemical and histopathological studies. RESULTS: The ventricular tissues of waterpipe exposed rats showed some degree of separation between cardiac muscle fibers, infiltration of lymphocytes, and congestion of blood vessel. Also, thin cross sections of ventricular cells revealed pleomorphic mitochondria with partially disrupted cristae, partial disruption of the myofibrils, and deposited toxic materials. The unflavored waterpipe has more deleterious effects on heart ventricular tissues than the flavored one. Waterpipe smoke didn't induce apoptosis in the ventricular tissue. We also found very high levels of plasma thiocyanate after exposure to smoke in the flavored and unflavored groups, while the control group showed no increase. After the recovery period, those tissues showed partial recovery. CONCLUSION: Waterpipe smoke induces structural changes in the heart ventricle tissues, causing a negative impact on the capacity of the cardiac muscle for pumping blood and may lead to heart attack due to accumulation of free radicals and tissue inflammation. Cessation of smoking is important in returning most of these changes to their normal structure. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Al-Awaida,W., Najjar,H., Shraideh,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4686577 Editors
Growth responses and delayed winter hardening in Sitka spruce following summer exposure to ozone	1988	Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YQ	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full New Phytologist Periodical, Abbrev. New Phytol. Pub Date Free Form 1988/ Volume 108 Issue 4 Start Page 495; 504 Other Pages 495; 504 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0028-646X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Two-year-old seedlings of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr.] were exposed to <5, 70, 120 and 170 nl l-1 O3 for 7 h day-1 in large ventilated glasshouses during the summer of 1986. Relative growth rates (RGR) were calculated at intervals throughout the summer and autumn using a non-destructive technique in which measurements of stem height and diameter were used to estimate above-ground biomass. No statistically significant effects of the ozone on growth were apparent during or after the period of fumigation, and growth of the seedlings had largely been completed by the end of August. The winter hardiness of these plants was subsequently tested on 10 November and 8 December by subjecting detached shoots to a range of carefully regulated freezing temperatures in controlled environment chambers. The results for the samples taken on the earlier date suggested that plants exposed to ozone were more sensitive to frost than the controls, and that this effect was dependent on the concentration of the pollutant. In the samples taken later, all the shoots appeared to have hardened equally to freezing temperatures in excess of about -20Â°C. The results suggest that early autumn frosts might be damaging to Sitka spruce after exposure to high ozone concentrations in summer. Descriptors ozone, growth, vascular plant, tree Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Lucas,P. W., Cottam,D. A., Sheppard,L. J., Francis,B. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Syngonanthus nitens Bong. (Rhul.)-Loaded Nanostructured System for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Treatment	2016	Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14800-903, Brazil. matheusramos_91@hotmail.com.; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Est	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of molecular sciences Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Mol.Sci. Pub Date Free Form 22-Aug Volume 17 Issue 8 Start Page E1368 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160824; JID: 101092791; OTO: NOTNLM; 2016/05/24 [received]; 2016/06/28 [revised]; 2016/06/30 [accepted]; epublish Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1422-0067; 1422-0067 Accession Number PMID: 27556451 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI E1368 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27556451 Abstract Herbal-loaded drug delivery nanotechnological systems have been extensively studied recently. The antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants has shown better pharmacological action when such plants are loaded into a drug delivery system than when they are not loaded. Syngonanthus nitens Bong. (Rhul.) belongs to the Eriocaulaceae family and presents antiulcerogenic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of Syngonanthus nitens (S. nitens) extract that was not loaded (E) or loaded (SE) into a liquid crystal precursor system (S) for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) with Candida albicans. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution technique. Additionally, we performed hyphae inhibition and biofilm tests. Finally, experimental candidiasis was evaluated in in vivo models with Wistar female rats. The results showed effective antifungal activity after incorporation into S for all strains tested, with MICs ranging from 31.2 to 62.5 mug/mL. Microscopic observation of SE revealed an absence of filamentous cells 24 h of exposure to a concentration of 31.2 mug/mL. E demonstrated no effective action against biofilms, though SE showed inhibition against biofilms of all strains. In the in vivo experiment, SE was effective in the treatment of infection after only two days of treatment and was more effective than E and amphotericin B. The S. nitens is active against Candida albicans (C. albicans) and the antifungal potential is being enhanced after incorporation into liquid crystal precursor systems (LCPS). These findings represent a promising application of SE in the treatment of VVC. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Dos Santos Ramos,M.A., de Toledo,L.G., Calixto,G.M., Bonifacio,B.V., de Freitas Araujo,M.G., Dos Santos,L.C., de Almeida,M.T., Chorilli,M., Bauab,T.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160822 PMCID Editors
Liquid crystal precursor mucoadhesive system as a strategy to improve the prophylactic action of Syngonanthus nitens (Bong.) Ruhland against infection by Candida krusei	2015	Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.; Department of Drugs and Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.; Department of Infe	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of nanomedicine Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Nanomedicine Pub Date Free Form 16-Dec Volume 10 Issue Start Page 7455 Other Pages 7466 Notes LR: 20160102; JID: 101263847; OID: NLM: PMC4687718; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015 [ecollection]; 2015/12/16 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication New Zealand ISSN/ISBN 1178-2013; 1176-9114 Accession Number PMID: 26719688 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.2147/IJN.S92638 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26719688 Abstract Vaginal infections caused by Candida krusei are a problem of extreme complexity due to the intrinsic resistance to azole drugs. The species Syngonanthus nitens (Bong.) Ruhland is a plant of the Eriocaulaceae family that has demonstrated promising antifungal activity. In phyto-formulation research, liquid crystal precursor mucoadhesive systems (LCPM) stand out as drug delivery systems for vaginal administration because they increase the activity and overcome the problems associated with plant-based medicines. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the methanolic extract of scapes of S. nitens (S. nitens extract [SNE]) and an SNE-loaded LCPM against C. krusei as prophylaxis for vulvovaginal candidiasis. LCPM formulation developed consisted of oleic acid as the oil phase (50% w/w), polyoxypropylene (5) polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl alcohol (40% w/w) as the surfactant and a polymeric dispersion containing 2.5% Carbopol((R)) 974P and 2.5% polycarbophil (10% w/w) as the aqueous phase. LCPM formulation developed was characterized using polarized light microscopy, rheological analysis, and in vitro mucoadhesive studies. Different strains of C. krusei, including one standard strain (American Type Culture Collection 6258) and three clinically isolated strains from the vaginal region (CKV1, 2, and 3), were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration, inhibition of biofilms, and time kill. The in vivo prophylaxis assay was performed using the standard strain (American Type Culture Collection 6258). The analyses of F by polarized light microscopy and rheology showed isotropy; however, the addition of 100% artificial vaginal mucus (F100) made it more viscous and anisotropic. Moreover, the mucoadhesive strength was modified, which makes F an excellent formulation for vaginal applications. SNE was active against all strains studied, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 125 to 62.5 microg/mL; after incorporating SNE into F (FE), these values decreased to 62.5 to 31.2 microg/mL, demonstrating that incorporation into the formulation potentiated the action of SNE. Additionally, the time kill assays showed that both forms of SNE were capable of controlling growth, thereby suggesting a possible fungistatic mechanism. Unloaded SNE was not active against C. krusei biofilms, but FE was active against a clinical strain (CKV2). In vivo analysis showed that FE was able to prevent the development of infection following 10 days of administration. We concluded that the formulation developed in this study was an important vehicle for the delivery of SNE based on the improved antifungal activity in all in vitro and in vivo analyses. Furthermore, the extract incorporated into the system may serve as an important prophylactic agent against vaginal infections caused by C. krusei. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors dos Santos Ramos,M.A., Calixto,G., de Toledo,L.G., Bonifacio,B.V., dos Santos,L.C., de Almeida,M.T., Chorilli,M., Bauab,T.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151216 PMCID PMC4687718 Editors
Multi-species biofilms defined from drinking water microorganisms provide increased protection against chlorine disinfection	2013	Department of Biological Sciences, Biofilm Research Group, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Biofouling Periodical, Abbrev. Biofouling Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 29 Issue 8 Start Page 917 Other Pages 928 Notes GR: Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada; JID: 9200331; 0 (Disinfectants); 0 (Drinking Water); 4R7X1O2820 (Chlorine); 2013/07/24 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1029-2454; 0892-7014 Accession Number PMID: 23879183 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/08927014.2013.816298 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23879183 Abstract A model biofilm, formed of multiple species from environmental drinking water, including opportunistic pathogens, was created to explore the tolerance of multi-species biofilms to chlorine levels typical of water-distribution systems. All species, when grown planktonically, were killed by concentrations of chlorine within the World Health Organization guidelines (0.2-5.0 mg l(-1)). Higher concentrations (1.6-40-fold) of chlorine were required to eradicate biofilm populations of these strains, ~70% of biofilms tested were not eradicated by 5.0 mg l(-1) chlorine. Pathogenic bacteria within the model multi-species biofilms had an even more substantial increase in chlorine tolerance; on average ~700-1100 mg l(-1) chlorine was required to eliminate pathogens from the biofilm, 50-300-fold higher than for biofilms comprising single species. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of biofilms showed distinct 3D structures and multiple cell morphologies and arrangements. Overall, this study showed a substantial increase in the chlorine tolerance of individual species with co-colonization in a multi-species biofilm that was far beyond that expected as a result of biofilm growth on its own. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Schwering,M., Song,J., Louie,M., Turner,R.J., Ceri,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130724 PMCID Editors
Laser etching of enamel for direct bonding	1993	Department of Biological and Biophysical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, KY 40292.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Angle Orthodontist Periodical, Abbrev. Angle Orthod. Pub Date Free Form Spring Volume 63 Issue 1 Start Page 73 Other Pages 76 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 0370550; 0 (Phosphoric Acids); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0003-3219; 0003-3219 Accession Number PMID: 8507035 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D; IM DOI 10.1043/0003-3219(1993)063<0073:LEOEFD>2.0.CO;2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8507035 Abstract The application of laser irradiation to etch dental enamel in preparation for direct bonding of orthodontic appliances has been studied. Forty extracted human teeth were divided into four groups of 10 teeth. Within each group, five teeth were subjected to a 30 sec acid etch of the buccal enamel surface; the other five in each group were etched with a laser. Four power settings on the laser etching unit were used: 80mJ, 1W, 2W and 3W. After etching, brackets were adhered to the prepared buccal enamel surfaces with composite resin. Shear bond strength was tested 7 days later. The findings showed that an acceptable shear bond strength, viz. > or = 0.6 kg/mm, could be achieved at laser power settings of 1 to 3W but not at the lowest setting (80 mJ). However, the mean shear bond strengths obtained with laser treatment of the enamel at 80mJ, 1W and 2W were lower (p < 0.01 or 0.001) than that achieved with acid etching. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Dental Bonding/instrumentation/methods, Dental Enamel/drug effects/radiation effects, Humans, Lasers, Phosphoric Acids/pharmacology, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors von Fraunhofer,J. A., Allen,D. J., Orbell,G. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Phase-dependent antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus developing multicellular filamentous biofilms	2008	Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy Periodical, Abbrev. J.Antimicrob.Chemother. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 62 Issue 6 Start Page 1281 Other Pages 1284 Notes LR: 20141120; JID: 7513617; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Formazans); 0 (Pyrimidines); 0 (Triazoles); 70709-62-5 (1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofun Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1460-2091; 0305-7453 Accession Number PMID: 18819968 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/jac/dkn402 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18819968 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Aspergillus fumigatus undergoes morphological transition throughout its growth and development. These changes have direct implications for the effectiveness of antifungal treatment. Here we report the in vitro antifungal activity of voriconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin against three specific phases of multicellular development of A. fumigatus. METHODS: A. fumigatus conidia were propagated for 8, 12 and 24 h prior to antifungal challenge. The resultant activity of the three agents tested was determined using an XTT reduction assay to assess both endpoint and time-kill susceptibility profiles. RESULTS: Endpoint susceptibility testing demonstrated a time-dependent decrease in efficacy for all three antifungal agents as the complexity of the A. fumigatus hyphal structure developed. Overall, amphotericin B exhibited the best spectrum of activity at each phase of growth, but was comparable to voriconazole against germinated conidial growth (8 h). Later, both voriconazole and caspofungin were ineffective against complex mycelial structures (12 and 24 h). Time-kill studies demonstrated that amphotericin B was significantly more efficacious at reducing A. fumigatus metabolism than both voriconazole and caspofungin for all three growth phases examined, most notably after 1 h of drug exposure (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the data presented demonstrate that treatment of actively growing A. fumigatus cells with antifungal agents is more efficacious than treating mature structures in vitro. Amphotericin B was consistently more effective against each phase and displayed rapid effects, and therefore may be a suitable option for managing patient groups at risk from aspergillosis infections. Descriptors Amphotericin B/pharmacology, Antifungal Agents/pharmacology, Aspergillus fumigatus/drug effects, Biofilms/drug effects, Echinocandins/pharmacology, Formazans/metabolism, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods, Microbial Viability, Mycelium/drug effects, Oxidation-Reduction, Pyrimidines/pharmacology, Spores, Fungal/drug effects, Triazoles/pharmacology, Voriconazole Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mowat,E., Lang,S., Williams,C., McCulloch,E., Jones,B., Ramage,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080926 PMCID Editors

E-mail