WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
Misconceptions and misuse of International Agency for Research on Cancer 'classification of carcinogenic substances': The case of asbestos	2007	Dunnigan, J., Ste-Catherine-de-Hatley, Que., Canada	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indoor and Built Environment Periodical, Abbrev. Indoor Built Environ. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 16 Issue 2 Start Page 94 Other Pages 98 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1420-326X; 1423-0070 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract In their work on human cancer, the International Agency for Research on Cancer have run a programme of 'monographs' that evaluate carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. The data collected provide considerable information on the risk from substances identified as carcinogens. However, this is largely unused in the IARC classification scheme in spite of the use of the term 'risk' in the title and text of the monographs. Consequently, some governments and pressure groups use hazard identification to advance the cause for banning agents without conducting a risk assessment. Confusion and indiscriminate use of 'hazard' and 'risk' mean that the hazard data are commonly misrepresented as risk data. A common political response is to push regulatory action to extremes, citing the Precautionary Principle. Unfortunately, eliminating substances on the grounds of inherent hazard can deny major benefits to societies and undermine the sustainable developments. This is nowhere better illustrated than in the case of the minerals known collectively as asbestos. Evidence available clearly differentiates the hazards of chrysotile and amphibole asbestos, yet the current IARC classification does not make this distinction. This is in spite of the fact that amphibole asbestos produces orders of magnitude more diseases than chrysotile when used in the same way. The overwhelming weight of evidence available indicates that chrysotile can be used safely with low risk. Cement products such as water pipes and boards for housing provide are versatile products made at affordable cost for the developing countries which if not available would cost rather than save lives. Â© 2007 SAGE Publications. Descriptors asbestos, carcinogen, chrysotile, cancer risk, carcinogenicity, developing country, government regulation, politics, priority journal, review, risk assessment Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Bernstein,D., Gibbs,A., Pooley,F., Langer,A., Donaldson,K., Hoskins,J., Dunnigan,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The Sexunzipped trial: young people's views of participating in an online randomized controlled trial	2013	e-Health Unit, Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of medical Internet research Periodical, Abbrev. J.Med.Internet Res. Pub Date Free Form 12-Dec Volume 15 Issue 12 Start Page e276 Other Pages Notes LR: 20151119; ISRCTN/ISRCTN55651027; GR: G0701749/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; JID: 100959882; OID: NLM: PMC3868966; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/04/03 [received]; 2013/09/06 [accepted]; 2013/08/14 [revised]; epublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1438-8871; 1438-8871 Accession Number PMID: 24334198 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.2196/jmir.2647 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24334198 Abstract BACKGROUND: Incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among young people in the United Kingdom is increasing. The Internet can be a suitable medium for delivery of sexual health information and sexual health promotion, given its high usage among young people, its potential for creating a sense of anonymity, and ease of access. Online randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are increasingly being used to evaluate online interventions, but while there are many advantages to online methodologies, they can be associated with a number of problems, including poor engagement with online interventions, poor trial retention, and concerns about the validity of data collected through self-report online. We conducted an online feasibility trial that tested the effects of the Sexunzipped website for sexual health compared to an information-only website. This study reports on a qualitative evaluation of the trial procedures, describing participants' experiences and views of the Sexunzipped online trial including methods of recruitment, incentives, methods of contact, and sexual health outcome measurement. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine participants' views of the acceptability and validity of the online trial methodology used in the pilot RCT of the Sexunzipped intervention. METHODS: We used three qualitative data sources to assess the acceptability and validity of the online pilot RCT methodology: (1) individual interviews with 22 participants from the pilot RCT, (2) 133 emails received by the trial coordinator from trial participants, and (3) 217 free-text comments from the baseline and follow-up questionnaires. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. An iterative, thematic analysis of all three data sources was conducted to identify common themes related to the acceptability and feasibility of the online trial methodology. RESULTS: Interview participants found the trial design, including online recruitment via Facebook, online registration, email communication with the researchers, and online completion of sexual health questionnaires to be highly acceptable and preferable to traditional methods. Incentives might assist in recruiting those who would not otherwise participate. Participants generally enjoyed taking part in sexual health research online and found the questionnaire itself thought-provoking. Completing the sexual health questionnaires online encouraged honesty in responding that might not be achieved with other methods. The majority of interview participants also thought that receiving and returning a urine sample for chlamydia testing via post was acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide strong support for the use of online research methods for sexual health research, emphasizing the importance of careful planning and execution of all trial procedures including recruitment, respondent validation, trial related communication, and methods to maximize follow-up. Our findings suggest that sexual health outcome measurement might encourage reflection on current behavior, sometimes leading to behavior change. TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 55651027; http://www.controlled-trials.com/isrctn/pf/55651027 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6LbkxdPKf). Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Nicholas,A., Bailey,J.V., Stevenson,F., Murray,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131212 PMCID PMC3868966 Editors
Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize	2007	Earleywine, M., Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Harm Reduction Journal Periodical, Abbrev. Harm Reduct.J. Pub Date Free Form 2007/04 Volume 4 Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1477-7517 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Cannabis smoking can create respiratory problems. Vaporizers heat cannabis to release active cannabinoids, but remain cool enough to avoid the smoke and toxins associated with combustion. Vaporized cannabis should create fewer respiratory symptoms than smoked cannabis. We examined self-reported respiratory symptoms in participants who ranged in cigarette and cannabis use. Data from a large Internet sample revealed that the use of a vaporizer predicted fewer respiratory symptoms even when age, sex, cigarette smoking, and amount of cannabis used were taken into account. Age, sex, cigarettes, and amount of cannabis also had significant effects. The number of cigarettes smoked and amount of cannabis used interacted to create worse respiratory problems. A significant interaction revealed that the impact of a vaporizer was larger as the amount of cannabis used increased. These data suggest that the safety of cannabis can increase with the use of a vaporizer. Regular users of joints, blunts, pipes, and water pipes might decrease respiratory symptoms by switching to a vaporizer. Â© 2007 Earleywine and Barnwell; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. Descriptors cannabis, adult, age distribution, aged, article, cannabis smoking, chi square test, smoking, controlled study, drug delivery system, drug safety, female, human, Internet, logistic regression analysis, major clinical study, male, prediction, respiratory tract disease, self report, sex ratio, vaporizer Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Earleywine,M., Barnwell,S. S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Respiratory symptoms and environmental factors in schoolchildren in the Bay of Plenty	1995	Eastbay Health, Whakatane.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The New Zealand medical journal Periodical, Abbrev. N.Z.Med.J. Pub Date Free Form 8-Sep Volume 108 Issue 1007 Start Page 358 Other Pages 361 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0401067; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication NEW ZEALAND ISSN/ISBN 0028-8446; 0028-8446 Accession Number PMID: 7566773 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 7566773 Abstract AIMS: To determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in children and to examine associations with environmental factors in the Bay of Plenty. METHODS: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaires were distributed to 13-14 year old children and to care-givers of 6-7 year old children as part of the ISAAC study. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were received for 2614 primary and 2752 secondary students. Analysis by district showed no consistent association with exposure to industrial emissions from paper mills, natural sulphur fumes, or climatic variation. All districts are subject to high levels of pollen. Symptom prevalence was close to the mean for New Zealand centres participating in the ISAAC survey. Night cough and nasal symptoms were more common in secondary pupils exposed to smoking in the home, but there was no consistent association between passive smoking and wheeze or diagnosed asthma. Children from larger households reported less wheezy symptoms and less diagnosed asthma. CONCLUSIONS: There was no consistent evidence of an effect on respiratory morbidity from natural fumes, industrial air pollution, or climate. The indoor environment is probably of greater importance in this population. Descriptors Adolescent, Air Pollutants/adverse effects, Asthma/epidemiology/etiology, Child, Cough/epidemiology/etiology, Data Collection, Europe/ethnology, Humans, New Zealand/epidemiology, Prevalence, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology/etiology, Rhinitis/epidemiology/etiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Moyes,C. D., Waldon,J., Ramadas,D., Crane,J., Pearce,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Patent foramen ovale influences the presentation of decompression illness in SCUBA divers	2015	Eastern Heart Clinic, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, 2031, Australia. Electronic address: k_liou@hotmail.com.; Australian Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Research Group, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, 2031, Australia	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Heart, lung & circulation Periodical, Abbrev. Heart Lung Circ. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 24 Issue 1 Start Page 26 Other Pages 31 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 100963739; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/04/22 [received]; 2014/07/02 [revised]; 2014/07/07 [accepted]; 2014/07/17 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1444-2892; 1443-9506 Accession Number PMID: 25130890 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.07.057 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25130890 Abstract BACKGROUND: Few have examined the influence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) on the phenotype of decompression illness (DCI) in affected divers. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective review of our database was performed for 75 SCUBA divers over a 10-year period. RESULTS: Overall 4,945 bubble studies were performed at our institution during the study period. Divers with DCI were more likely to have positive bubble studies than other indications (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons (ANZSCTS) and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ). Published by Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Liou,K., Wolfers,D., Turner,R., Bennett,M., Allan,R., Jepson,N., Cranney,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140717 PMCID Editors
Effect of in-water recompression with oxygen to 6 msw versus normobaric oxygen breathing on bubble formation in divers	2009	Ecole de Plongee Marine Nationale, 83800 Toulon Armees, France. je.blatteau@infonie.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full European journal of applied physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 106 Issue 5 Start Page 691 Other Pages 695 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 100954790; 059QF0KO0R (Water); S88TT14065 (Oxygen); 2009/04/15 [accepted]; 2009/05/08 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1439-6327; 1439-6319 Accession Number PMID: 19424716 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; IM DOI 10.1007/s00421-009-1065-y [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19424716 Abstract It is generally accepted that the incidence of decompression sickness (DCS) from hyperbaric exposures is low when few or no bubbles are present in the circulation. To date, no data are available on the influence of in-water oxygen breathing on bubble formation following a provocative dive in man. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of post-dive hyperbaric versus normobaric oxygen breathing (NOB) on venous circulating bubbles. Nineteen divers carried out open-sea field air dives at 30 msw depth for 30 min followed by a 9 min stop at 3 msw. Each diver performed three dives: one control dive, and two dives followed by 30 min of hyperbaric oxygen breathing (HOB) or NOB; both HOB and NOB started 10 min after surfacing. For HOB, divers were recompressed in-water to 6 msw at rest, whereas NOB was performed in a dry room in supine position. Decompression bubbles were examined by a precordial pulsed Doppler. Bubble count was significantly lower for post-dive NOB than for control dives. HOB dramatically suppressed circulating bubble formation with a bubble count significantly lower than for NOB or controls. In-water recompression with oxygen to 6 msw is more effective in removing gas bubbles than NOB. This treatment could be used in situations of "interrupted" or "omitted" decompression, where a diver returns to the water in order to complete decompression prior to the onset of symptoms. Further investigations are needed before to recommend this protocol as an emergency treatment for DCS. Descriptors Adult, Decompression/adverse effects, Decompression Sickness/physiopathology/prevention & control, Diving/physiology, Embolism, Air/prevention & control, Humans, Hyperbaric Oxygenation/methods, Immersion, Male, Middle Aged, Osmolar Concentration, Oxygen/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Oxygen Consumption/physiology, Respiration, Water, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Blatteau,J. E., Pontier,J. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090508 PMCID Editors
Electronic cigarette: use and perceptions among French military nurses in 2013	2015	Ecole du personnel paramedical des armees, Toulon, France.; Centre d'epidemiologie et de sante publique des armees, Marseille, France.; Centre d'epidemiologie et de sante publique des armees, Marseille, France, and UMR 912: INSERM-IRD-Universite Aix-Marse	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Swiss medical weekly Periodical, Abbrev. Swiss Med.Wkly. Pub Date Free Form 22-Jun Volume 145 Issue Start Page w14137 Other Pages Notes JID: 100970884; 2015/06/22 [epublish]; 2015 [ecollection]; epublish Place of Publication Switzerland ISSN/ISBN 1424-3997; 0036-7672 Accession Number PMID: 26098765 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.4414/smw.2015.14137 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26098765 Abstract AIMS: Paramedical personnel are exposed to tobacco smoking. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) may be considered as a lower-risk substitute for cigarettes. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of e-cigarette use, the motives for use and the perceptions among French military nurses. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey, using self-administered questionnaires, was conducted in 2013 among 300 students and instructors of the French school of military paramedical personnel. Prevalences of e-cigarette use among smokers and nonsmokers were compared using logistic regressions adjusted on age and gender. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking was 40% among the 200 responders. E-cigarette current use prevalence was 25% (6% daily users), without significant difference according to gender and age. Tobacco smokers reported significantly more e-cigarette current use (51% vs7%). Motives for e-cigarette use reported by smokers were curiosity (48%), intention to reduce tobacco consumption (43%) or to quit smoking (8%). Among users of both tobacco and e-cigarettes, 48% reported a significant decrease in tobacco consumption following e-cigarette initiation (average decrease of 5-10 cigarettes smoked per day; p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Guillet,S., Sicard,S., Meynard,J.B., Mayet,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150622 PMCID Editors
Ground-level ozone differentially affects nitrogen acquisition and allocation in mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees	2012	Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universitat Munchen, 85354 Freising, Germany. weigt@wzw.tum.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tree physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Tree Physiol. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 32 Issue 10 Start Page 1259 Other Pages 1273 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 100955338; 0 (Nitrogen Isotopes); 0 (Soil); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 66H7ZZK23N (Ozone); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); 2012/10/05 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1758-4469; 0829-318X Accession Number PMID: 23042769 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/treephys/tps087 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23042769 Abstract Impacts of elevated ground-level ozone (O(3)) on nitrogen (N) uptake and allocation were studied on mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in a forest stand, hypothesizing that: (i) chronically elevated O(3) limits nutrient uptake, and (ii) beech responds more sensitively to elevated O(3) than spruce, as previously found for juvenile trees. Tree canopies were exposed to twice-ambient O(3) concentrations (2 x O(3)) by a free-air fumigation system, with trees under ambient O(3) serving as control. After 5 years of O(3) fumigation, (15)NH(4)(15)NO(3) was applied to soil, and concentrations of newly acquired N (N(labelled)) and total N (N(total)) in plant compartments and soil measured. Under 2 x O(3), N(labelled) and N(total) were increased in the bulk soil and tended to be lower in fine and coarse roots of both species across the soil horizons, supporting hypothesis (i). N(labelled) was reduced in beech foliage by up to 60%, and by up to 50% in buds under 2 x O(3). Similarly, N(labelled) in stem bark and phloem was reduced. No such reduction was observed in spruce, reflecting a stronger effect on N acquisition in beech in accordance with hypothesis (ii). In spruce, 2 x O(3) tended to favour allocation of new N to foliage. N(labelled) in beech foliage correlated with cumulative seasonal transpiration, indicating impaired N acquisition was probably caused by reduced stomatal conductance and, hence, water transport under elevated O(3). Stimulated fine root growth under 2 x O(3) with a possible increase of below-ground N sink strength may also have accounted for lowered N allocation to above-ground organs. Reduced N uptake and altered allocation may enhance the use of stored N for growth, possibly affecting long-term stand nutrition. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Weigt,R.B., Haberle,K.H., Millard,P., Metzger,U., Ritter,W., Blaschke,H., Gottlein,A., Matyssek,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121005 PMCID Editors
Small proportions of actively-smoking patrons and high PM2.5 levels in southern California tribal casinos: support for smoking bans or designated smoking areas	2012	Education, Training, and Research, Inc, Scotts Valley, CA, USA. nklepeis@stanford.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 22-Sep Volume 12 Issue Start Page 819 Other Pages 2458-12-819 Notes LR: 20150223; JID: 100968562; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC3560204; 2012/06/05 [received]; 2012/09/19 [accepted]; 2012/09/22 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 22998850 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-12-819 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22998850 Abstract BACKGROUND: Nearly all California casinos currently allow smoking, which leads to potentially high patron exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke pollutants. Some argue that smoking restrictions or bans would result in a business drop, assuming > 50% of patrons smoke. Evidence in Nevada and responses from the 2008 California tobacco survey refute this assertion. The present study investigates the proportion of active smokers in southern California tribal casinos, as well as occupancy and PM(2.5) levels in smoking and nonsmoking sections. METHODS: We measured active-smoker and total-patron counts during Friday or Saturday night visits (two per casino) to smoking and nonsmoking gaming areas inside 11 southern California casinos. We counted slot machines and table games in each section, deriving theoretical maximum capacities and occupancy rates. We also measured PM(2.5) concentrations (or used published levels) in both nonsmoking and smoking areas. RESULTS: Excluding one casino visit with extremely high occupancy, we counted 24,970 patrons during 21 casino visits of whom 1,737 were actively smoking, for an overall active- smoker proportion of 7.0% and a small range of ~5% across casino visits (minimum of 5% and maximum of 10%). The differences in mean inter-casino active-smoker proportions were not statistically significant. Derived occupancy rates were 24% to 215% in the main (low-stakes) smoking-allowed slot or table areas. No relationship was found between observed active-smoker proportions and occupancy rate. The derived maximum capacities of nonsmoking areas were 1% to 29% of the overall casino capacity (most under 10%) and their observed occupancies were 0.1 to over 3 times that of the main smoking-allowed casino areas. Seven of twelve visits to nonsmoking areas with no separation had occupancy rates greater than main smoking areas. Unenclosed nonsmoking areas don't substantially protect occupants from PM2.5 exposure. Nonsmoking areas encapsulated inside smoking areas or in a separate, but unenclosed, area had PM(2.5) levels that were 10 to 60 mug/m(3) and 6 to 23 mug/m(3) higher than outdoor levels, respectively, indicating contamination from smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Although fewer than roughly 10% of casino patrons are actively smoking on average, these individuals substantially increase PM(2.5) exposure for all patrons in smoking and unenclosed nonsmoking areas. Nonsmoking areas may be too inconvenient, small, or undesirable to serve a substantial number of nonsmoking patrons. Imposing indoor smoking bans, or contained smoking areas with a maximum capacity of up to 10% of the total patronage, would offer protection from PM2.5 exposures for nonsmoking patrons and reduce employee exposures. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Klepeis,N.E., Omoto,J., Ong,S.L., Omoto,H.S., Dhaliwal,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120922 PMCID PMC3560204 Editors
Otoscopic appearances and tympanometric changes in narghile smokers	2004	Effat, K.G., Medinet El-Mohandeseen, Giza, Egypt	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of Laryngology and Otology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Laryngol.Otol. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 118 Issue 10 Start Page 818 Other Pages 821 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0022-2151 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Narghile (water-pipe) smoking requires the generation of significant negative intrapharyngeal pressure, which may be transmitted to the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. A total of 80 ears from regular narghile smokers were examined otoscopically and by tympanometry. Seventy ears from heavy cigarette smokers were similarly examined and served as a control group. There was a highly significant increase in the prevalence of attic retractions (P 0.05). Descriptors adult, aged, article, atmospheric pressure, auditory tube, cholesteatoma, smoking, clinical article, controlled study, cultural factor, human, male, middle ear pressure, Middle East, narghile smoker, otoscopy, prevalence, smoking habit, swallowing, tympanometry Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Effat,K. G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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