WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
CNT-TiO2 coating bonded onto stainless steel wire as a novel solid-phase microextraction fiber	2013	Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong (University of Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Talanta Periodical, Abbrev. Talanta Pub Date Free Form 30-Sep Volume 114 Issue Start Page 60 Other Pages 65 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 2984816R; 0 (Nanotubes, Carbon); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 12597-68-1 (Stainless Steel); 15FIX9V2JP (titanium dioxide); D1JT611TNE (Titanium); OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/12/19 [received]; 20 Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3573; 0039-9140 Accession Number PMID: 23953442 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.005 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23953442 Abstract A novel solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber based on carbon nanotubes-titanium oxide (CNT-TiO2) composite coating bonded onto stainless steel wire was prepared via electroless plating and sol-gel techniques. The SPME coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman microscopy. Coupled to gas chromatography (GC), the fiber was investigated with seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in direct-immersion mode. The SPME-GC analytical method was evaluated under optimized extraction conditions. Compared with other reports, higher sensitivity (LODs, 0.002-0.004 mug L(-1)) and better linear range (0.01-100 and 0.01-200 mug L(-1)) were obtained by the proposed method. The fiber exhibited high thermal stability to 300 degrees C and excellent durability in HCl and NaOH solutions. The as-established SPME-GC method was used to analyze the real water samples and satisfactory results were obtained. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Sun,M., Feng,J., Qiu,H., Fan,L., Li,X., Luo,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130412 PMCID Editors
Evaluation of knowledge and behavior of and attitudes towards smoking cigarettes and using smokeless tobacco in patients with chronic renal failure	2013	Department of Family Medicine, Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcuimam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey. hakisucakli@gmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Transplantation proceedings Periodical, Abbrev. Transplant.Proc. Pub Date Free Form Jul-Aug Volume 45 Issue 6 Start Page 2129 Other Pages 2132 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 0243532; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2012/11/02 [received]; 2012/12/18 [revised]; 2013/03/06 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1873-2623; 0041-1345 Accession Number PMID: 23953522 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.03.027 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23953522 Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoking can have negative effects on renal function in healthy individuals, which may result in kidney disease. To determine knowledge, behavior, and attitudes toward smoking cigarettes and using smokeless tobacco among patients with chronic renal failure, we sought to provide evidence for appropriate precautions and guidance for further research. METHODS: The study included 86.7% of 390 patients undergoing treatment for chronic renal failure who completed a 30-question instrument. RESULTS: Of the participants, 7.9% were smokers and 12.6% ex-smokers. Among the smokers, 61% said they wanted to quit and 45% said they needed help to quit. Of the participants, 9.5% were using Maras powder, a type of smokeless tobacco. Of the smokeless tobacco users, 55.6% noted that they wanted to give it up. The rate of the participants smoking cigarettes and/or using smokeless tobacco was 17.4%. In addition, 38.9% of the participants said that they started to use smokeless tobacco to quit smoking cigarettes. Of the participants, 62.6% thought smoking was harmful to the kidneys. The rate of the passive smokers was 30.2%. Of the participants, 66.3% explained that they were exposed to smoke at home. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate interventions should begin to help patients with chronic renal failure stop smoking and to prevent them from exposure to cigarette smoke. Smokers should be informed that using smokeless tobacco is not a way to stop smoking cigarettes. Education programs should be conducted to prevent people from using smokeless tobacco and to help smokeless tobacco users to quit their habit. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Sucakli,M.H., Kahraman,H., Altunoren,O., Celik,M., Sayarlioglu,H., Dogan,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Predictors of adherence to behavioral counseling and medication among female prisoners enrolled in a smoking cessation trial	2013	1Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of correctional health care : the official journal of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care Periodical, Abbrev. J.Correct.Health.Care. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 19 Issue 4 Start Page 236 Other Pages 247 Notes GR: K23DA15774/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9503759; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/08/15 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1940-5200; 1078-3458 Accession Number PMID: 23955055 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1177/1078345813499307 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23955055 Abstract Smoking is highly prevalent among prison populations. Adherence to counseling and nicotine replacement therapy predicts successful cessation. The authors examined predictors of >/= 80% adherence to counseling and nicotine patch in a cessation trial targeting female prisoners. Of the 202 participants included in these analyses, 66.8% were adherent to the patch, 51.2% were adherent to counseling, 16.3% were nonadherent to both, and 45.0% were adherent to both. Older age of smoking initiation (p = .01), higher baseline smoking (p = .03), and prior substance abuse treatment (p = .04) predicted counseling adherence. Predictors of patch adherence included greater prior smoking level (p = .07) and more quit attempts (p = .09). The predictors of adherence to both was more prior quit attempts (p = .04). Understanding adherence-related factors may increase effectiveness of cessation interventions. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Berg,C.J., Ahluwalia,J.S., Cropsey,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130815 PMCID Editors
Microbiological and fermentative properties of baker's yeast starter used in breadmaking	2013	Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione C.N.R. Via Roma, 64 83100 - Avellino, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of Food Science Periodical, Abbrev. J.Food Sci. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 78 Issue 8 Start Page M1224 Other Pages 31 Notes CI: (c) 2013; JID: 0014052; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/12/21 [received]; 2013/04/06 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1750-3841; 0022-1147 Accession Number PMID: 23957411 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1111/1750-3841.12206 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23957411 Abstract This study assessed the levels of microbial contaminants in liquid, compressed and dry commercial baker's yeasts used as starters in breadmaking. Eumycetes, Enterobacteriaceae, total and fecal coliforms, Bacillus spp., and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), in particular enterococci, were quantified. Results obtained in this study highlighted that baker's yeast could represent a potential vehicle of spoilage and undesirable microorganisms into the baking environment, even if these do not influence the leavening activity in the dough, as ascertained by rheofermentometer analysis. Different microbial groups, such as spore-forming bacteria and moulds, were found in baker's yeast starters. Moreover, different species of LAB, which are considered the main contaminants in large-scale yeast fermentations, were isolated and identified by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rDNA sequencing. The most recurrent species were Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus durans, isolated from both compressed and dry starters, whereas strains belonging to Leuconostoc and Pediococcus genera were found only in dry ones. Nested-Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nested-PCR) and Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) were also used to highlight the biodiversity of the different commercial yeast strains, and to ascertain the culture purity. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Institute of Food Technologists(R) Data Source Authors Reale,A., Di Renzo,T., Succi,M., Tremonte,P., Coppola,R., Sorrentino,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Aspects of the design protocol and the statistical methods for analysis of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yields in cigarette smoke that can affect the measurement variability within collaborative studies	2013	SEITA, Imperial Tobacco Group, 48 rue Danton, 45404 Fleury-les-Aubrais, France.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP Periodical, Abbrev. Regul.Toxicol.Pharmacol. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 67 Issue 2 Start Page 252 Other Pages 265 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 8214983; 0 (Smoke); 0 (Tars); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/06/10 [received]; 2013/08/05 [revised]; 2013/08/07 [accepted]; 2013/08/16 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-0295; 0273-2300 Accession Number PMID: 23959062 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.004 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23959062 Abstract Statistical principles described in ISO 5725-1 (1994) are a robust basis for evaluating cigarette smoke data from collaborative studies under the ISO 3308 machine smoking and for specifying the criteria for the removal of outlier data and determination of mean yields and their variability. However, the standard only provides recommendations on outlier removal that should be taken into account by experts who undertake data interpretation. The potential for over-interpretation of data from small numbers of laboratories is highlighted and recommendations made to deal with this possibility. Key variables to the statistical analysis, the number of cigarettes per replicate and replicates performed in each laboratory, the number of participating laboratories and the use of linear and rotary smoking machines in smoke collection, are identified and their relevance to obtaining robust data are considered. The statistical methods routinely used for data analysis from the ISO regime, are re-assessed for their suitability to analyse data obtained under the Canadian intense (CI) regime, where yield differences between linear and rotary smoking machines are found. This machine effect can lead to more outliers being detected and difficulties in outlier detection which may affect the provision of robust estimates of mean yields, repeatability and reproducibility. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Verron,T., Czechowicz,M., Heller,W.D., Cahours,X., Purkis,S.W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130816 PMCID Editors
Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation	2013	Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 55 Philpot Street, London, UK, E1 2HJ.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 20-Aug Volume (8):CD003999. doi Issue 8 Start Page CD003999 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; GR: 14135/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom; JID: 100909747; 0 (Benzazepines); 0 (Chewing Gum); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Quinoxalines); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); W6HS99O8ZO (Varenicline); epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 23963584 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003999.pub4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23963584 Abstract BACKGROUND: A number of treatments can help smokers make a successful quit attempt, but many initially successful quitters relapse over time. Several interventions have been proposed to help prevent relapse. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether specific interventions for relapse prevention reduce the proportion of recent quitters who return to smoking. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register in May 2013 for studies mentioning relapse prevention or maintenance in title, abstracts or keywords. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of relapse prevention interventions with a minimum follow-up of six months. We included smokers who quit on their own, were undergoing enforced abstinence, or were participating in treatment programmes. We included trials that compared relapse prevention interventions with a no intervention control, or that compared a cessation programme with additional relapse prevention components with a cessation programme alone. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Studies were screened and data extracted by one review author, and checked by a second. Disagreements were resolved by discussion or by referral to a third review author. MAIN RESULTS: Sixty-three studies met inclusion criteria but were heterogeneous in terms of populations and interventions. We considered 41 studies that randomly assigned abstainers separately from studies that randomly assigned participants before their quit date.Upon looking at studies of behavioural interventions that randomly assigned abstainers, we detected no benefit of brief and 'skills-based' relapse prevention methods for women who had quit smoking because of pregnancy, or for smokers undergoing a period of enforced abstinence during hospitalisation or military training. We also failed to detect significant effects of behavioural interventions in trials in unselected groups of smokers who had quit on their own or through a formal programme. Amongst trials randomly assigning smokers before their quit date and evaluating the effects of additional relapse prevention components, we found no evidence of benefit of behavioural interventions or combined behavioural and pharmacotherapeutic interventions in any subgroup. Overall, providing training in skills thought to be needed for relapse avoidance did not reduce relapse, but most studies did not use experimental designs best suited to the task and had limited power to detect expected small differences between interventions. For pharmacological interventions, extended treatment with varenicline significantly reduced relapse in one trial (risk ratio (RR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to 1.36). Pooling of six studies of extended treatment with bupropion failed to detect a significant effect (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.35). Two small trials of oral nicotine replacement treatment (NRT) failed to detect an effect, but treatment compliance was low, and in two other trials of oral NRT in which short-term abstainers were randomly assigned, a significant effect of intervention was noted. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: At the moment, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of any specific behavioural intervention to help smokers who have successfully quit for a short time to avoid relapse. The verdict is strongest for interventions focused on identifying and resolving tempting situations, as most studies were concerned with these. Little research is available regarding other behavioural approaches.Extended treatment with varenicline may prevent relapse. Extended treatment with bupropion is unlikely to have a clinically important effect. Studies of extended treatment with nicotine replacement are needed. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hajek,P., Stead,L.F., West,R., Jarvis,M., Hartmann-Boyce,J., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130820 PMCID Editors
Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression	2013	STIVORO, Dutch Expert Centre on Tobacco Control, The Hague, Netherlands.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 21-Aug Volume (8):CD006102. doi Issue 8 Start Page CD006102 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; 0 (Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation); 01ZG3TPX31 (Bupropion); CIN: Evid Based Ment Health. 2014 May;17(2):e3. PMID: 24591546; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 23963776 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD006102.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23963776 Abstract BACKGROUND: Individuals with current or past depression are often smokers who are more nicotine dependent, more likely to suffer from negative mood changes after nicotine withdrawal, and more likely to relapse to smoking after quitting than the general population, which contributes to their higher morbidity and mortality from smoking-related illnesses. It remains unclear what interventions can help them to quit smoking. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions, with and without specific mood management components, in smokers with current or past depression. SEARCH METHODS: In April 2013, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, other reviews, and asked experts for information on trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Criteria for including studies in this review were that they had to be randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing smoking cessation interventions in adult smokers with current or past depression. Depression was defined as major depression or depressive symptoms. We included studies where subgroups of participants with depression were identified, either pre-stated or post hoc. The outcome was abstinence from smoking after six months or longer follow-up. We preferred prolonged or continuous abstinence and biochemically validated abstinence where available. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: When possible, we estimated pooled risk ratios (RRs) with the Mantel-Haenszel method (fixed-effect model). We also performed subgroup analyses, by length of follow-up, depression measurement, depression group in study, antidepressant use, published or unpublished data, format of intervention, level of behavioural support, additional pharmacotherapy, type of antidepressant medication, and additional nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). MAIN RESULTS: Forty-nine RCTs were included of which 33 trials investigated smoking cessation interventions with specific mood management components for depression. In smokers with current depression, meta-analysis showed a significant positive effect for adding psychosocial mood management to a standard smoking cessation intervention when compared with standard smoking cessation intervention alone (11 trials, N = 1844, RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.92). In smokers with past depression we found a similar effect (13 trials, N = 1496, RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.77). Meta-analysis resulted in a positive effect, although not significant, for adding bupropion compared with placebo in smokers with current depression (5 trials, N = 410, RR 1.37, 95% CI 0.83 to 2.27). There were not enough trial data to evaluate the effectiveness of fluoxetine and paroxetine for smokers with current depression. Bupropion (4 trials, N = 404, RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.31 to 3.18) might significantly increase long-term cessation among smokers with past depression when compared with placebo, but the evidence for bupropion is relatively weak due to the small number of studies and the post hoc subgroups for all the studies. There were not enough trial data to evaluate the effectiveness of fluoxetine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, selegiline, and sertraline in smokers with past depression.Twenty-three of the 49 trials investigated smoking cessation interventions without specific components for depression. There was heterogeneity between the trials which compared psychosocial interventions with standard smoking cessation counselling for both smokers with current and past depression. Therefore, we did not estimate a pooled effect. One trial compared nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus placebo in smokers with current depression and found a positive, although not significant, effect (N = 196, RR 2.64, 95% CI 0.93 to 7.45). Meta-analysis also found a positive, although not significant, effect for NRT versus placebo in smokers with past depression (3 trials, N = 432, RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.60). Three trials compared other pharmacotherapy versus placebo and six tr Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors van der Meer,R.M., Willemsen,M.C., Smit,F., Cuijpers,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130821 PMCID Editors
Is exposure to secondhand smoke associated with cognitive parameters of children and adolescents?--a systematic literature review	2013	Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, London, UK. Electronic address: ruoling.chen@kcl.ac.uk.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Annals of Epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. Ann.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 23 Issue 10 Start Page 652 Other Pages 661 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 9100013; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/11/05 [received]; 2013/06/17 [revised]; 2013/07/01 [accepted]; 2013/08/19 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1873-2585; 1047-2797 Accession Number PMID: 23969303 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.07.001 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23969303 Abstract PURPOSE: Despite the known association of second hand smoke (SHS) with increased risk of ill health and mortality, the effects of SHS exposure on cognitive functioning in children and adolescents are unclear. Through a critical review of the literature we sought to determine whether a relationship exists between these variables. METHODS: The authors systematically reviewed articles (dated 1989-2012) that investigated the association between SHS exposure (including in utero due to SHS exposure by pregnant women) and performance on neurocognitive and academic tests. Eligible studies were identified from searches of Web of Knowledge, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Google Scholar, CINAHL, EMBASE, Zetoc, and Clinicaltrials.gov. RESULTS: Fifteen articles were identified, of which 12 showed inverse relationships between SHS and cognitive parameters. Prenatal SHS exposure was inversely associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in young children, whereas postnatal SHS exposure was associated with poor academic achievement and neurocognitive performance in older children and adolescents. Furthermore, SHS exposure was associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental delay. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations should be made to the public to avoid sources of SHS and future research should investigate interactions between SHS exposure and other risk factors for delayed neurodevelopment and poor cognitive performance. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Chen,R., Clifford,A., Lang,L., Anstey,K.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130819 PMCID Editors
Tobacco cessation interventions for young people	2013	Heart of England Foundation Trust, 3, The Green, Shirley, UK, B90 4LA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 23-Aug Volume (8):CD003289. doi Issue 8 Start Page CD003289 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 23975659 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003289.pub5 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23975659 Abstract BACKGROUND: Most tobacco control programmes for adolescents are based around prevention of uptake, but teenage smoking is still common. It is unclear if interventions that are effective for adults can also help adolescents to quit. This is the second update of a Cochrane review first published in 2006. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of strategies that help young people to stop smoking tobacco. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's Specialized Register in February 2013. This includes reports for trials identified in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsyclNFO. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials, cluster-randomized controlled trials and other controlled trials recruiting young people, aged less than 20, who were regular tobacco smokers. We included any interventions; these could include pharmacotherapy, psycho-social interventions and complex programmes targeting families, schools or communities. We excluded programmes primarily aimed at prevention of uptake. The primary outcome was smoking status after at least six months follow-up among those who smoked at baseline. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both authors independently assessed the eligibility of candidate trials and extracted data. Included studies were evaluated for risk of bias using standard Cochrane methodology. Where meta-analysis was appropriate, we estimated pooled risk ratios using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect method, based on the quit rates at longest follow-up. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-eight trials involving approximately 6000 young people met our inclusion criteria (12 cluster-randomized controlled trials, 14 randomized controlled trials and 2 controlled trials). The majority of studies were judged to be at high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain. Many studies combined components from various theoretical backgrounds to form complex interventions.The majority used some form of motivational enhancement combined with psychological support such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and some were tailored to stage of change using the transtheoretical model (TTM). Three trials based mainly on TTM interventions achieved moderate long-term success, with a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 1.56 at one year (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21 to 2.01). The 12 trials that included some form of motivational enhancement gave an estimated RR of 1.60 (95% CI 1.28 to 2.01). None of the 13 individual trials of complex interventions that included cognitive behavioural therapy achieved statistically significant results, and results were not pooled due to clinical heterogeneity. There was a marginally significant effect of pooling six studies of the Not on Tobacco programme (RR of 1.31, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.71), although three of the trials used abstinence for as little as 24 hours at six months as the cessation outcome. A small trial testing nicotine replacement therapy did not detect a statistically significant effect. Two trials of bupropion, one testing two doses and one testing it as an adjunct to NRT, did not detect significant effects. Studies of pharmacotherapies reported some adverse events considered related to study treatment, though most were mild, whereas no adverse events were reported in studies of behavioural interventions. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Complex approaches show promise, with some persistence of abstinence (30 days point prevalence abstinence or continuous abstinence at six months), especially those incorporating elements sensitive to stage of change and using motivational enhancement and CBT. Given the episodic nature of adolescent smoking, more data is needed on sustained quitting. There were few trials with evidence about pharmacological interventions (nicotine replacement and bupropion), and none demonstrated effectiveness for adolescent smokers. There is not yet sufficient evidence to recommend widespread implementation of any one model. There c Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stanton,A., Grimshaw,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130823 PMCID Editors
Implicit motivational impact of pictorial health warning on cigarette packs	2013	Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PloS one Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS One Pub Date Free Form 15-Aug Volume 8 Issue 8 Start Page e72117 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150423; JID: 101285081; OID: NLM: PMC3744501; 2013 [ecollection]; 2013/02/25 [received]; 2013/07/06 [accepted]; 2013/08/15 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1932-6203; 1932-6203 Accession Number PMID: 23977223 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0072117 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23977223 Abstract OBJECTIVE: The use of pictorial warning labels on cigarette packages is one of the provisions included in the first ever global health treaty by the World Health Organization against the tobacco epidemic. There is substantial evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of graphic health warning labels on intention to quit, thoughts about health risks and engaging in cessation behaviors. However, studies that address the implicit emotional drives evoked by such warnings are still underexplored. Here, we provide experimental data for the use of pictorial health warnings as a reliable strategy for tobacco control. METHODS: Experiment 1 pre-tested nineteen prototypes of pictorial warnings to screen for their emotional impact. Participants (n = 338) were young adults balanced in gender, smoking status and education. Experiment 2 (n = 63) tested pictorial warnings (ten) that were stamped on packs. We employed an innovative set-up to investigate the impact of the warnings on the ordinary attitude of packs' manipulation, and quantified judgments of warnings' emotional strength and efficacy against smoking. FINDINGS: Experiment 1 revealed that women judged the warning prototypes as more aversive than men, and smokers judged them more aversive than non-smokers. Participants with lower education judged the prototypes more aversive than participants with higher education. Experiment 2 showed that stamped warnings antagonized the appeal of the brands by imposing a cost to manipulate the cigarette packs, especially for smokers. Additionally, participants' judgments revealed that the more aversive a warning, the more it is perceived as effective against smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Health warning labels are one of the key components of the integrated approach to control the global tobacco epidemic. The evidence presented in this study adds to the understanding of how implicit responses to pictorial warnings may contribute to behavioral change. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Volchan,E., David,I.A., Tavares,G., Nascimento,B.M., Oliveira,J.M., Gleiser,S., Szklo,A., Perez,C., Cavalcante,T., Pereira,M.G., Oliveira,L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130815 PMCID PMC3744501 Editors

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