WTS database

Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Patterns of cannabis use, cannabis-related beliefs and dependence: Study of 159 adolescent users	2002	Chabrol, H., 31400 Toulouse, France	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Archives de Pediatrie Periodical, Abbrev. Arch.Pediatr. Pub Date Free Form 2002/ Volume 9 Issue 8 Start Page 780 Other Pages 788 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0929-693X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objective. - To evaluate the connections between the frequency and patterns of cannabis use and dependence, and the beliefs linked to cannabis use in a sample of adolescents. Method. - In 2001, 285 high school students (163 boys, 122 girls; mean age = 17.5Â±1.1 years) completed questionnaires assessing the patterns of cannabis use, and the symptoms of dependence and abuse, using a questionnaire derived from the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Cannabis-related beliefs were assessed using the Beliefs Questionnaire for Drug Addiction. Results. - Frequency of subjects who reported having used cannabis during the last year was 65.4% of boys and 42.6% of girls. Among users, 53.6% of boys and 39.3% of girls were regular users, 10.6% of boys and 7.8% of girls being daily users. Almost half of the users reported other means of consumption than "joints", in particular water-pipes or "bongs" (34.5% of boys, 26.4% of girls). Among users, near of 33% of boys and girls met the criteria for cannabis dependence. Dependence was more frequent in users practicing other means of consumption than "joints", increasing to 51% for "bong" users. Expectancies of pleasure or relief, and permissive beliefs reflecting the perception of cannabis use as risk free were higher in users and, particularly, in subjects with cannabis dependence. Regression analysis showed that these beliefs were the strongest predictors of cannabis use and dependence. Predictors of use in the total sample were expectancies of pleasure and permissive beliefs, being a male and the age of the subject. Predictors of dependence among users were expectancies of relief, frequency of use, and use of other means of consumption than "joints". Conclusions. - Cannabis use in adolescents appeared to be characterized by the frequency of use, consumption by means other than "joints" and by the frequency of dependence. Cannabis use and dependence are linked to expectancies and permissive beliefs that could be targeted for prevention and treatment. Â© 2002 Editions scientifiques et mÃ©dicales Elsevier SAS. Descriptors cannabis, adolescent, adult, age, article, cannabis addiction, female, human, major clinical study, male, regression analysis, sex difference, symptomatology Links Book Title Modes de consommation, reprÃ©sentations du cannabis et dÃ©pendance: Ã‰tude de 159 adolescents consommateurs Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Chabrol,H., Massot,E., Montovany,A., Chouicha,K., Armitage,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Patterns of combustible tobacco use in U.S. young adults and potential response to graphic cigarette health warning labels	2015	The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: avillanti@legacyforhealth.or	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 42 Issue Start Page 119 Other Pages 125 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: HHSN271201100027C/PHS HHS/United States; JID: 7603486; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/05/16 [received]; 2014/10/03 [revised]; 2014/11/14 [accepted]; 2014/11/21 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 25437268 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.011 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25437268 Abstract In the evolving landscape of tobacco use, it remains unclear how tobacco control efforts should be designed and promoted for maximum impact. The current study links the identification of latent classes of young adult combustible tobacco users with anticipated responses to graphic health warning labels (HWLs). Data were collected in January 2012 using an online address-based panel as part of the Legacy Young Adult Cohort Study, and analyses were conducted in 2013. Latent class analyses identified five groups of tobacco users in a national sample of 4,236 young adults aged 18-34years: (1) little cigar/cigarillo/bidi (LCC) and hookah users (4%); (2) nonusers, open to smoking (3%); (3) daily smokers who self-identify as "smokers" (11%); (4) nondaily, light smokers who self-identify as "social or occasional smokers" (9%); and (5) nonusers closed to smoking (73%). Of the nonusers closed to smoking, 23% may be better characterized as at risk for tobacco initiation. Results indicate differences in the potential effectiveness of HWLs across classes. Compared to the daily "smokers," LCC and hookah users (RRR=2.35) and nonusers closed to smoking (RRR=2.33) were more than twice as likely to report that new graphic HWLs would make them think about not smoking. This study supports the potential of graphic HWLs to prevent young nonusers from using tobacco products. It suggests that the extension of prominent HWLs to other tobacco products, including LCCs and hookah tobacco, may also serve a prevention function. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Villanti,A.C., Pearson,J.L., Cantrell,J., Vallone,D.M., Rath,J.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141121 PMCID Editors
Patterns of current use of tobacco products among U.S. high school students for 2000-2012--findings from the National Youth Tobacco Survey	2014	Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: RArrazola@cdc.gov.; Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chro	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adolesc.Health Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 54 Issue 1 Start Page 54 Other Pages 60000000000 Notes LR: 20160229; CI: Published by Elsevier Inc.; GR: CC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United States; JID: 9102136; HHSPA713823; OID: NLM: HHSPA713823; OID: NLM: PMC4534716; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/05/31 [received]; 2013/08/02 [revised]; 2013/08/02 [accepted]; 2013/09/2 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1879-1972; 1054-139X Accession Number PMID: 24074604 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.08.003 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24074604 Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess patterns and trends of tobacco use among high school students to better understand which products are used individually or concurrently. METHODS: Data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey from 2000 through 2012 were used to assess patterns and trends of current tobacco use (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and other tobacco products) among U.S. high school students. We assessed use of products individually and concurrently. RESULTS: During 2000-2012, overall linear declines were observed in current use of any tobacco product from 33.6% to 20.4% (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Arrazola,R.A., Kuiper,N.M., Dube,S.R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130926 PMCID PMC4534716 Editors
Patterns of dual use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco among US males: findings from national surveys	2010	Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Suite 5180, Gainesville, Florida 32610-3628, USA. stomar@dental.ufl.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 19 Issue 2 Start Page 104 Other Pages 109 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: R01CA87477/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OID: NLM: PMC2989167; 2009/12/11 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 20008157 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2009.031070 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20008157 Abstract BACKGROUND: In the USA, consumption of moist snuff continues to increase and cigarette manufacturers now control nearly its entire market. Manufacturers have developed new products that represent cigarette brand extension and in test marketing are promoting dual use of cigarettes and snuff. This study examined patterns of concurrent use of smokeless tobacco (ST) and cigarettes among young people and adults in the USA just before cigarette companies' control of the nation's ST market. METHODS: Data were drawn from four US nationally representative surveys. Stratified analyses applied sampling weights and accounted for the complex sample designs. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking was substantially more prevalent among young males who used ST than among those who did not. Among adult males, those who smoked daily were less likely than others to have used snuff every day. Men who used moist snuff daily had the lowest prevalence of daily smoking, but the prevalence of daily smoking was relatively high among men who used moist snuff less than daily. Unsuccessful past-year attempts by daily smokers to quit smoking were more prevalent among non-daily snuff users (41.2%) than among those who had never used snuff (29.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Although dual daily use of ST and cigarettes is relatively uncommon in the USA, concurrent ST use is more common among adolescent and young adult male smokers than among more mature tobacco users. Among adult males, daily smoking predominates and non-daily ST use is very strongly associated with current smoking. Adult male smokers who also use ST daily tend to have relatively high levels of serum cotinine and high prevalence of a major indicator for tobacco dependence. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Cotinine/blood, Data Collection, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Male, Nicotine/blood, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance-Related Disorders/psychology, Tobacco Use Disorder/complications/epidemiology/psychology, Tobacco, Smokeless, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tomar,S. L., Alpert,H. R., Connolly,G. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20091211 PMCID PMC2989167 Editors
Patterns of dual use of snus and cigarettes in a mature snus market	2013	Department of Tobacco, Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Oslo, Norway. kel@sirus.no	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 15 Issue 3 Start Page 678 Other Pages 684 Notes LR: 20150223; JID: 9815751; OID: NLM: PMC3572872; 2012/09/18 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 22990221 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/nts185 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22990221 Abstract INTRODUCTION: We examine the prevalence of dual use of snus and cigarettes among Norwegian men by categorizing dual use into four categories according to the frequency of use of each product, considering the order of uptake of both products, and examining reasons for additional snus use. We compare dual users and exclusive cigarette smokers with respect to their smoking intensity, plans for quitting smoking, and future smoking identity. METHODS: We used a data pool of six cross-sectional, national representative surveys conducted annually in the period 2005-2010 containing a total of 3,524 males aged 16-74. RESULTS: 6.8% of men had some kind of current concomitant use of snus and cigarettes--but only 1% reported a daily consumption of both products. The most typical pattern of dual use was a combination where daily use of one product was paired with occasional use of the other. Dual users consumed significantly fewer cigarettes per week (56.6; n = 226; SD, 53.82) than smokers who had either quit snus (79.6; n = 108; SD, 61.47) or single smokers with no history of snus use (80.2; n = 621; SD, 55.86). Only 24% with a history of dual use reported snus to be their first tobacco product, but the proportion who had initiated tobacco use with snus increased significantly with younger age. Among dual users with daily intake of snus, a majority of 53.6% reported that the purpose of their snus use was to quit smoking. A higher proportion of dual users (74.4%; 95% CI, 68.8-80.0; n = 235) than exclusive smokers (61.3%; 95% CI, 57.6-65.0; n = 658) reported that they most definitely or probably would be totally smoke-free 5 years into the future. CONCLUSIONS: In the mature snus market of Norway, the magnitude of dual use of cigarettes and snus is relatively small. Dual users consume fewer cigarettes, and a higher proportion portray themselves as smoke-free in the future than do exclusive cigarette smokers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lund,K.E., McNeill,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120918 PMCID PMC3572872 Editors
Patterns of electronic cigarette use and user beliefs about their safety and benefits: an internet survey	2013	UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, Tobacco Dependence Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. m.goniewicz@qmul.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Drug and Alcohol Review Periodical, Abbrev. Drug Alcohol Rev. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 32 Issue 2 Start Page 133 Other Pages 140 Notes LR: 20150222; CI: (c) 2012; GR: R25 CA113710/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R25CA113710/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom; GR: British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom; GR: Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; JID: Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1465-3362; 0959-5236 Accession Number PMID: 22994631 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00512.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22994631 Abstract INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: As the popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) increases, it is becoming important to find out more about the characteristics of e-cigarette users, why and how they use the product and whether e-cigarettes are used exclusively or in combination with conventional cigarettes. The objective of this study was to investigate patterns and effects of e-cigarette use and user beliefs about e-cigarette safety and benefits. DESIGN AND METHODS: E-cigarette users in Poland were recruited online and asked to participate in a web-based survey. The participants provided information on their smoking history, patterns of e-cigarette use, beliefs and attitudes regarding the product and information on concurrent use of conventional cigarettes. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 179 e-cigarette users. Almost all participants used e-cigarettes daily. E-cigarettes were primarily used to quit smoking or to reduce the harm associated with smoking (both 41%), and were successful in helping the surveyed users to achieve these goals with 66% not smoking conventional cigarettes at all and 25% smoking under five cigarettes a day. Most participants (82%) did not think that e-cigarettes were completely safe, but thought that they were less dangerous than conventional cigarettes. Sixty percent believed that e-cigarettes were addictive, but less so than conventional cigarettes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The participants primarily used e-cigarettes as a stop-smoking aid or as an alternative to conventional cigarettes, and the majority reported that they successfully stopped smoking. More data on e-cigarette safety and its efficacy in harm-reduction and smoking cessation are needed. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs Data Source Authors Goniewicz,M.L., Lingas,E.O., Hajek,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120920 PMCID PMC3530631 Editors
Patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults	2006	Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. wcw1@cdc.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Lancet (London, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Lancet Pub Date Free Form 4-Mar Volume 367 Issue 9512 Start Page 749 Other Pages 753 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 2985213R; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1474-547X; 0140-6736 Accession Number PMID: 16517275 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI S0140-6736(06)68192-0 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16517275 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is a leading preventable risk factor for many chronic disorders, which are expected to account for an increasing share of the global disease burden. As part of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), we aimed to assess the effect of tobacco use by young people on global mortality. METHODS: GYTS is a school-based survey of students aged 13-15 years. The survey was undertaken at 395 sites in 131 countries and the Gaza Strip and West Bank. We questioned students about current tobacco use, susceptibility to smoking among non-smokers, and exposure to secondhand smoke at home and in public places. FINDINGS: The difference in current cigarette smoking between boys and girls is narrower than expected in many regions of the world. Use of tobacco products other than cigarettes by students is as high as cigarette smoking in many regions. Almost one in five never-smokers reported they were susceptible to smoking in the next year. Student exposure to secondhand smoke was high both at home (more than four in ten) and in public places (more than five in ten). Never-smokers were significantly less likely than current smokers to be exposed to secondhand smoke at home (prevalence 39.1% [95% CI 36.6-41.6] vs 72.8% [64.0-81.6]) and in public places (49.5% [46.7-52.3] vs 81.2% [74.2-88.2]). INTERPRETATION: Our findings are troubling for the future of chronic disease and tobacco-related mortality. Reduction of tobacco consumption will require a redoubling of efforts to prevent initiation and promote cessation among the large proportion of young people who currently use tobacco. High exposure to secondhand smoke suggests a need for countries to pass strong and effective smoke-free policies. Descriptors Adolescent, Advertising as Topic, Chronic Disease, Female, Global Health, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance/methods, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Warren,C. W., Jones,N. R., Eriksen,M. P., Asma,S., Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) collaborative group Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Patterns of tobacco consumption in food facilities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia	2014	Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.;	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Annals of thoracic medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Ann.Thorac.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 9 Issue 3 Start Page 173 Other Pages 178 Notes LR: 20140707; JID: 101280721; OID: NLM: PMC4073576; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/01/10 [received]; 2014/03/03 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication India ISSN/ISBN 1817-1737; 1998-3557 Accession Number PMID: 24987478 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.4103/1817-1737.134075 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24987478 Abstract AIM: This study aimed at assessing prevailing patterns and risk factors of tobacco consumption among clients, food handlers and employers of food facilities, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional approach to a representative sample of food facilities in Riyadh was used. A sample of 3000 participants included clients (75%); food handlers/hospitality workers (20 %) and employers (5 %). Participants were reached at restaurants, food courts or cafes. A modified version of the WHO-CDC-Global Youth Tobacco Survey questionnaire was used for data collection. RESULTS: The prevalence of tobacco use at food facilities was found to be 40.3 %, of which 74% were customers, 18.8% were food handlers and 7.2% were managers. The consumption of tobacco was higher at restaurants (39.9%), but lowest at food courts of shopping malls. Water pipe (55.3%) was the main consumption type, followed by cigarettes (42.6%) and chewing tobacco (2.1%). Multivariate analysis showed that gender (male), marital status (single), and type of food facility (Estaraha and cafe/coffee shop) were independent risk factors associated with tobacco use at food facilities. CONCLUSION: Tobacco use is very common in food facilities in Riyadh as reflected by results of our study, especially among single males Saudis. We should build on success encountered in banning smoking in airports, airplanes, shopping malls, market places, educational institutions and healthcare facilities, extending the ban to include food facilities as well. This is important for the health of non-smokers as well as smokers themselves. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mandil,A., Yamani,M., BinSaeed,A., Ahmad,S., Younis,A., Al-Mutlaq,A., Al-Baqmy,O., Al-Rajhi,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4073576 Editors
Patterns of tobacco use and dual use in US young adults: the missing link between youth prevention and adult cessation	2012	Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC 20036, USA. jrath@legacyforhealth.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental and public health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Public.Health. Pub Date Free Form Volume 2012 Issue Start Page 679134 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150225; JID: 101516361; OID: NLM: PMC3361253; 2011/11/04 [received]; 2012/01/20 [accepted]; 2012/05/14 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1687-9813; 1687-9805 Accession Number PMID: 22666279 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1155/2012/679134 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22666279 Abstract Few studies address the developmental transition from youth tobacco use uptake to regular adulthood use, especially for noncigarette tobacco products. The current study uses online panel data from the Legacy Young Adult Cohort Study to describe the prevalence of cigarette, other tobacco product, and dual use in a nationally representative sample of young adults aged 18-34 (N = 4,201). Of the 23% of young adults who were current tobacco users, 30% reported dual use. Ever use, first product used, and current use were highest for cigarettes, cigars, little cigars, and hookah. Thirty-two percent of ever tobacco users reported tobacco product initiation after the age of 18 and 39% of regular users reported progressing to regular use during young adulthood. This study highlights the need for improved monitoring of polytobacco use across the life course and developing tailored efforts for young adults to prevent progression and further reduce overall population prevalence. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rath,J.M., Villanti,A.C., Abrams,D.B., Vallone,D.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120514 PMCID PMC3361253 Editors
Patterns of water-pipe and cigarette smoking initiation in schoolchildren: Irbid longitudinal smoking study	2012	Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3820 DeSoto Avenue, Browning Hall 114, Memphis, TN 38152, USA. fmzayek@memphis.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 14 Issue 4 Start Page 448 Other Pages 454 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 059QF0KO0R (Water); OID: NLM: PMC3313787; 2011/12/02 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 22140149 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntr234 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22140149 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Tobacco use remains a major public health problem worldwide. Water-pipe smoking is spreading rapidly and threatening to undermine the successes achieved in tobacco control. METHODS: A school-based longitudinal study in the city of Irbid, Jordan, was performed from 2008 to 2010. All seventh-grade students in 19 randomly selected schools, out of a total of 60 schools in the city, were enrolled at baseline and surveyed annually. RESULTS: Of the 1781 students enrolled at baseline 1,701 (95.5%) were still in the study at the end of the second year of follow-up (869 boys, median age at baseline 13 years). Ever and current water-pipe smoking were higher than those of cigarette smoking at baseline (ever smoking: 25.9% vs. 17.6% and current smoking: 13.3% vs. 5.3% for water-pipe and cigarette smoking, respectively; p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mzayek,F., Khader,Y., Eissenberg,T., Al Ali,R., Ward,K.D., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111202 PMCID PMC3313787 Editors

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