WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort ascending	SearchLink
Measurement-specific quality-of-life satisfaction during the menopause in an Arabian Gulf country	2000	Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society Periodical, Abbrev. Climacteric Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 3 Issue 1 Start Page 43 Other Pages 49 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9810959; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1369-7137; 1369-7137 Accession Number PMID: 11910609 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11910609 Abstract OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to use an instrument, the menopause-specific quality-of-life satisfaction questionnaire for the postmenopausal period, in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive study was used to generate menopause symptoms experienced by Arabian Gulf women. Measurement-specific quality-of-life satisfaction questionnaires were used and face-to-face interviews were performed. SETTING: The study was based in primary health-care clinics in Al Ain City, Sharjah and Dubai Emirates, UAE. SUBJECTS: A multistage sampling design was used, and a representative sample of 450 UAE females aged 45 years and above were included during January-April 1999. RESULTS: Of the 450 women living in both urban and rural areas, 390 women agreed to participate (86.7%) and responded to the study. The mean age and standard deviation (SD) of the subjects was 56.5 +/- 6.6 years, and the median age of natural menopause in the present study was 48 years (mean +/- SD 48.4 +/- 3.8). The rate of consanguinous marriages in the sample was found to be 47.2%. The most common disease was found to be diabetes mellitus (10.3%), followed by osteoarthritis (7.7%), hypertension (7.2%) and asthma (6.2%), but the majority of subjects (68.7%) had no specific disease. Out of 29 possible symptoms, the mean number of symptoms was 7.57 (range 0-24). The most frequent symptom was 'aches in the back of the neck or head' at 46.4% followed by 'aches in the muscles/joints' at 34.6%. The least reported symptom was 'facial hair' at 15.9%. Increasing education resulted in more symptoms reported, and increasing parity resulted in fewer symptoms reported. In the present study, it was found that employed women experienced more symptoms and disorders. Of the total sample, 28.5% of the subjects reported no symptoms. In the four domains, 69% reported physical symptoms, 58.7% reported psychosocial symptoms, 40% reported vasomotor symptoms and 37.9% reported sexual symptoms. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient indicated that there is highly statistically significant concordance between the four domains (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The present study showed that menopause-related symptoms in UAE women are fewer and of less severity than in Western women. The postmenopausal women, despite a continued decline in estrogen levels, reported few symptoms as part of a normal life stage, suggesting that they were able to cope with stress. Descriptors Asthma/epidemiology, Consanguinity, Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology, Educational Status, Female, Headache/epidemiology, Hot Flashes, Humans, Hypertension/epidemiology, Joints, Libido, Menopause, Middle Aged, Neck, Osteoarthritis/epidemiology, Pain/epidemiology, Parity, Quality of Life, Rural Population, Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sweating, United Arab Emirates/epidemiology, Urban Population Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bener,A., Rizk,D. E., Shaheen,H., Micallef,R., Osman,N., Dunn,E. V. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The associations of asthma symptoms with active and passive smoking in Hong Kong adolescents	2012	Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. kkmak@graduate.hku.hk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Respiratory care Periodical, Abbrev. Respir.Care Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 57 Issue 9 Start Page 1398 Other Pages 1404 Notes CI: Copyright 2012; JID: 7510357; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); CIN: Respir Care. 2012 Sep;57(9):1528-9. PMID: 22943156; 2012/02/17 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0020-1324; 0020-1324 Accession Number PMID: 22348876 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.4187/respcare.01548 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22348876 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoke has detrimental effects on the respiratory system. This study investigated the associations of active and passive smoking with asthma symptoms in Hong Kong adolescents. METHODS: A total of 6,494 Hong Kong secondary school students, with a mean +/- SD age of 15.0 +/- 1.21 years, participated in the Health Related Behavior General Survey in 2000-2001. They reported their demographic factors (sex, age, housing type, district of living), lifestyles (smoking, drinking, extracurricular sports, eating), and asthma symptoms (exercise-induced bronchospasm [EIB] and nocturnal cough) in the questionnaire. In addition, number of smoking parents (none/one/both) and presence of a smoking best friend (yes/no) were assessed. Logistic regression models were used to determine the odds ratios (OR) of frequently having the asthma symptoms for different smoking status of students, parents, and best friend, with adjustment for demographic factors and lifestyles. RESULTS: The prevalence of former, light, and heavy smokers was 17.5%, 7.7%, and 1.0%, respectively. Moreover, 35.1% of the participants had one and 3.8% had 2 parents who smoked. Heavy smokers were more likely to experience EIB with OR (95% CI) of 2.27 (1.30-3.97) and nocturnal cough with OR (95% CI) of 3.45 (1.52-7.81), as well as both symptoms with OR (95% CI) = 4.69 (1.88-11.73) when compared to those who never smoked. The corresponding OR (95% CI) for having at least one smoking parent and a smoking best friend was 1.45 (1.17-1.81), 1.61 (1.06-2.42), and 2.43 (1.37-4.31), when compared with those without a parent or best friend who smoked. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who are heavy smokers and having parents and a best friend who smoke are more likely than others to have asthma symptoms. Both active and passive smoking are related to asthma symptoms in adolescents. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Daedalus Enterprises Data Source Authors Mak,K.K., Ho,R.C., Day,J.R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120217 PMCID Editors
Exposure of pregnant women to waterpipe and cigarette smoke	2013	Department of Community Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan. a zab_mohammed@hu.edu.jo	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 15 Issue 1 Start Page 231 Other Pages 237 Notes LR: 20150225; GR: R01-CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R03-TW008371/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC3524068; 2012/05/09 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 22573726 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/nts119 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22573726 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Throughout the Eastern Mediterranean region, tobacco is used primarily in 2 forms: cigarette smoking and waterpipe smoking. Despite the fact that tobacco use is considered as a global public health threat, waterpipe smoking is reported to be growing in popularity, particularly among women. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence and patterns of cigarette, waterpipe, and passive smoking among pregnant women in Jordan, and to assess their perception of harmful effects of cigarette and waterpipe smoking. METHODS: A total of 500 pregnant women were randomly recruited from maternity clinics in North and Middle of Jordan and surveyed regarding exposure to waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking. RESULTS: The results showed that 7.9% of women were current cigarette smokers and 8.7% were current waterpipe smokers. About 82.4% of all women reported that they are exposed to cigarette smoke and 32.8% reported that they are exposed to waterpipe smoke. The most common place where women are exposed to cigarette and waterpipe smoke was their house (50.4% and 48.7%, respectively) followed by public places (31.4% and 21.4%, respectively). In addition, the husband was the main source for exposure to cigarette and waterpipe smoke (48.5% and 42.7%, respectively). Approximately, 74% of women believed that cigarette smoking is addictive, whereas only 55.1% reported that waterpipe smoking leads to addiction. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of pregnant women to tobacco smoke is a public health problem in Jordan that requires immediate action. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Azab,M., Khabour,O.F., Alzoubi,K.H., Anabtawi,M.M., Quttina,M., Khader,Y., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120509 PMCID PMC3524068 Editors
Multivariate carbon and nitrogen stable isotope model for the reconstruction of prehistoric human diet	2012	Department of Community Health, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA. andrew.froehle@wright.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Physical Anthropology Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Phys.Anthropol. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 147 Issue 3 Start Page 352 Other Pages 369 Notes LR: 20120910; CI: Copyright (c) 2011; JID: 0400654; 0 (Apatites); 0 (Carbon Isotopes); 0 (Dietary Proteins); 0 (Nitrogen Isotopes); 9007-34-5 (Collagen); EIN: Am J Phys Anthropol. 2012 Aug;148(4):657; 2011/06/23 [received]; 2011/10/29 [accepted]; 2011/12/ Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-8644; 0002-9483 Accession Number PMID: 22213005 Language eng SubFile Historical Article; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1002/ajpa.21651 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22213005 Abstract Using a sample of published archaeological data, we expand on an earlier bivariate carbon model for diet reconstruction by adding bone collagen nitrogen stable isotope values (delta(15) N), which provide information on trophic level and consumption of terrestrial vs. marine protein. The bivariate carbon model (delta(13) C(apatite) vs. delta(13) C(collagen) ) provides detailed information on the isotopic signatures of whole diet and dietary protein, but is limited in its ability to distinguish between C(4) and marine protein. Here, using cluster analysis and discriminant function analysis, we generate a multivariate diet reconstruction model that incorporates delta(13) C(apatite) , delta(13) C(collagen) , and delta(15) N holistically. Inclusion of the delta(15) N data proves useful in resolving protein-related limitations of the bivariate carbon model, and splits the sample into five distinct dietary clusters. Two significant discriminant functions account for 98.8% of the sample variance, providing a multivariate model for diet reconstruction. Both carbon variables dominate the first function, while delta(15) N most strongly influences the second. Independent support for the functions' ability to accurately classify individuals according to diet comes from a small sample of experimental rats, which cluster as expected from their diets. The new model also provides a statistical basis for distinguishing between food sources with similar isotopic signatures, as in a previously analyzed archaeological population from Saipan (see Ambrose et al.: AJPA 104(1997) 343-361). Our model suggests that the Saipan islanders' (13) C-enriched signal derives mainly from sugarcane, not seaweed. Further development and application of this model can similarly improve dietary reconstructions in archaeological, paleontological, and primatological contexts. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Wiley Periodicals, Inc Data Source Authors Froehle,A.W., Kellner,C.M., Schoeninger,M.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111230 PMCID Editors
Cessation related perceptions and behavior of former and current smokeless tobacco users	1997	Department of Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of American college health : J of ACH Periodical, Abbrev. J.Am.Coll.Health Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 46 Issue 3 Start Page 133 Other Pages 138 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 8214119; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0744-8481; 0744-8481 Accession Number PMID: 9394091 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/07448489709595599 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9394091 Abstract Four hundred fourteen former and 73 current users of smokeless tobacco were questioned about their experiences in giving up smokeless tobacco. Their responses were compared with those of 463 ex-smokers to determine whether former smokeless tobacco users differed from former smokers in using specific cessation techniques. Of the smokeless tobacco users, 77% were interested in quitting, but only 7% wanted to quit "now." Seven percent of the daily users reported that a college-based health or fitness professional had advised them to quit. Former smokeless tobacco users were significantly more likely than former smokers to report that smoking cigarettes was related to their efforts to give up smokeless tobacco than former smokers were to report using smokeless tobacco as a strategy to stop smoking, Former smokeless tobacco users were also significantly more likely than former smokers to report current tobacco use. Smokeless tobacco cessation programs based on the transtheoretical approach to behavior change are recommended. Descriptors Adult, Data Collection, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Plants, Toxic, Smoking/psychology, Smoking Cessation/methods, Students/psychology, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Chakravorty,B., Chakravorty,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Tobacco use in older adults in Ghana: sociodemographic characteristics, health risks and subjective wellbeing	2013	Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, Room 46, P, O, Box 4236, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana. aeyawson@yahoo.com.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 20-Oct Volume 13 Issue Start Page 979 Other Pages 2458-13-979 Notes GR: OGHA 04034785/PHS HHS/United States; GR: R01 AG034479-64401A1/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States; GR: Y1-AG-1005-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States; GR: YA1323-08-CN-0020/CN/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC3924352; 2013/08/14 [received] Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 24138966 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-13-979 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24138966 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco use over the life-course threatens to increase disease burden in older adulthood, including lower income countries like Ghana. This paper describes demographic, socioeconomic, health risks and life satisfaction indices related to tobacco use among older adults in Ghana. METHODS: This work was based on the World Health Organization's multi-country Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), conducted in six countries including Ghana. Wave one of SAGE in Ghana was conducted in 2007-2008 as collaboration between WHO and the University of Ghana Medical School through the Department of Community Health. A nationally representative sample of 4305 older adults aged 50 years and above were interviewed. Associations between tobacco consumption and sociodemographic, socioeconomic, health risk and life satisfaction were evaluated using chi-square and odds ratio (OR). Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex and other variables, were conducted to determine predictors of tobacco consumption in older persons. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of current daily smokers among older adults in Ghana was 7.6%. Tobacco use (i.e. ever used tobacco) was associated with older males, (AOR = 1.10, CI 1.05-1.15), older adults residing in rural locations (AOR = 1.37, CI 1.083-1.724), and older adults who used alcohol (AOR = 1.13, CI 0.230-2.418). Tobacco use was also associated (although not statistically significant per p-values) with increased self-reporting of angina, arthritis, asthma, chronic lung disease, depression, diabetes, hypertension, and stroke. Older adults who used tobacco and with increased health risks, tended to be without health insurance (AOR = 1.41, CI 1.111-1.787). Satisfaction with life and daily living was much lower for those who use tobacco. Regional differences existed in tobacco use; the three northern regions (Upper East, Northern and Upper West) had higher proportions of tobacco use among older adults in the country. Quitting tobacco use was higher in the 70+ years age group, in women, among urban residents and in those with at least secondary education. Quitting tobacco use also increased with increasing income levels. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco use among older adults in Ghana was associated with older men living in rural locations, chronic ill-health and reduced life satisfaction. A high proportion of older adults have stopped using tobacco, demonstrating the possibilities for effective public health interventions. Health risk reduction strategies through targeted anti-smoking health campaigns, improvement in access to health and social protection (such as health insurance) will reduce health risks among older persons who use tobacco. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Yawson,A.E., Baddoo,A., Hagan-Seneadza,N.A., Calys-Tagoe,B., Hewlett,S., Dako-Gyeke,P., Mensah,G., Minicuci,N., Naidoo,N., Chatterji,S., Kowal,P., Biritwum,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131020 PMCID PMC3924352 Editors
Risk factors for childhood asthma and wheezing. Importance of maternal and household smoking	1996	Department of Community Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 154 Issue 3 Pt 1 Start Page 681 Other Pages 688 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9421642; 0 (Sodium Chloride, Dietary); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); AYI8EX34EU (Creatinine); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 1073-449X; 1073-449X Accession Number PMID: 8810605 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI 10.1164/ajrccm.154.3.8810605 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8810605 Abstract To identify modifiable risk factors for wheezing illness in childhood, the associations between current asthma or wheezing and factors such as household smoking, damp and dietary salt preference were measured in a questionnaire-based prevalence study of schoolchildren 7 to 9 yr of age in Cape Town. In a random sample of 15 schools, questionnaires were completed by parents of 1,955 children, from which 368 cases and 294 controls were selected on the basis of reported asthma diagnosis or symptoms. Urinary cotinine concentrations were measured, and the parents were interviewed. An exposure-response relationship between the urinary cotinine creatinine ratio and asthma/wheeze was observed. In multivariate analysis, predictors of asthma/wheeze were hay fever (odds ratio [OR] - 5.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.16 to 8.89), eczema (OR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.33-3.62), parental asthma (OR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.84), absence of paternal contribution to income (OR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.17 to 2.54), maternal smoking in pregnancy (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.25 to 2.81), and each additional household smoker (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.30). Findings were similar, with higher odds ratios for most variables, except number of household smokers, when the group was restricted to children with parent-reported asthma. The findings confirm that household smoking is an important modifiable risk factor in asthma/wheeze among young schoolchildren, and they suggest that maternal smoking in pregnancy and current household exposure are independent contributors to this effect. Descriptors Asthma/epidemiology/etiology/genetics, Child, Cotinine/urine, Creatinine/urine, Female, Humans, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prevalence, Random Allocation, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Risk Factors, Sampling Studies, Smoking/epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Sodium Chloride, Dietary/adverse effects, South Africa/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ehrlich,R. I., Du Toit,D., Jordaan,E., Zwarenstein,M., Potter,P., Volmink,J. A., Weinberg,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Knowledge, attitude and perception of water pipe smoking (Shisha) among adolescents aged 14-19 years	2008	Department of Community Health Sciences, Ziauddin University, Karachi.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full JPMA.The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association Periodical, Abbrev. J.Pak.Med.Assoc. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 58 Issue 6 Start Page 312 Other Pages 317 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 7501162; ppublish Place of Publication Pakistan ISSN/ISBN 0030-9982; 0030-9982 Accession Number PMID: 18988390 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 1419 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18988390 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of educational intervention on knowledge, attitude and practices with regard to water pipe smoking among adolescents (14-19 years old) in Karachi. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of adolescents aged 14-19 years studying at different educational institutions of Karachi, Pakistan was conducted through multistage sampling on a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. They were divided into high, middle and lower socioeconomic strata on the basis of monthly fee structure. The impact of health messages was assessed two months after education sessions through post-test of only high and middle socioeconomic strata. RESULTS: A total of 646 students were surveyed for the pre test and 250 students for the post test. A significant association was found for water pipe smoking among the socioeconomic class (p < 0.001). Water pipe is more addictive as compared to cigarettes was marked by more students after the sessions (54% vs 68%; p < 0.001). A significant difference was seen for water pipe being more socially acceptable (58% vs 80%; p < 0.001), it is part of our cultural heritage (29% vs 58%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Shisha smoking was more prevalent among the high socio economic group, which might be because of the cost, accessibility and availability. The knowledge of the students regarding water pipe smoking improved after the health awareness sessions. Descriptors Adolescent, Age Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Education, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Pakistan/epidemiology, Prevalence, Risk-Taking, Smoking/epidemiology, Social Perception, Socioeconomic Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Anjum,Q., Ahmed,F., Ashfaq,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoking behaviour and attitudes among adult Saudi nationals in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia	1996	Department of Community Health Sciences, College Of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Autumn Volume 5 Issue 3 Start Page 215 Other Pages 219 Notes LR: 20081120; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC1759520; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0964-4563; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 9035357 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9035357 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To measure the smoking behaviour and attitudes among Saudi adults residing in Riyadh City, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Primary health care centres (PHCCs) in Riyadh City were selected by stratified random sampling. Subjects resident in each PHCC catchment area were selected by systematic sampling from their records in the PHCCs; 1534 adults aged 15 years and older were interviewed during January to April 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported smoking prevalence; age of smoking initiation; daily cigarette consumption; duration of smoking; reasons for smoking, not smoking, and quitting smoking; intentions to smoke in the future; and attitudes toward various tobacco control measures. RESULTS: 25.3% of respondents were current smokers, 10.2% were ex-smokers, and 64.5% had never smoked. About 79% of all smokers started smoking between the ages of 15 and 30 years, and 19.5% before age 15. Significantly higher smoking prevalence and daily cigarette consumption were associated with being male, single, and being more highly educated. Relief of psychological tension, boredom, and imitating others were the most important reasons for smoking, whereas health and religious considerations were the most important reasons for not smoking among never-smokers, for quitting among ex-smokers, and for attempting to quit or thinking about quitting among current smokers. About 90% of all subjects thought that they would not smoke in the future. Physicians and religious men were identified as the most effective anti-smoking advocates by a much higher proportion of respondents (44%) than nurses, health educators, and teachers (each less than 5%). Health and religious education were generally cited as more effective in deterring smoking than tobacco control laws and policies. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking is prevalent among Saudi adults in Riyadh, particularly males, most of whom begin to smoke rather early in life and continue for many years. Health and religious education should be the cornerstone for any organised tobacco control activities, which are urgently needed to combat the expected future epidemic of smoking-related health problems. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age of Onset, Attitude to Health, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Random Allocation, Saudi Arabia/epidemiology, Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Saeed,A. A., Khoja,T. A., Khan,S. B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1759520 Editors
Deficiencies in public understanding about tobacco harm reduction: results from a United States national survey	2015	Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, School of Public Health and Health Professions, 3425 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA. mtk8@buffalo.edu.; Department of Community Health and Healt	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Harm reduction journal Periodical, Abbrev. Harm Reduct J. Pub Date Free Form 2-Jul Volume 12 Issue Start Page 21 Other Pages 015-0055-0 Notes LR: 20150707; JID: 101153624; OID: NLM: PMC4487951; 2015/03/13 [received]; 2015/06/25 [accepted]; 2015/07/02 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1477-7517; 1477-7517 Accession Number PMID: 26135116 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1186/s12954-015-0055-0 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26135116 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco products differ in their relative health harms. The need for educating consumers about such harms is growing as different tobacco products enter the marketplace and as the FDA moves to regulate and educate the public about different products. However, little is known about the patterns of the public's knowledge of relative harms. METHODS: Data were analyzed from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 4 Cycle 2, a population-representative survey of US adults conducted between October 2012 and January 2013 (N = 3630). Participants reported their perceptions of the relative risks of e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and different types of cigarettes compared to "traditional" cigarettes. Relative risk perceptions for each product type, as well as the consistency and accuracy of harm reduction beliefs, were analyzed. RESULTS: About 65% of the respondents accurately reported that no cigarettes were less harmful than any others. Slightly more than half of U.S. adults perceived e-cigarettes to be safer than regular cigarettes, a belief in line with current scientific evidence. By contrast, only 9% of respondents perceived some smokeless tobacco products to be safer, a belief strongly supported by the evidence. Only 3.5% of respondents had patterns of relative risk perceptions in line with current scientific evidence for all three modalities. CONCLUSIONS: The discrepancy between current evidence and public perceptions of relative risk of various tobacco/nicotine products was marked; for most tobacco types, a large proportion of the population held inaccurate harm reduction beliefs. Although there was substantial awareness that no cigarettes were safer than any other cigarettes, there could be benefits from increasing the percentage of the public that appreciates this fact, especially among current smokers. Given the potential benefits of tobacco risk reduction strategies, public health education efforts to increase understanding of basic harm reduction principles are needed to address these misperceptions. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kiviniemi,M.T., Kozlowski,L.T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150702 PMCID PMC4487951 Editors

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