WTS database

Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Paradoxical antifungal activity and structural observations in biofilms formed by echinocandin-resistant Candida albicans clinical isolates	2014	University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Medical mycology Periodical, Abbrev. Med.Mycol. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 52 Issue 2 Start Page 131 Other Pages 139 Notes GR: T32 AI007538/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815835; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Lipopeptides); 0 (Membrane Proteins); 0 (Mutant Proteins); 9HLM53094I (anidulafungin); EC 2.4.1.- (Glucosyltransferases); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1460-2709; 1369-3786 Accession Number PMID: 24576999 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1093/mmy/myt007 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24576999 Abstract Echinocandin-resistant clinical isolates of Candida albicans have been reported, and key-hot spot mutations in the FKS1 gene, which encodes a major glucan synthase subunit, have been identified in these (caspofungin-resistant [CAS-R]) strains. Although these mutations result in phenotypic resistance to echinocandins in planktonic cells, there is little data on antifungal susceptibilities of CAS-R C. albicans strains within biofilms. Thus, we analyzed biofilms formed by 12 C. albicans CAS-R clinical strains in which we previously identified FKS1 hot-spot mutations and compared the sessile antifungal and paradoxical activity of anidulafungin (ANID), caspofungin (CAS), and micafungin (MICA). Biofilms were formed in a 96-well static microplate model and assayed using both tetrazolium-salt reduction and crystal violet assays, as well as examination by scanning electron microscopy. We first sought to assess biofilm formation and structure in these fks1 mutants and found that the biofilm mass and metabolic activities were reduced in most of the fks1 mutants as compared with reference strain SC5314. Structural analyses revealed that the fks1 mutant biofilms were generally less dense and had a clear predominance of yeast and pseudohyphae, with unusual "pit"-like cell surface structures. We also noted that sessile minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to ANID, CAS, and MICA were higher than planktonic MICs of all but one strain. The majority of strains demonstrated a paradoxical effect (PE) to particular echinocandins, in either planktonic or sessile forms. Overall, biofilms formed by echinocandin-resistant clinical isolates demonstrated varied PEs to echinocandins and were structurally characterized by a preponderance of yeast, pseudohyphae, and pit-like structures. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Walraven,C.J., Bernardo,S.M., Wiederhold,N.P., Lee,S.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131222 PMCID Editors
Paradoxical embolization and patent foramen ovale in scuba divers: screening possibilities	2007	Kardiovaskularni centrum FN Motol, Praha. tomas.honek@volny.cz	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Vnitrni lekarstvi Periodical, Abbrev. Vnitr.Lek. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 53 Issue 2 Start Page 143 Other Pages 146 Notes JID: 0413602; ppublish Place of Publication Czech Republic ISSN/ISBN 0042-773X; 0042-773X Accession Number PMID: 17419175 Language cze SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17419175 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The cause of decompression sickness (DCS) in scuba-divers is bubble formation in tissues and in venous blood during ascent. Divers with patent foramen ovale (PFO) have an increased risk of paradoxical embolization to the brain or other vital organs. The aim of our study was to assess the incidence of PFO in scuba-divers with DCS, to compare the group with asymptomatic controls, and to evaluate ultrasound contrast methods suitable for screening. METHODOLOGY: We examined 28 scuba-divers (more than 100 dives). The right-to-left shunt detection was performed by bubble contrast transthoracic echocardiographic examination (TTE) and transcranial Doppler sonography over arteria cerebri media (TCD) in all divers. In divers with shunting, transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed to prove PFO. RESULTS: 15 divers had DCS associated with the ascent. In this group, PFO was diagnosed in 53% (8/15). The symptoms of all of them retrospectively were of paradoxical embolization (neurological form of DCS). In the group of asymptomatic divers, PFO was proven on the basis of right-to-left shunt screening in 1 diver (8% 1/13). TCD proved right-to-left shunt in all divers with PFO. CONCLUSION: DCS can unmask a so far asymptomatic intracardiac right-to-left shunting. PFO is a risk factor for paradoxical embolization in divers. TCD is suitable for screening; TEE is a gold standard in PFO detection. Our results showed that PFO detection is a useful clinical tool after repeated DCS and in all frequent divers and instructors. Descriptors Adult, Decompression Sickness/etiology/prevention & control, Diving/adverse effects, Embolism, Paradoxical/etiology/prevention & control, Female, Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/complications/diagnosis, Humans, Male, Middle Aged Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Honek,T., Veselka,J., Tomek,A., Sramek,M., Janugka,J., Sefc,L., Kerekes,R., Novotny,S. Original/Translated Title Paradoxni embolizace pri foramen ovale patens u potapecu: moznosti screeningu URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Paradoxical growth effect of caspofungin observed on biofilms and planktonic cells of five different Candida species	2007	Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Periodical, Abbrev. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 51 Issue 9 Start Page 3081 Other Pages 3088 Notes LR: 20140904; JID: 0315061; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Tetrazolium Salts); 117038-70-7 (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazoliu m hydroxide); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); OID: NLM: PMC2043224; 2007/0 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0066-4804; 0066-4804 Accession Number PMID: 17591847 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI AAC.00676-07 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17591847 Abstract The paradoxical growth (PG) of Candida sp. biofilms in the presence of high caspofungin (CAS) concentrations was previously unknown. We sought to characterize the PG at supra-MICs of CAS among clinical Candida sp. isolates grown as biofilms in 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates. The MICs of CAS were determined for 30 clinical Candida sp. isolates (4 Candida albicans, 6 C. tropicalis, 7 C. parapsilosis, 8 C. orthopsilosis, and 5 C. metapsilosis isolates) when they were grown as planktonic cells and biofilms and were defined as the lowest drug concentrations that resulted in a prominent decrease in growth and a 50% reduction in metabolic activity, respectively. PG was defined as a resurgence of growth (>50% of that in the drug-free growth control well) at drug concentrations above the MIC. With the exception of C. tropicalis, all isolates displayed PG more frequently when they were grown as biofilms than when they grown as planktonic cells. PG was undetectable among C. metapsilosis isolates in planktonic cell MIC tests but was present in 100% of the isolates in biofilm MIC tests. The drug concentration and the number of drug dilutions supporting PG were higher for biofilms than for planktonic cells. Microscopic changes in cell morphology were observed among both planktonic and biofilm cells with PG. Specifically, the accumulation of enlarged, globose cells was associated with PG, and we hypothesize that CAS-induced changes in the cell wall composition may be the explanation. Descriptors Antifungal Agents/pharmacology, Biofilms/drug effects, Candida/drug effects/growth & development/physiology, Candidiasis/microbiology, Echinocandins/pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Risk, Tetrazolium Salts Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Melo,A. S., Colombo,A. L., Arthington-Skaggs,B. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20070625 PMCID PMC2043224 Editors
Parental intentions to enroll children in a voluntary expanded newborn screening program	2016	Center for Communication Science, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States. Electronic address: rpaquin@rti.org.; Center for P-12 Education, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.; Center for P-12 Education, RTI	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Social science & medicine (1982) Periodical, Abbrev. Soc.Sci.Med. Pub Date Free Form 29-Jul Volume 166 Issue Start Page 17 Other Pages 24 Notes LR: 20160815; CI: Copyright (c) 2016; JID: 8303205; OTO: NOTNLM; 2016/02/25 [received]; 2016/07/16 [revised]; 2016/07/26 [accepted]; aheadofprint Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1873-5347; 0277-9536 Accession Number PMID: 27526258 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI S0277-9536(16)30397-5 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27526258 Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nearly all babies in the United States are tested at birth for rare, serious, and treatable disorders through mandatory state newborn screening (NBS). Recently, there have been calls for an expanded, voluntary model to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of a wider range of disorders. We applied the reasoned action framework to examine parental intentions to participate in voluntary expanded screening. METHODS: We recruited a national cohort of recent and expectant parents living in the U.S. who completed a self-administered online survey (N = 1001). Using a mixed-level fractional factorial experiment, we studied parental participation intentions and preferences for timing of consent, cost, consent format, and testing options. RESULTS: We conducted a hierarchical regression analysis assessing parental intentions to participate in voluntary expanded NBS. Attitudes, perceived normative influence, and perceived behavioral control explained substantial variance in intention, with perceived normative influence emerging as the strongest predictor. We found no evidence that the manipulated program features altered mean levels of intention, but timing of parental permission, cost, and permission format moderated the relative importance of reasoned action constructs on intention. CONCLUSION: Program design features may impact the psychological mechanisms underlying parental decision making for voluntary expanded screening. These results have important implications for parent education, outreach, and informed parental permission procedures. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Paquin,R.S., Peay,H.L., Gehtland,L.M., Lewis,M.A., Bailey,D.B.,Jr Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160729 PMCID Editors
Parental smoking and children's respiratory health: independent effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure	2006	London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 15 Issue 4 Start Page 294 Other Pages 301 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9209612; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); RF: 40; OID: NLM: PMC2563598; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 16885578 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 15/4/294 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16885578 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Adverse effects have been reported of prenatal and/or postnatal passive exposure to smoking on children's health. Uncertainties remain about the relative importance of smoking at different periods in the child's life. We investigate this in a pooled analysis, on 53,879 children from 12 cross-sectional studies--components of the PATY study (Pollution And The Young). METHODS: Effects were estimated, within each study, of three exposures: mother smoked during pregnancy, parental smoking in the first two years, current parental smoking. Outcomes were: wheeze, asthma, "woken by wheeze", bronchitis, nocturnal cough, morning cough, "sensitivity to inhaled allergens" and hay fever. Logistic regressions were used, controlling for individual risk factors and study area. Heterogeneity between study-specific results, and mean effects (allowing for heterogeneity) were estimated using meta-analytical tools. RESULTS: There was strong evidence linking parental smoking to wheeze, asthma, bronchitis and nocturnal cough, with mean odds ratios all around 1.15, with independent effects of prenatal and postnatal exposures for most associations. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse effects of both pre- and postnatal parental smoking on children's respiratory health were confirmed. Asthma was most strongly associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, but postnatal exposure showed independent associations with a range of other respiratory symptoms. All tobacco smoke exposure has serious consequences for children's respiratory health and needs to be reduced urgently. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects, Child, Child Welfare, Cough/etiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prevalence, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology/etiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pattenden,S., Antova,T., Neuberger,M., Nikiforov,B., De Sario,M., Grize,L., Heinrich,J., Hruba,F., Janssen,N., Luttmann-Gibson,H., Privalova,L., Rudnai,P., Splichalova,A., Zlotkowska,R., Fletcher,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2563598 Editors
Parental smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke are associated with waterpipe smoking among youth: results from a national survey in Lebanon	2015	Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.; Department of He	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Public health Periodical, Abbrev. Public Health Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 129 Issue 4 Start Page 370 Other Pages 376 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 0376507; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/03/15 [received]; 2015/01/13 [revised]; 2015/01/16 [accepted]; 2015/03/03 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1476-5616; 0033-3506 Accession Number PMID: 25749674 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.01.011 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25749674 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is a growing public health concern worldwide yet little is known about the epidemiology of use among young people. The objectives of this study were to examine the prevalence, patterns and correlates of WTS among students across Lebanon. STUDY DESIGN: The study design was a cross sectional survey. METHODS: 126-item tobacco questionnaire was conducted among 1128 sixth and seventh grade students across Lebanon. Current patterns of use were descriptively analysed, and logistic regression models examined correlates of WTS. RESULTS: Ever WTS prevalence was 44.3%, current WTS prevalence was triple that of cigarettes (22.1% vs 7.4%), and 40.0% of current users were at least weekly or daily smokers. Initiation and patterns of use, as well as addiction and cessation attitudes have been reported. Significant correlates of current WTS included older age, reduced religiosity, peer and parent tobacco use, recent waterpipe advertisement exposure, increased pluralistic ignorance and current cigarette use. Significant correlates of ever WTS were similar to current WTS, but included second hand waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure at home and did not include recent waterpipe advertisement exposure. Neither gender nor socio-economic status were significant correlates of current or ever WTS. CONCLUSIONS: Waterpipe is the most common form of tobacco smoking, and is used regularly, among sixth and seventh grade Lebanese students. It should be considered a public health priority with increased tobacco surveillance and legislation. Widespread educational and policy interventions might help denormalize the social acceptability of WTS. Meanwhile, more research is needed to understand the changing paradigm of WTS epidemiology and the health outcomes among young smokers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Jawad,M., Nakkash,R.T., Mahfoud,Z., Bteddini,D., Haddad,P., Afifi,R.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150303 PMCID Editors
Parental smoking patterns and their association with wheezing in children	2013	Universidade de Sao Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas, Instituto da Crianca, Faculdade de Medicina, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. schvartsman@einstein.br	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) Periodical, Abbrev. Clinics (Sao.Paulo) Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 68 Issue 7 Start Page 934 Other Pages 939 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 101244734; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OID: NLM: PMC3714778; 2013/02/17 [received]; 2013/03/10 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Brazil ISSN/ISBN 1980-5322; 1807-5932 Accession Number PMID: 23917656 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.6061/clinics/2013(07)08 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23917656 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate parental smoking patterns and their association with wheezing in children. METHODS: We performed a case-control study that included 105 children between 6 and 23 months of age who were divided into two groups: cases (children with 3 previous episodes of wheezing) and controls (healthy children without wheezing). The children's exposure to cigarette smoking was estimated using a questionnaire completed by the mothers and by the children's urinary cotinine levels. RESULTS: Based on both the questionnaire results and cotinine levels, exposure to cigarette smoking was higher in the households of cases in which the incidence of maternal smoking was significantly higher than that of paternal smoking. Children in this group were more affected by maternal smoking and by the total number of cigarettes smoked inside the house. Additionally, the questionnaire results indicated that the risk of wheezing was dose dependent. The presence of allergic components, such as atopic dermatitis and siblings with allergic rhinitis and asthma, greatly increased the odds ratio when wheezing was associated with cotinine levels. CONCLUSION: Children exposed to tobacco smoke have an increased risk of developing wheezing syndrome. This risk increases in association with the number of cigarettes smoked inside the house and the presence of other allergic components in the family. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Schvartsman,C., Farhat,S.C., Schvartsman,S., Saldiva,P.H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC3714778 Editors
Parental smoking, asthma and wheezing in children and adolescents. Results of S.I.D.R.I.A. Collaborative Group S.I.D.R.I.A (Italian Studies on Respiratory Disorders in Childhood and the Environment)	1998		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Epidemiologia e prevenzione Periodical, Abbrev. Epidemiol.Prev. Pub Date Free Form Jul-Sep Volume 22 Issue 3 Start Page 146 Other Pages 154 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8902507; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication ITALY ISSN/ISBN 1120-9763; 1120-9763 Accession Number PMID: 9842125 Language ita SubFile Comparative Study; English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9842125 Abstract The relationship between passive smoking and asthma in children and adolescents has been extensively debated. Since cigarette smoking is still widespread in many countries, exposure to passive smoking has a considerable public health importance. We present the results from a large survey conducted in Italy in two random samples of 6-7 yr old children and 13-14 yr old adolescents living in ten areas of Northern and Central Italy (S.I.D.R.I.A.). Standardized questionnaires were filled in by parents of children about respiratory health of their children and their smoking habits. Adolescents filled in a questionnaire about their respiratory health whereas parental smoking data were derived from a questionnaire filled in by parents. Three groups of cases were identified: current asthma, past asthma, and wheeze. Healthy children and adolescents were the control groups. In about 52% of the families at least one parent was a current smoker. Exposure to current smoking increased the risk of current asthma in children. Having both parents smokers increased the risk of current asthma and past asthma. The risk among adolescents were slightly lower with an increased risk of current asthma or wheeze when both parents were smokers. A dose related effect was observed as regards current asthma both in children and adolescents and wheeze in adolescents. Maternal smoking during pregnancy increased the risk of having current asthma and wheeze in children. These results confirm the environmental hazards of parental smoking to respiratory health of children and adolescents, and encourage efforts to reduce smoking in families especially during pregnancy and in infancy. Descriptors Adolescent, Age Factors, Asthma/etiology, Child, Female, Humans, Italy, Male, Parents, Pregnancy, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Original/Translated Title Fumo dei genitori, asma e sibili respiratori in bambini ed adolescenti. I risultati di S.I.D.R.I.A. Gruppo Collaborativo S.I.D.R.I.A. (Studi Italiani sui Disturbi Respiratori nell'Infanzia e l'Ambiente) URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Partial Discharge Monitoring in Power Transformers Using Low-Cost Piezoelectric Sensors	2016	Faculdade de Engenharia, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Bauru, Departamento de Engenharia Eletrica, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo C. Coube 14-01, 17033-360 Bauru-SP, Brazil. bruno.castro@feb.unesp.br.; Faculdade de Engenharia, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Bauru	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Periodical, Abbrev. Sensors (Basel) Pub Date Free Form 10-Aug Volume 16 Issue 8 Start Page 10.3390/s16081266 Other Pages Notes JID: 101204366; OTO: NOTNLM; 2016/06/13 [received]; 2016/07/29 [revised]; 2016/07/29 [accepted]; epublish Place of Publication Switzerland ISSN/ISBN 1424-8220; 1424-8220 Accession Number PMID: 27517931 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.3390/s16081266 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27517931 Abstract Power transformers are crucial in an electric power system. Failures in transformers can affect the quality and cause interruptions in the power supply. Partial discharges are a phenomenon that can cause failures in the transformers if not properly monitored. Typically, the monitoring requires high-cost corrective maintenance or even interruptions of the power system. Therefore, the development of online non-invasive monitoring systems to detect partial discharges in power transformers has great relevance since it can reduce significant maintenance costs. Although commercial acoustic emission sensors have been used to monitor partial discharges in power transformers, they still represent a significant cost. In order to overcome this drawback, this paper presents a study of the feasibility of low-cost piezoelectric sensors to identify partial discharges in mineral insulating oil of power transformers. The analysis of the feasibility of the proposed low-cost sensor is performed by its comparison with a commercial acoustic emission sensor commonly used to detect partial discharges. The comparison between the responses in the time and frequency domain of both sensors was carried out and the experimental results indicate that the proposed piezoelectric sensors have great potential in the detection of acoustic waves generated by partial discharges in insulation oil, contributing for the popularization of this noninvasive technique. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Castro,B., Clerice,G., Ramos,C., Andreoli,A., Baptista,F., Campos,F., Ulson,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160810 PMCID Editors
Particulate mass and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure from secondhand smoke in the back seat of a vehicle	2014	Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 23 Issue 1 Start Page 14 Other Pages 20 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9209612; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); 2012/11/21 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 23172398 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050531 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23172398 Abstract CONTEXT: Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) has been reduced in the USA by banning smoking in public places. These restrictions have not had the same effect on children's exposure to SHS as adults suggesting that children are exposed to SHS in locations not covered by bans, such as private homes and cars. OBJECTIVES: Assess exposure to SHS in the backseat of a stationary vehicle where a child would sit, quantify exposures to fine particulates (PM2.5), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), carbon monoxide (CO) and nicotine. Estimate the impact on a child's mean daily exposure to PM2.5. METHODS: SHS exposures in stationary vehicles with two different window configurations were monitored. A volunteer smoked three cigarettes in a one-hour period for twenty-two experiments. PM2.5, CO, nicotine and PAH where measured in the backseat of the vehicle. 16 PAH compounds were measured for in gas and particle phases as well as real-time particle phase concentrations. RESULTS: The mean PAH concentration, 1325.1 ng/m(3), was larger than concentrations measured in bars and restaurants were smoking is banned in many countries. We estimate that a child spending only ten minutes in the car with a smoker at the mean PM2.5 concentration measured in the first window configuration--1697 mg/m(3)--will cause a 30% increase to the daily mean PM2.5 personal average of a child. CONCLUSIONS: Estimates made using the measured data and previously reported PM2.5 daily mean concentrations for children in California showing that even short exposure periods are capable of creating large exposure to smoke. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Northcross,A.L., Trinh,M., Kim,J., Jones,I.A., Meyers,M.J., Dempsey,D.D., Benowitz,N.L., Hammond,S.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121121 PMCID Editors

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