WTS database

Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Adolescent cigarette smokers' and non-cigarette smokers' use of alternative tobacco products	2012	Division of Health Affairs, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA. charles.saunders@med.fsu.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 14 Issue 8 Start Page 977 Other Pages 985 Notes JID: 9815751; 2012/02/07 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 22318693 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntr323 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22318693 Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study uses the most recent data from the nationally representative National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) to examine the use of alternative tobacco products among U.S. cigarette smokers and non-cigarette smokers aged 14-17. Alternative tobacco product use is defined as use of one or more of the following products: smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipes, bidis, or kreteks. METHODS: Using the results from the 2004, 2006, and 2009 NYTS, multivariate logistic regressions were used to investigate separately the extent of alternative tobacco product use in current cigarette smokers and in those who reported not smoking cigarettes controlling for demographic and other independent influences. RESULTS: The results indicate that for adolescent smokers and nonsmokers, the use of one type of alternative tobacco product made it much more likely the individual would use one or more of the other alternative tobacco products. Non-cigarette smokers using these tobacco products appeared to exhibit symptoms of nicotine dependence comparable to those of cigarette smokers. CONCLUSIONS: More information on adolescent use of alternative tobacco products is needed. Current cigarette use declined 3.4% annually over 2004-2009 for the NYTS 14- to 17-year-old population, but this cohort's use of alternative tobacco products was unchanged. The number of adolescents aged 14-17 who did not smoke cigarettes but used alternative tobacco products increased 5.9% per year over the same period. Current surveillance measures need to be expanded in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of adolescent alternative tobacco use. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Saunders,C., Geletko,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120207 PMCID Editors
Adolescent Electronic Cigarette Use: Associations With Conventional Cigarette and Hookah Smoking	2015	Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions. Electronic address: tebarnett@phhp.ufl.edu.; Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions.; B	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Preventive Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 49 Issue 2 Start Page 199 Other Pages 206 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 8704773; 2014/09/25 [received]; 2015/02/06 [revised]; 2015/02/19 [accepted]; 2015/03/31 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-2607; 0749-3797 Accession Number PMID: 25840880 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.013 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25840880 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The emerging trends and rapid growth of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among adolescents are being monitored closely. The trends are critical as policy to prevent uptake among adolescents is considered. The purpose of this study is to describe the prevalence of e-cigarette use and potential correlates for use. Associations between e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and hookah are assessed. METHODS: This study used data from the 2013 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey. Prevalence estimates were calculated in 2014 and differences were determined based on CIs. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to identify correlates of e-cigarette use among participants based on demographic and other tobacco products used. RESULTS: There were no sex differences in middle school, whereas male high school students reported higher use than their female counterparts. Cigarette smoking and hookah use were significantly associated with ever and current e-cigarette use among both middle and high school students. CONCLUSIONS: Although e-cigarettes are being assessed as a potential replacement product for traditional tobacco, evidence from this study indicates the possibility of multiple product use among adolescents. E-cigarettes are not only associated with traditional cigarettes, but also with hookahs, a similar emerging product that offer tobacco flavors that may appeal to adolescents. Notably, many e-cigarette users also reported no cigarette or hookah use. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Barnett,T.E., Soule,E.K., Forrest,J.R., Porter,L., Tomar,S.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150331 PMCID Editors
Adolescent nondaily smokers: favorable views of tobacco yet receptive to cessation	2009	Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, PO Box 250955, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. carpente@musc.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 11 Issue 4 Start Page 348 Other Pages 355 Notes LR: 20141210; GR: K23DA020482/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; OID: NLM: PMC2670369; 2009/04/14 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 19366985 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntp023 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19366985 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Favorable views of cigarette use may be a potentiating factor that influences the progression of nicotine dependence among adolescents. METHODS: Using data from the South Carolina Youth Tobacco Survey (2005-2007), a statewide two-stage cluster sample of students in Grades 6-12 (N = 7,385), we examined attitudes toward smoking and quit behaviors among adolescent smokers across a range of smoking frequencies. RESULTS: Compared with past-30-day nonsmokers, adolescents who smoked 1-2 days in the past month were more likely to believe that (a) smokers have more friends, (b) smoking looks cool, and (c) it is safe to smoke in the short term and then quit, but less likely to think that (d) tobacco is as addictive as other drugs and (e) smoking few cigarettes per day is harmful. Those who smoked 1-2 days in the past month were similar to more frequent smokers, including those who smoked daily. Similar findings were found for lifetime exposure to smoking. Among those who smoked 1-2 days in the previous month, motivation to quit (54%) and incidence of quit attempts (52% in past year) were slightly higher compared with heavier smokers. DISCUSSION: Even minimal levels of cigarette use are associated with favorable views of smoking, and adolescents with minimal levels of cigarette use resemble chronic smokers in several key ways. Adolescents at very early stages of cigarette use are at significant risk for chronic use. Tobacco control efforts should capitalize on motivation to quit with focused prevention strategies that arrest the progression from nondaily to daily smoking. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior/psychology, Attitude to Health, Cluster Analysis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation/psychology, South Carolina/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Carpenter,M. J., Garrett-Mayer,E., Vitoc,C., Cartmell,K., Biggers,S., Alberg,A. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090414 PMCID PMC2670369 Editors
Adolescent to emerging adulthood smoking trajectories: when do smoking trajectories diverge, and do they predict early adulthood nicotine dependence?	2007	University of Southern California, Alhambra, CA, USA. nriggs@usc.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 9 Issue 11 Start Page 1147 Other Pages 1154 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: CA09492/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: DA10366-06-A1/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 17978988 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 783690551 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17978988 Abstract This study evaluated the adolescent tobacco-use trajectories that predict nicotine dependence in early adulthood and when these trajectories start to diverge. As part of a follow-up to a large prevention trial, the present study evaluated 1,017 individuals from early adolescence (age 12) to early adulthood (age 28). Participants were recruited from eight middle schools in Kansas City, Missouri. Students were entering 6th grade or 7th grade at baseline. Smoking was evaluated at baseline, 6 months, at annual follow-ups through high school, and every 18 months thereafter until age 28. The study goals were to determine (a) whether distinct weekly tobacco-use trajectories could be identified between early adolescence and emerging adulthood (ages 12-24); (b) when during development these trajectories diverged; and (c) which trajectories could predict nicotine dependence in early adulthood (ages 26-28). A four-trajectory mixed model (abstainers, low users, late stable users, and early stable users) demonstrated the best fit to the data. Membership in increasingly high-use trajectories placed participants at greater relative risk for becoming nicotine dependent than did membership in lower-use trajectories. General linear models showed greater weekly cigarette consumption for early stable users as early as the first wave of data collection (age 12) and significant differences among all other trajectories by age 15. The findings support the implementation of smoking prevention programs early in middle or junior high school and suggest that adolescents who are already smoking at least two cigarettes per week by age 12 may benefit from additional addiction prevention efforts. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior/psychology, Adult, Behavior, Addictive/epidemiology/prevention & control, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Behavior, Humans, Linear Models, Male, Missouri/epidemiology, Peer Group, Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control, Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Riggs,N. R., Chou,C. P., Li,C., Pentz,M. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Adolescents' and Young Adults' Knowledge and Beliefs About Constituents in Novel Tobacco Products	2016		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes ID: 26764259 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language ENG SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract INTRODUCTION: Novel tobacco products, such as little cigars, cigarillos, hookah, and e-cigarettes, and their smoke or aerosol contain chemicals which the FDA has determined to be Harmful or Potentially Harmful Constituents. We explored adolescents' and young adults' knowledge and beliefs about constituents in novel tobacco products and their smoke or aerosol, in order to inform risk communication messages. METHODS: Seventy-seven adolescents and young adults (ages 13-25) participated in 10 focus groups, including 47 novel tobacco product users and 30 susceptible nonusers. Participants were asked to discuss 10 pre-selected constituents found in novel tobacco products and their smoke or aerosol. The first author analyzed the discussion for emergent themes. RESULTS: Participants were generally familiar with arsenic, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and nicotine, but unfamiliar with acetaldehyde, acrolein, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanon (NNK), and N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN). All participants had negative beliefs about most constituents, although users had positive beliefs about nicotine. "Unfamiliar" constituents were associated with similarly-sounding words (eg, acetaldehyde sounds like acetaminophen), and some participants recognized words in the chemical names of NNK/NNN (eg, "nitro"). "Familiar" constituents were associated with negative health effects and other common products the constituents are found in. All participants wanted more information about the constituents' health effects, toxicity, and other common products. Most participants were unaware the constituents discussed are in novel tobacco products and their smoke or aerosol. CONCLUSIONS: Risk communication messages could capitalize on negative associations with familiar constituents, or attempt to educate about unfamiliar constituents, to discourage novel tobacco product use among adolescents and young adults. IMPLICATIONS: The results of this study have implications for how the FDA and other agencies can communicate about the risks of novel tobacco products to the general public, which will be particularly important once the Deeming Rule is finalized. Our findings suggest it may be effective to capitalize on the public's negative beliefs about and associations with familiar constituents, or to educate about unfamiliar constituents and their health effects, their concentration and toxicity in novel tobacco products and their smoke or aerosol, and other products they are found in. Descriptors Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-26764259 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Wiseman,Kimberly D., Cornacchione,Jennifer, Wagoner,Kimberly G., Noar,Seth M., Moracco,Kathryn E., Teal,Randall, Wolfson,Mark, Sutfin,Erin L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Adolescents' and Young Adults' Perceptions of Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation: A Focus Group Study	2015	Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 17 Issue 10 Start Page 1235 Other Pages 1241 Notes LR: 20160205; CI: (c) The Author 2015; GR: 1K12DA033012-01A1/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50DA009241/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: T32 DA019426/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: T32DA019426/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 6M3C89Z Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 25646346 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntv020 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25646346 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Research has shown that adults perceive that electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are effective for smoking cessation, yet little is known about adolescents and young adults' perceptions of e-cigarettes for quitting cigarette smoking. This study describes middle, high school, and college students' beliefs about, and experiences with, e-cigarettes for cigarette smoking cessation. METHODS: We conducted 18 focus groups (n = 127) with male and female cigarette smokers and nonsmokers in 2 public colleges, 2 high schools, and 1 middle school in Connecticut between November 2012 and April 2013. Participants discussed cigarette smoking cessation in relation to e-cigarettes. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: All participants, regardless of age and smoking status, were aware that e-cigarettes could be used for smoking cessation. College and high school participants described different methods of how e-cigarettes could be used for smoking cessation: (a) nicotine reduction followed by cessation; (b) cigarette reduction/dual use; and (c) long-term exclusive e-cigarette use. However, overall, participants did not perceive that e-cigarette use led to successful quitting experiences. Participants described positive attributes (maintenance of smoking actions, "healthier" alternative to cigarettes, and parental approval) and negative attributes (persistence of craving, maintenance of addiction) of e-cigarettes for cessation. Some college students expressed distrust of marketing of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent and young adult smokers and nonsmokers perceive that there are several methods of using e-cigarettes for quitting and are aware of both positive and negative aspects of the product. Future research is needed to determine the role of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation in this population. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Data Source Authors Camenga,D.R., Cavallo,D.A., Kong,G., Morean,M.E., Connell,C.M., Simon,P., Bulmer,S.M., Krishnan-Sarin,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150202 PMCID PMC4607731 Editors
Adolescents' health choices related rights, duties and responsibilities: An integrative review	2016	University of Eastern Finland, Finland tanjamoi@student.uef.fi.; University of Eastern Finland, Finland; Kuopio Social and Healthcare Services, Finland.; University of Salford, UK.; University of Eastern Finland, Finland.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nursing ethics Periodical, Abbrev. Nurs.Ethics Pub Date Free Form 11-Aug Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes LR: 20160812; CI: (c) The Author(s) 2016; JID: 9433357; OTO: NOTNLM; aheadofprint Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1477-0989; 0969-7330 Accession Number PMID: 27514739 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI 0969733016654316 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27514739 Abstract BACKGROUND: Although the link between adolescents' health choices in relation to rights, duties and responsibilities is acknowledged, little is studied in this subject. AIM: To identify, describe and synthesize previous studies on adolescents' health choices in relation to rights, duties and responsibilities. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Ethical approval is not needed as it is an integrative review of published literature. METHOD: The integrative review was used to review and synthesize current knowledge. Electronic and manual searches from 2009 to March 2014 were used to systematically identify earlier studies. RESULTS: The review identified 13 studies. Adolescents' health choices were linked to unsuccessfully exercised rights, arising from questioned autonomy and freedom, and their duties were hardly mentioned. CONCLUSION: Research into adolescents' health choices in relation to their rights, duties and responsibilities is still methodologically fragmented. In future, more research is needed to support adolescents' health promotion initiatives and increase their involvement opportunities. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Moilanen,T., Pietila,A.M., Coffey,M., Kangasniemi,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160811 PMCID Editors
Adolescents' Perceptions of Health Risks, Social Risks, and Benefits Differ Across Tobacco Products	2016		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Adolesc Health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adolesc.Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 58 Issue 5 Start Page 558 Other Pages 66 Notes ID: 27107909 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract OBJECTIVE: This study assesses perceptions of overall harm, short-term health and social risks, long-term health risks, and benefits associated with various tobacco products including conventional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, chew, and hookah. This study also assesses whether and how perceptions differ by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and previous experience with tobacco. METHODS: A total of 722 high school students completed an online survey, answering questions about their use and perceptions of a variety of tobacco products. Differences in perceptions across products were assessed using a generalized estimation equation with an exchangeable correlation structure. RESULTS: Adolescents rated the various tobacco products as conferring significantly different levels of risks and benefits. Generally, adolescents rated cigarettes as most risky, followed by cigars and chew, with hookah and e-cigarettes rated as least risky. Adolescents rated hookah followed by cigarettes and e-cigarettes as most likely to make them look cool or fit in and cigars and chew as least likely to confer these benefits. There were interaction effects by age and use, with older adolescents and those with tobacco experience holding lower perceptions of risk. There were no significant interaction effects by race/ethnicity or gender. CONCLUSION: Given the significant differences in adolescents' perceptions of risks and benefits of using different tobacco products and research showing the predictive relationship between perceptions and behavior, there is a need for comprehensive messaging that discusses risks of all tobacco products, particularly hookah and e-cigarettes. There is also a need to address perceived benefits of tobacco products, especially hookah and e-cigarettes. Descriptors Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.01.012 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Roditis,Maria, Delucchi,Kevin, Cash,David, Halpern-Felsher, Bonnie Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Adolescents' Perceptions of Risks and Benefits of Conventional Cigarettes, E-cigarettes, and Marijuana: A Qualitative Analysis	2015	Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Division of Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. Electronic address: mroditis@stanford.e	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adolesc.Health Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 57 Issue 2 Start Page 179 Other Pages 185 Notes LR: 20160801; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: CA-113710/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R25 CA113710/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9102136; NIHMS696094; OID: NLM: NIHMS696094; OID: NLM: PMC4515157; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/02/04 [received]; 2015/03/27 [revise Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1879-1972; 1054-139X Accession Number PMID: 26115908 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.002 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26115908 Abstract PURPOSE: Although rates of adolescent cigarette use have remained constant or decreased, rates of marijuana and e-cigarette use are rising. Knowledge and perceptions of risks and benefits of tobacco products impact adolescents' decisions to use these products. However, little is known regarding adolescents' knowledge and perceptions of risks of e-cigarettes and marijuana nor how these perceptions are formed. This study uses qualitative techniques to assess and compare adolescents' perceptions of the risks and benefits of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and marijuana. METHODS: Twenty-four adolescents (nine females and 15 males) from Northern California participated in six small-group discussions. Adolescents were asked what good or bad things might happen from using these products. To assess how perceptions and knowledge of risks and benefits were formed, participants were asked where and from whom they had learned about these products. RESULTS: Adolescents described negative consequences of cigarette use but were much less sure regarding risks of marijuana and e-cigarette use. Conversely, they described few benefits of cigarettes but described a number of benefits of e-cigarette and marijuana use. Adolescents described learning about these products from the media, from family and friends, and from the school environment. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents have learned from multiple sources about risks of using cigarettes, but they receive much less and often incorrect information regarding marijuana and e-cigarettes, likely resulting in their positive and often ambivalent perceptions of marijuana and e-cigarettes. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Roditis,M.L., Halpern-Felsher,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150623 PMCID PMC4515157 Editors
Adolescents' response to pictorial warnings on the reverse panel of cigarette packs: a repeat cross-sectional study	2015	Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire, UK.; Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire, UK.; Centre fo	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 24 Issue e1 Start Page e93 Other Pages 7 Notes CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.; GR: C312/A8721/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom; JID: 9209612; OTO Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 24005566 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-050999 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24005566 Abstract BACKGROUND: The UK (UK) became the third country in the European Union to require pictorial warnings on the back of cigarette packs, in October 2008. METHODS: A repeat cross-sectional survey was conducted with 11-16-year-olds in the UK between August and September 2008 (N=1401) and August and September 2011 (N=1373). At both waves the same text warnings appeared on the front and back of packs, with the only difference being the inclusion of images on the back of packs to support the text warnings in 2011. Warning related measures assessed were salience (noticing, looking closely at warnings), depth of processing (thinking about warnings, discussing them with others), comprehension and credibility (warning comprehensibility, believability and truthfulness), unaided recall, persuasiveness (warnings as a deterrent to smoking), avoidance techniques (eg, hiding packs) and a behavioural indicator (forgoing cigarettes due to warnings). RESULTS: For never smokers, warning persuasiveness and thinking about what warnings are telling them when the pack is in sight significantly increased from 2008 to 2011, but warning comprehensibility significantly decreased. For experimental smokers, there was a significant increase from 2008 to 2011 for warning persuasiveness, believing warnings and considering them truthful. For regular smokers, there were no significant changes from 2008 to 2011, except for an increase in hiding packs to avoid warnings and a decrease in warning salience. CONCLUSIONS: Including pictorial images on the back of cigarette packaging improved warning persuasiveness for never and experimental smokers, but had a negligible impact on regular smokers. The findings have implications for warning design. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Moodie,C., Mackintosh,A.M., Hastings,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130904 PMCID Editors

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