WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Small proportions of actively-smoking patrons and high PM2.5 levels in southern California tribal casinos: support for smoking bans or designated smoking areas	2012	Education, Training, and Research, Inc, Scotts Valley, CA, USA. nklepeis@stanford.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 22-Sep Volume 12 Issue Start Page 819 Other Pages 2458-12-819 Notes LR: 20150223; JID: 100968562; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC3560204; 2012/06/05 [received]; 2012/09/19 [accepted]; 2012/09/22 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 22998850 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-12-819 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22998850 Abstract BACKGROUND: Nearly all California casinos currently allow smoking, which leads to potentially high patron exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke pollutants. Some argue that smoking restrictions or bans would result in a business drop, assuming > 50% of patrons smoke. Evidence in Nevada and responses from the 2008 California tobacco survey refute this assertion. The present study investigates the proportion of active smokers in southern California tribal casinos, as well as occupancy and PM(2.5) levels in smoking and nonsmoking sections. METHODS: We measured active-smoker and total-patron counts during Friday or Saturday night visits (two per casino) to smoking and nonsmoking gaming areas inside 11 southern California casinos. We counted slot machines and table games in each section, deriving theoretical maximum capacities and occupancy rates. We also measured PM(2.5) concentrations (or used published levels) in both nonsmoking and smoking areas. RESULTS: Excluding one casino visit with extremely high occupancy, we counted 24,970 patrons during 21 casino visits of whom 1,737 were actively smoking, for an overall active- smoker proportion of 7.0% and a small range of ~5% across casino visits (minimum of 5% and maximum of 10%). The differences in mean inter-casino active-smoker proportions were not statistically significant. Derived occupancy rates were 24% to 215% in the main (low-stakes) smoking-allowed slot or table areas. No relationship was found between observed active-smoker proportions and occupancy rate. The derived maximum capacities of nonsmoking areas were 1% to 29% of the overall casino capacity (most under 10%) and their observed occupancies were 0.1 to over 3 times that of the main smoking-allowed casino areas. Seven of twelve visits to nonsmoking areas with no separation had occupancy rates greater than main smoking areas. Unenclosed nonsmoking areas don't substantially protect occupants from PM2.5 exposure. Nonsmoking areas encapsulated inside smoking areas or in a separate, but unenclosed, area had PM(2.5) levels that were 10 to 60 mug/m(3) and 6 to 23 mug/m(3) higher than outdoor levels, respectively, indicating contamination from smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Although fewer than roughly 10% of casino patrons are actively smoking on average, these individuals substantially increase PM(2.5) exposure for all patrons in smoking and unenclosed nonsmoking areas. Nonsmoking areas may be too inconvenient, small, or undesirable to serve a substantial number of nonsmoking patrons. Imposing indoor smoking bans, or contained smoking areas with a maximum capacity of up to 10% of the total patronage, would offer protection from PM2.5 exposures for nonsmoking patrons and reduce employee exposures. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Klepeis,N.E., Omoto,J., Ong,S.L., Omoto,H.S., Dhaliwal,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120922 PMCID PMC3560204 Editors
Dual use of cigarettes and Swedish snuff (snus) among young adults in Northern Finland	2013	1 Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full European journal of public health Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 23 Issue 5 Start Page 768 Other Pages 771 Notes JID: 9204966; 2012/09/22 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1464-360X; 1101-1262 Accession Number PMID: 23002233 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/eurpub/cks131 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23002233 Abstract BACKGROUND: The sale of smokeless tobacco has been totally banned in Finland since the country joined the European Union in 1995. Adolescents have continued to use smokeless tobacco even after the sales ban. The objective was to describe dual use of Swedish snuff (snus) and cigarettes in young adults living in Northern Finland. METHODS: This study on male military recruits (n = 1151, mean age 19.4 years; response rate 80%) investigated association of snus use with self-reported tobacco use, nicotine dependence and attempts to quit smoking. RESULTS: Overall, 15.6% (n = 179) reported daily snus use, and almost half of them were dual users who used both products, i.e. cigarettes and snus, daily. Daily smokers were often occasional snus users (66.3%), and those with dual use smoked equal number of cigarettes per day as daily smokers who were not snus users. In addition, dual snus use seemed to increase the dependence to cigarettes, although this trend did not reach statistical significance. Dual users tried to quit less likely than exclusive smokers. Very few snus users were 'switchers' (ex-smokers) [3.2% (n = 22) of all snus users]. CONCLUSIONS: Dual use of snus and cigarettes is common among young in Finland, despite the sales ban on snus. The role of snus in reducing cigarette smoking is unclear, but it is likely that snus use complicates the attempts to quit smoking. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hamari,A.K., Toljamo,T.I., Kinnula,V.L., Nieminen,P.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120922 PMCID Editors
A multiyear survey of waterpipe and cigarette smoking on a US university campus	2012	Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of American college health : J of ACH Periodical, Abbrev. J.Am.Coll.Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 60 Issue 7 Start Page 521 Other Pages 527 Notes LR: 20160309; GR: F31 DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: F31DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1940-3208; 0744-8481 Accession Number PMID: 23002800 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1080/07448481.2012.692416 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23002800 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence and characteristics of dual users of cigarettes and waterpipes by comparing them with individuals who use either product exclusively. PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sections of undergraduate students at a public university recruited each spring semester from 2006 to 2011 (total N = 2,998). METHODS: Participants completed an Internet survey that assessed demographics, tobacco use, perceptions, and norms concerning various tobacco products. Individuals who reported exclusive cigarette, exclusive waterpipe, and dual (waterpipe + cigarette) use were examined. RESULTS: Across years, 22% reported exclusive cigarette, 6.1% exclusive waterpipe, and 9.3% dual cigarette and waterpipe use. Dual users differed in demographics and social influences from their exclusive counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that dual waterpipe and cigarette use was more prevalent than exclusive waterpipe use, and dual users may differ from individuals who use either product alone. These results warrant the inclusion of waterpipe-specific content in state and national surveys as well as tobacco prevention and intervention efforts. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cobb,C.O., Khader,Y., Nasim,A., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4487802 Editors
Waterpipe smoking among students in one US university: predictors of an intention to quit	2012	Institute of Community Health, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. smabughosh@uh.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of American college health : J of ACH Periodical, Abbrev. J.Am.Coll.Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 60 Issue 7 Start Page 528 Other Pages 535 Notes JID: 8214119; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1940-3208; 0744-8481 Accession Number PMID: 23002801 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/07448481.2012.718018 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23002801 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the intention to quit waterpipe smoking among college students. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 276 University of Houston students identified through an online survey administered in February 2011. Participants indicated they had smoked a waterpipe in the month prior to the survey. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Questions included demographics, tobacco use, perceived risk of waterpipe smoking, and social acceptability. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of an intention to quit. RESULTS: Most of the sample participants (n = 227; 83%) reported that they had no intention to quit. Students believing that waterpipe smoking was harmful were more likely to have an intention to quit (odd ratio [OR] = 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI; 1.05, 5.36]). Those who smoked for more than 60 minutes were less likely to have a desire to quit (OR = 0.29, 95% CI [0.12, 0.73]). CONCLUSIONS: The low level of a desire to quit demonstrated underscores the urgent need to develop interventions that educate users about expected harms of continued use. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Abughosh,S., Wu,I.H., Rajan,S., Peters,R.J., Essien,E.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ethnicity and waterpipe smoking among US students	2012	Institute of Community Health, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. smabughosh@uh.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 16 Issue 11 Start Page 1551 Other Pages 1557 Notes JID: 9706389; 2012/09/18 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 1815-7920; 1027-3719 Accession Number PMID: 23006908 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.5588/ijtld.12.0152 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23006908 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of ethnicity on waterpipe smoking among college students. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study utilized data from University of Houston students through an online survey (n = 2334) from March to April 2011. The survey included questions on demographic characteristics (sex, age, race/ethnicity), tobacco use experience, risk perception, social acceptability and popularity. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of waterpipe use with three outcomes: ever-use vs. no use, past-year use vs. no use and past-month use vs. no use. RESULTS: Half of the sample had previously smoked tobacco using a waterpipe, approximately a third in the past year and 12.5% in the past month. Significant predictors included Middle Eastern ethnicity, Middle Eastern friend, past cigarette or cigar use. Perception of harm was associated with less use in the ever-use model, while perceived addictiveness, social acceptability and popularity of waterpipes were predictors in all models. CONCLUSION: Our findings underscore the importance of developing culturally appropriate interventions to control waterpipe smoking among Middle Eastern Americans and those of Indian/Pakistani descent to curb further spread in US society, and highlight the importance of developing interventions that target the perceived addictiveness, social acceptability and popularity of waterpipe smoking. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Abughosh,S., Wu,I.H., Peters,R.J., Hawari,F., Essien,E.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120918 PMCID Editors
Occupational exposure of petroleum depot workers to BTEX compounds	2012	Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center and School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mrazari@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The international journal of occupational and environmental medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Occup.Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 3 Issue 1 Start Page 39 Other Pages 44 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 101535763; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Petroleum); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); 2011/08/06 [received]; 2011/12/07 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Iran ISSN/ISBN 2008-6520; 2008-6520 Accession Number PMID: 23022850 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 110 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23022850 Abstract BACKGROUND: Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) are the most important toxic volatile compounds in the air and could be easily absorbed through the respiratory tract. In recent years, the risk of exposure to BTEX compounds, especially benzene as a carcinogen, has been considered in petroleum depot stations. OBJECTIVE: To assess the occupational exposure of petroleum depot workers in Iran to BTEX compounds. METHODS: After completing a questionnaire and assessing occupational exposure to BTEX compounds, 78 (46 exposed and 32 non-exposed) depot workers were randomly selected to participate in this study. Air sampling and analysis of BTEX was conducted according to the NIOSH method No. 1501. Analysis of urinary hippuric acid, as an indicator of toluene exposure, was carried out according to NIOSH method No. 8300. Personal monitoring of the high exposure group to BTEX compounds was repeated to verify the results obtained in the first phase of the monitoring. RESULTS: Among the 9 operating groups studied, occupational exposure to benzene and toluene was higher in quality control and gasoline loading operators-the median exposure ranged from 0.16 to 1.63 ppm for benzene and 0.2 to 2.72 ppm for toluene. Median exposure of other group members to BTEX compounds was below the detection limit of analytical method (0.07, 0.06, 0.05, and 0.05 ppm, respectively). The level of toluene exposure measured showed correlation with neither post-shift urinary hippuric acid (Spearman's rho = 0.128, p = 0.982) nor with the difference between post- and pre-shift urinary hippuric acid (Spearman's rho = 0.089, p = 0.847) in depot operational workers. CONCLUSION: Gasoline loading operators are exposed to a relatively high level of benzene. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rezazadeh Azari,M., Naghavi Konjin,Z., Zayeri,F., Salehpour,S., Seyedi,M.D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Occurrence and human exposure of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), and their hydrolysis products in indoor dust from the United States and three East Asian countries	2012	Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12210-0509, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental science & technology Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Sci.Technol. Pub Date Free Form 6-Nov Volume 46 Issue 21 Start Page 11584 Other Pages 11593 Notes GR: 1U38EH000464-01/EH/NCEH CDC HHS/United States; JID: 0213155; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzhydryl Compounds); 0 (Dust); 0 (Epoxy Compounds); 0 (Parabens); F3XRM1NX4H (2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane); 2012/10/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1520-5851; 0013-936X Accession Number PMID: 23025715 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1021/es303516u [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23025715 Abstract p-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens) and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) are widely present in personal care products, food packages, and material coatings. Nevertheless, little is known about the occurrence of these compounds in indoor dust. In this study, we collected 158 indoor dust samples from the U.S., China, Korea, and Japan and determined the concentrations of 11 target chemicals, viz., six parabens and their common hydrolysis product, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), as well as BADGE and its three hydrolysis products (BADGE.H(2)O, BADGE.2H(2)O, and BADGE.HCl.H(2)O). All of the target compounds were found in dust samples from four countries. Concentrations of sum of six parabens in dust were on the order of several hundred to several thousands of nanogram per gram. Geometric mean concentrations of BADGEs in dust ranged from 1300 to 2890 ng/g among four countries. Methyl paraben (MeP), propyl paraben (PrP), BADGE.2H(2)O, and BADGE.HCl.H(2)O were the predominant compounds found in dust samples. This is the first report of BADGE and its hydrolysis products (BADGEs) in indoor dust samples and of parabens in indoor dust from Asian countries. On the basis of the measured concentrations of target chemicals, we estimated the daily intake (EDI) via dust ingestion. The EDIs of parabens via dust ingestion were 5-10 times higher in children than in adults. Among the four countries studied, the EDIs of parabens (5.4 ng/kg-bw/day) and BADGEs (6.5 ng/kg-bw/day) through dust ingestion were the highest for children in Korea and Japan. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Wang,L., Liao,C., Liu,F., Wu,Q., Guo,Y., Moon,H.B., Nakata,H., Kannan,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121010 PMCID Editors
Interaction of the echinocandin caspofungin with amphotericin B or voriconazole against Aspergillus biofilms in vitro	2012	Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. liuwei@bjmu.edu.cn	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Periodical, Abbrev. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 56 Issue 12 Start Page 6414 Other Pages 6416 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0315061; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Coloring Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Pyrimidines); 0 (Tetrazolium Salts); 0 (Triazoles); 117038-70-7 (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazoliu m hydroxide); 7 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-6596; 0066-4804 Accession Number PMID: 23027186 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1128/AAC.00687-12 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23027186 Abstract Aspergillus biofilms were prepared from 22 strains of Aspergillus spp. via a 96-well plate-based method. Using a broth microdilution checkerboard technique with the XTT [2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] colorimetric assay, we demonstrated a synergistic antifungal activity against 18 of 22 Aspergillus biofilm strains with a combination of caspofungin and amphotericin B and against 13 of 22 strains with a combination of caspofungin and voriconazole. We did not observe antagonism. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Liu,W., Li,L., Sun,Y., Chen,W., Wan,Z., Li,R., Liu,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121001 PMCID PMC3497162 Editors
Colonization of hospital water systems by Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Acinetobacter in ICU wards of Tehran hospitals	2012	Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indian journal of pathology & microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Indian J.Pathol.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form Jul-Sep Volume 55 Issue 3 Start Page 352 Other Pages 356 Notes JID: 7605904; 0 (Drinking Water); ppublish Place of Publication India ISSN/ISBN 0974-5130; 0377-4929 Accession Number PMID: 23032830 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.4103/0377-4929.101743 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23032830 Abstract BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infection caused by non-Enterobacteriaceae gram negative bacteria (GNB-NE) is increasing in intensive care units (ICU). AIM: The objective of this study was to determine whether potable water in ICU wards at Tehran hospitals is contaminated with L. pneomophila, P. aeroginosa and Acinetobacter spp. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 52 water samples from shower bath and taps water in seven hospitals of Tehran were collected. The water sample concentrated by filtering through millipore cellulose filters and cultured on BCYE agar and tryptic soya agar media. The presence of Legionella pneumophila was confirmed by real time PCR assay using primers-probe designed for the mip gene. RESULTS: Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Acinetobacter were isolated from 5 (9.6%), 6 (11.4%) and 1 (1.8%) of the hospital water systems, respectively. This study demonstrated the presence of Legionella, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter in water system in ICU wards of different hospitals in Tehran. CONCLUSIONS: Hot water from shower heads could be a potential source of infection for Legionella pneumophila. Water was also proved to contain Pseudomonas aeruginonsa, the main GNB-NE causing nosocomila pneumonia at Tehran hospitals. Care should be taken concerning cleanliness and decontamination of water supplies at ICUs for pathogenic organisms. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Yaslianifard,S., Mobarez,A.M., Fatolahzadeh,B., Feizabadi,M.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality	2012	Consulting for Health, Air, Nature, & A Greener Environment, LLC (CHANGE), Corporate Headquarters, Queensbury, NY 12804-9358, USA. mcauleyt@airqualitychange.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Inhalation toxicology Periodical, Abbrev. Inhal.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 24 Issue 12 Start Page 850 Other Pages 857 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8910739; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Aldehydes); 0 (Glycols); 0 (Nitrosamines); 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 0 (Volatile Organic Compounds); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1091-7691; 0895-8378 Accession Number PMID: 23033998 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.3109/08958378.2012.724728 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23033998 Abstract CONTEXT: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have earned considerable attention recently as an alternative to smoking tobacco, but uncertainties about their impact on health and indoor air quality have resulted in proposals for bans on indoor e-cigarette use. OBJECTIVE: To assess potential health impacts relating to the use of e-cigarettes, a series of studies were conducted using e-cigarettes and standard tobacco cigarettes. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Four different high nicotine e-liquids were vaporized in two sets of experiments by generic 2-piece e-cigarettes to collect emissions and assess indoor air concentrations of common tobacco smoke by products. Tobacco cigarette smoke tests were conducted for comparison. RESULTS: Comparisons of pollutant concentrations were made between e-cigarette vapor and tobacco smoke samples. Pollutants included VOCs, carbonyls, PAHs, nicotine, TSNAs, and glycols. From these results, risk analyses were conducted based on dilution into a 40 m(3) room and standard toxicological data. Non-cancer risk analysis revealed "No Significant Risk" of harm to human health for vapor samples from e-liquids (A-D). In contrast, for tobacco smoke most findings markedly exceeded risk limits indicating a condition of "Significant Risk" of harm to human health. With regard to cancer risk analysis, no vapor sample from e-liquids A-D exceeded the risk limit for either children or adults. The tobacco smoke sample approached the risk limits for adult exposure. CONCLUSIONS: For all byproducts measured, electronic cigarettes produce very small exposures relative to tobacco cigarettes. The study indicates no apparent risk to human health from e-cigarette emissions based on the compounds analyzed. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors McAuley,T.R., Hopke,P.K., Zhao,J., Babaian,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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