WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort ascending	SearchLink
Preventing smoking relapse via Web-based computer-tailored feedback: a randomized controlled trial	2012	Department of Health Promotion, School for Public Health and Primary Care (Caphri), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. iman.elfeddali@maastrichtuniversity.nl	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of medical Internet research Periodical, Abbrev. J.Med.Internet Res. Pub Date Free Form 20-Aug Volume 14 Issue 4 Start Page e109 Other Pages Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100959882; OID: NLM: PMC3510689; 2012/01/19 [received]; 2012/05/24 [accepted]; 2012/04/29 [revised]; epublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1438-8871; 1438-8871 Accession Number PMID: 22903145 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.2196/jmir.2057 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22903145 Abstract BACKGROUND: Web-based computer-tailored approaches have the potential to be successful in supporting smoking cessation. However, the potential effects of such approaches for relapse prevention and the value of incorporating action planning strategies to effectively prevent smoking relapse have not been fully explored. The Stay Quit for You (SQ4U) study compared two Web-based computer-tailored smoking relapse prevention programs with different types of planning strategies versus a control group. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of two Web-based computer-tailored programs in preventing smoking relapse compared with a control group. The action planning (AP) program provided tailored feedback at baseline and invited respondents to do 6 preparatory and coping planning assignments (the first 3 assignments prior to quit date and the final 3 assignments after quit date). The action planning plus (AP+) program was an extended version of the AP program that also provided tailored feedback at 11 time points after the quit attempt. Respondents in the control group only filled out questionnaires. The study also assessed possible dose-response relationships between abstinence and adherence to the programs. METHODS: The study was a randomized controlled trial with three conditions: the control group, the AP program, and the AP+ program. Respondents were daily smokers (N = 2031), aged 18 to 65 years, who were motivated and willing to quit smoking within 1 month. The primary outcome was self-reported continued abstinence 12 months after baseline. Logistic regression analyses were conducted using three samples: (1) all respondents as randomly assigned, (2) a modified sample that excluded respondents who did not make a quit attempt in conformance with the program protocol, and (3) a minimum dose sample that also excluded respondents who did not adhere to at least one of the intervention elements. Observed case analyses and conservative analyses were conducted. RESULTS: In the observed case analysis of the randomized sample, abstinence rates were 22% (45/202) in the control group versus 33% (63/190) in the AP program and 31% (53/174) in the AP+ program. The AP program (odds ratio 1.95, P = .005) and the AP+ program (odds ratio 1.61, P = .049) were significantly more effective than the control condition. Abstinence rates and effects differed per sample. Finally, the results suggest a dose-response relationship between abstinence and the number of program elements completed by the respondents. CONCLUSION: Despite the differences in results caused by the variation in our analysis approaches, we can conclude that Web-based computer-tailored programs combined with planning strategy assignments and feedback after the quit attempt can be effective in preventing relapse 12 months after baseline. However, adherence to the intervention seems critical for effectiveness. Finally, our results also suggest that more research is needed to assess the optimum intervention dose. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Dutch Trial Register: NTR1892; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=1892 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/693S6uuPM). Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Elfeddali,I., Bolman,C., Candel,M.J., Wiers,R.W., de Vries,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120820 PMCID PMC3510689 Editors
Prevalence and reasons for use of electronic cigarettes among smokers: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey	2015	Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), P. Debyeplein 1, 6229 HA Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Karin.Hummel@maastrichtuniversity.nl.; Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), P. Debyeplein	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The International journal on drug policy Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Drug Policy Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 26 Issue 6 Start Page 601 Other Pages 608 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 9014759; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/08/04 [received]; 2014/11/28 [revised]; 2014/12/09 [accepted]; 2014/12/17 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-4758; 0955-3959 Accession Number PMID: 25582280 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.12.009 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25582280 Abstract BACKGROUND: Not much is known about how people in the Netherlands respond to electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes); how many know about them, which people try them, keep using them and why, and what are changes over time regarding awareness and use? METHODS: We used samples of smokers aged 15 years and older from 2008 (n=1820), 2010 (n=1702), 2013 (n=1530), and 2014 (n=1550) as part of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey. Reasons for use and characteristics of smokers were examined using the sample from 2014. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations between smoking-related variables with ever trying e-cigarettes and current e-cigarette use. RESULTS: In 2014, 91.4% of Dutch smokers reported being aware of e-cigarettes (97.1% in 2008, 89.2% in 2010, and 85.5% in 2013), 40.0% reported having ever tried them (13.4% in 2008, 14.5% in 2010, and 19.6% in 2013), and 15.9% were currently using them (4.0% in 2008, 1% in 2010, and 3.9% in 2013). The main reason given for using e-cigarettes was to reduce the number of regular cigarettes smoked per day (79%). Ever trying e-cigarettes among those aware of e-cigarettes was associated with being young, smoking more regular cigarettes per day, having made a quit attempt in the last year, having used smoking cessation pharmacotherapy in the last year, and reporting high awareness of the price of regular cigarettes. Smokers who kept using e-cigarettes had a higher educational background, had higher harm awareness for the health of others, and were less likely to have a total smoking ban at home. CONCLUSION: E-cigarettes are increasingly used by Dutch smokers. Commonly endorsed motivations for current e-cigarette use were to reduce tobacco smoking and because e-cigarettes are considered to be less harmful than tobacco cigarettes. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Hummel,K., Hoving,C., Nagelhout,G.E., de Vries,H., van den Putte,B., Candel,M.J., Borland,R., Willemsen,M.C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141217 PMCID Editors
Linking mass media campaigns to pictorial warning labels on cigarette packages: a cross-sectional study to evaluate effects among Mexican smokers	2013	Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. thrasher@mailbox.sc.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form May Volume 22 Issue e1 Start Page e57 Other Pages 65 Notes GR: P01 CA138389/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/06/29 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 22752271 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050282 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22752271 Abstract OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effects of pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) and a linked media campaign in Mexico. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from a population-based sample of 1756 adult smokers, aged 18-55 years, during the initial implementation of pictorial HWLs, which some smokers had seen on cigarette packages while others had seen only the text-based HWLs. Exposure to the campaign and pictorial HWLs was assessed with aided recall methods, and other questions addressed attention and cognitive impact of HWLs, knowledge related to HWL and campaign content, and quit-related thoughts and behaviours. Logistic and linear regression models were estimated to determine associations between key outcomes and intervention exposure. RESULTS: In bivariate and multivariate adjusted models, recall of pictorial HWLs and of the campaign were positively associated with greater attention to and cognitive impact of HWLs, whereas only pictorial HWL exposure was associated with having refrained from smoking due to HWLs. Both recall of pictorial HWLs and of the campaign were independently associated with greater knowledge of secondhand smoke harms and toxic tobacco constituents. Smokers who recalled only the pictorial HWLs were more likely to try to quit than smokers who recalled neither the pictorial HWLs nor the campaign (17% vs 6%, p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Thrasher,J.F., Murukutla,N., Perez-Hernandez,R., Alday,J., Arillo-Santillan,E., Cedillo,C., Gutierrez,J.P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120629 PMCID Editors
Does the availability of single cigarettes promote or inhibit cigarette consumption? Perceptions, prevalence and correlates of single cigarette use among adult Mexican smokers	2009	Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. thrasher@mailbox.sc.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 18 Issue 6 Start Page 431 Other Pages 437 Notes LR: 20141207; GR: P50 CA111236/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: RA25-CA57699/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC2778078; 2009/08/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 19671535 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2008.029132 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19671535 Abstract BACKGROUND: Single cigarette use and its implications have rarely been studied among adults. OBJECTIVE: To assess perceptions, prevalence and correlates of single cigarette purchase behaviour and its relation to harm reduction. DESIGN: Focus group transcripts and cross-sectional data were analysed. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Focus groups among convenience samples of adult smokers in two Mexican cities and a population-based sample of 1079 adult smokers from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project in four Mexican cities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Purchase of single cigarettes last time cigarettes were bought, frequency of purchasing single cigarettes in the previous month and intention to quit in the next 6 months. RESULTS: Focus group data indicated that smokers bought single cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy. Survey data indicated that 38% of participants purchased single cigarettes in the last month and 10% purchased them the last time they bought cigarettes, with more frequent consumption among young adults and those with lower income. Purchasing single cigarettes was independently associated with the frequency of using single cigarettes to reduce consumption and, less consistently, with the frequency of being cued to smoke after seeing single cigarettes for sale. Using single cigarettes to reduce consumption was positively associated with quit intention, whereas being cued to smoke by single cigarettes was negatively associated with quit intention. CONCLUSIONS: Study results suggest that some adult Mexican smokers purchase single cigarettes as a method to limit, cut down on and even quit smoking. Nevertheless, promotion of the availability of single cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy could provide additional smoking cues that undermine quit attempts and promote youth smoking. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Commerce, Cues, Female, Focus Groups, Humans, Intention, Male, Mexico, Middle Aged, Smoking/economics/prevention & control/psychology, Smoking Cessation/methods/psychology, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Thrasher,J. F., Villalobos,V., Dorantes-Alonso,A., Arillo-Santillan,E., Cummings,K. M., O'Connor,R., Fong,G. T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090810 PMCID PMC2778078 Editors
Tobacco use among fourth year Bachelor of Science in Public Health (BSPH) students of the College of Public Health: University of the Philippines Manila, academic year 2012-2013	2014	Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines, jpguevarra2@up.edu.ph.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of community health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Community Health Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 39 Issue 5 Start Page 886 Other Pages 893 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 7600747; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1573-3610; 0094-5145 Accession Number PMID: 24676491 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1007/s10900-014-9866-2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24676491 Abstract This study determines the prevalence of tobacco use among graduating Public Health students at the College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila. It also describes the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, attitudes, behaviors and smoking cessation training of students. This study used a descriptive cross-sectional study design, adapting a standard questionnaire, pretested and administered to 52 Bachelor of Science in Public Health (BSPH) students at the College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila. Data generated from the survey were encoded using Epi Info version 3.5.4 and analyzed using Stata version 12. The prevalence of smoking among 4th year BSPH students was 5.8 % (current smokers). In the past 7 days, respondents have been exposed to secondhand smoke (44 % where they live; 79 % in places other than where they live). Majority were aware of the official policy on smoking ban in school, however, 80 % said that the policy is not enforced. Majority had favorable attitudes in terms of banning tobacco sales to adolescents, banning advertising of tobacco products, banning smoking in restaurants, discos/bars/pubs and enclosed public places. Majority of the respondents also believed that health professionals should get specific training on cessation techniques, that they do serve as role models, and that they have a role in giving advice about smoking cessation. More than three-quarters (76.9 %) of students said that health professionals who smoke are less likely to advise patients to quit. Most of the graduating students learned about the dangers of smoking, importance of obtaining tobacco use history, and providing educational support materials in their public health education but only a few received formal training about smoking cessation approaches. The implementation of the no-smoking policy of the university must be revisited. Smoking cessation approaches should be incorporated in the public health curriculum and the role of public health students in advocating a smoke-free lifestyle should be emphasized. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Guevarra,J.P., Cordova,R.Q.,Jr, Mercado,C.E., Asaad,A.S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Parental smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke are associated with waterpipe smoking among youth: results from a national survey in Lebanon	2015	Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.; Department of He	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Public health Periodical, Abbrev. Public Health Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 129 Issue 4 Start Page 370 Other Pages 376 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 0376507; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/03/15 [received]; 2015/01/13 [revised]; 2015/01/16 [accepted]; 2015/03/03 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1476-5616; 0033-3506 Accession Number PMID: 25749674 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.01.011 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25749674 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is a growing public health concern worldwide yet little is known about the epidemiology of use among young people. The objectives of this study were to examine the prevalence, patterns and correlates of WTS among students across Lebanon. STUDY DESIGN: The study design was a cross sectional survey. METHODS: 126-item tobacco questionnaire was conducted among 1128 sixth and seventh grade students across Lebanon. Current patterns of use were descriptively analysed, and logistic regression models examined correlates of WTS. RESULTS: Ever WTS prevalence was 44.3%, current WTS prevalence was triple that of cigarettes (22.1% vs 7.4%), and 40.0% of current users were at least weekly or daily smokers. Initiation and patterns of use, as well as addiction and cessation attitudes have been reported. Significant correlates of current WTS included older age, reduced religiosity, peer and parent tobacco use, recent waterpipe advertisement exposure, increased pluralistic ignorance and current cigarette use. Significant correlates of ever WTS were similar to current WTS, but included second hand waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure at home and did not include recent waterpipe advertisement exposure. Neither gender nor socio-economic status were significant correlates of current or ever WTS. CONCLUSIONS: Waterpipe is the most common form of tobacco smoking, and is used regularly, among sixth and seventh grade Lebanese students. It should be considered a public health priority with increased tobacco surveillance and legislation. Widespread educational and policy interventions might help denormalize the social acceptability of WTS. Meanwhile, more research is needed to understand the changing paradigm of WTS epidemiology and the health outcomes among young smokers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Jawad,M., Nakkash,R.T., Mahfoud,Z., Bteddini,D., Haddad,P., Afifi,R.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150303 PMCID Editors
Validation of a simple tool to assess risk of waterpipe tobacco smoking among sixth and seventh graders in Lebanon	2016	Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-2036, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London W6 8RH, U	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of public health (Oxford, England) Periodical, Abbrev. J.Public.Health.(Oxf) Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 38 Issue 2 Start Page 403 Other Pages 410 Notes CI: (c) The Author 2015; JID: 101188638; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/04/23 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1741-3850; 1741-3842 Accession Number PMID: 25911620 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1093/pubmed/fdv048 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25911620 Abstract BACKGROUND: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is highly prevalent in the Eastern Mediterranean region. While studies have identified socio-demographic factors differentiating smokers from non-smokers, validated tools predicting WTS are lacking. METHODS: Over 1000 (n = 1164) sixth and seventh grade students in Lebanon were randomly assigned to a prediction model group and validation model group. In the prediction model group, backward stepwise logistic regression enabled the identification of socio-demographic and psychosocial factors associated with ever and current WTS. This formed risk scores which were tested on the validation model group. RESULTS: The risk score for current WTS was out of four and included reduced religiosity, cigarette use and the perception that WTS was associated with a good time. The risk score for ever WTS was out of seven and included an additional two variables: increased age and the belief that WTS did not cause oral cancer. In the validation model group, the model displayed moderate discrimination [area under the curve: 0.77 (current), 0.68 (ever)], excellent goodness-of-fit (P > 0.05 for both) and optimal sensitivity and specificity of 80.1 and 58.4% (current), and 39.5 and 94.4%, (ever), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: WTS use can be predicted using simple validated tools. These can direct health promotion and legislative interventions. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health Data Source Authors Jawad,M., Afifi,R.A., Mahfoud,Z., Bteddini,D., Haddad,P., Nakkash,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150423 PMCID Editors
Women and waterpipe tobacco smoking in the eastern mediterranean region: allure or offensiveness	2013	Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Women & health Periodical, Abbrev. Women Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 53 Issue 1 Start Page 100 Other Pages 116 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 7608076; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1541-0331; 0363-0242 Accession Number PMID: 23421341 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/03630242.2012.753978 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23421341 Abstract The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing worldwide, despite evidence indicating its adverse health effects. Women and young people seem more likely to be choosing waterpipe tobacco smoking over cigarettes. The objective of this qualitative study was to understand better whether and why waterpipe smoking is a more acceptable form of tobacco use than cigarettes for women in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, and to understand whether the strategies used by multi-national corporations to attract women to cigarette smoking were perceived to be relevant in the context of waterpipe tobacco use. Focus groups (n = 81) and in-depth interviews (n = 38) were conducted with adults in Lebanon, Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. Discussions were thematically analyzed and recurrent themes identified. One of the themes which emerged was the negative image of women smoking waterpipes. Moreover, the sexual allure conveyed through waterpipe smoking as well as waterpipe tobacco smoking as a symbol of emancipation was illustrated. The latter was mainly expressed in Lebanon, in contrast with Egypt where traditional gender roles depict women smoking waterpipes as disrespectful to society. Understanding the social aspects of waterpipe tobacco smoking is crucial to planning future interventions to control waterpipe tobacco smoking among women and in society at large. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Khalil,J., Afifi,R., Fouad,F.M., Hammal,F., Jarallah,Y., Mohamed,M., Nakkash,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The rise in narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipe tobacco smoking: a qualitative study of perceptions of smokers and non smokers	2011	Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 14-May Volume 11 Issue Start Page 315 Other Pages 2458-11-315 Notes LR: 20150204; JID: 100968562; 059QF0KO0R (Water); OID: NLM: PMC3112129; 2010/08/18 [received]; 2011/05/14 [accepted]; 2011/05/14 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 21569577 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-11-315 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21569577 Abstract BACKGROUND: The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) in the Middle East region and worldwide is increasing. There is evidence to indicate both short term and long term health effects of WTS, resulting in the issuance of an advisory note by the World Health Organization. METHODS: This research aimed at gaining an in-depth understanding of the factors contributing to the rise in WTS in Lebanon. Qualitative focus groups (25) and in-depth interviews (9) were conducted with adults in Lebanon in 2007. Participants were recruited to represent diversity in smoking status, gender, age groups and urban/rural residence. The interviews and focus groups were thematically analyzed, and recurrent themes noted and summarized. RESULTS: The main themes identified were availability, affordability, innovation, influence of media, lack of a policy framework, and the sensory characteristics evoked from WTS. Men and women, smokers and non-smokers, and younger and older participants differed in their emphases on the above themes. These themes, though specific to waterpipe, are similar to themes manipulated by the cigarette industry, and eventually controlled through tobacco control policies. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding reasons behind the rise in waterpipe tobacco use is important if appropriate prevention, cessation, and policy interventions are to be formulated. Strict adherence to the FCTC is warranted, with careful and vigilant attention that all tobacco products are covered by laws in both high as well as middle to lower income countries. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Nakkash,R.T., Khalil,J., Afifi,R.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110514 PMCID PMC3112129 Editors
Social norms and attitudes linked to waterpipe use in the Eastern Mediterranean Region	2013	Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Center for Research on Population and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.; Department of Health Promotion and Comm	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Social science & medicine (1982) Periodical, Abbrev. Soc.Sci.Med. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 98 Issue Start Page 125 Other Pages 134 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 8303205; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/03/05 [received]; 2013/07/10 [revised]; 2013/09/06 [accepted]; 2013/09/18 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-5347; 0277-9536 Accession Number PMID: 24331890 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.007 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24331890 Abstract Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is on the rise globally, particularly among vulnerable populations such as youth and women. Increasing knowledge about toxicant yield from waterpipe tobacco and deleterious health effects points to the potential for a health epidemic. WTS is often viewed as a safe alternative to cigarette smoking. Though the original objective of the research was to explore the social norms and attitudes that lead to waterpipe being a more acceptable form of tobacco smoking for women than cigarettes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the use of a qualitative research methodology resulted in rich data that helped to understand more generally the phenomenon of waterpipe smoking. Both focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews were used. Participants were recruited to represent genders, various age groups, socioeconomic status, waterpipe smoking status, and residents of urban and rural areas. A total of 81 FGDs and 38 in-depth interviews were conducted in 2007. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the transcripts. A total of ten themes emerged: socio-cultural norms, gender differences, motivation to smoke, sensory characteristics of waterpipe, metaphors, consumerism, indicators of dependence, comparison between cigarettes and waterpipe, health effect of smoking, and intervention. Results indicated that WTS has socio-cultural dynamics associated with it that are far more pronounced than health considerations. An increased socio-cultural acceptability, the perceived reduced harm and the advent of the fruity Moassel tobacco are among the many reasons for WTS acceptability. Findings point to the need for a unified strategy to address this health issue at all levels of the ecological framework and have important implications for future policy and practice. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Afifi,R., Khalil,J., Fouad,F., Hammal,F., Jarallah,Y., Abu Farhat,H., Ayad,M., Nakkash,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130918 PMCID Editors

E-mail