WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Normal values and influencing factors of fractional exhaled nitric oxide for Chinese healthy adults	2012	China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Zhonghua yi xue za zhi Periodical, Abbrev. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi Pub Date Free Form 24-Jul Volume 92 Issue 28 Start Page 1971 Other Pages 1973 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 7511141; 31C4KY9ESH (Nitric Oxide); ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 0376-2491; 0376-2491 Accession Number PMID: 22944271 Language chi SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22944271 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the normal values of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) for Chinese adults. METHODS: A total of 200 non-smoking and healthy Chinese adults were recruited according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They received lung function and allergen skin prick tests at the Outpatient Department of China-Japan Friendship Hospital from February to August 2011. There were 100 males and 100 females. FENO test was performed according to the standard procedures of American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) recommendation. The FENO levels of healthy non-smokers were tested by the NIOXMINO analyzer. All variables, such as age, gender, height, weight, forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV(1))% predicted and FEV(1)/FVC, were included for multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: The FENO level of healthy non-smokers was (14.2 +/- 5.6)x10(-9) mol/L with the 95% normal range of (3.2 - 25.2)x10(-9) mol/L. The value of FENO was significantly higher in males than females ((15.6 +/- 5.5) vs (12.9 +/- 5.4)x10(-9) mol/L, t = 3.48, P = 0.001). The FENO level of the subjects aged 60 - 80 years was (15.7 +/- 5.4)x10(-9) mol/L and it was higher than those aged 18 - 60 years ((13.8 +/- 5.6)x10(-9) mol/L, t = 2.04, P = 0.040). Multiple regression analysis showed that gender was an independent influencing factor of FENO level. CONCLUSIONS: The FENO level of non-smoking and healthy Chinese adults is similar with that of the westerners. Gender is an independent influencing factor of FENO level. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zhang,Y.M., Lin,J.T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Environmental monitoring of secondhand smoke exposure	2013	Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. pbreysse@jhsph.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form May Volume 22 Issue 3 Start Page 147 Other Pages 155 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9209612; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); OID: NLM: PMC3639351; 2012/09/04 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 22949497 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050301 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22949497 Abstract The complex composition of secondhand smoke (SHS) provides a range of constituents that can be measured in environmental samples (air, dust and on surfaces) and therefore used to assess non-smokers' exposure to tobacco smoke. Monitoring SHS exposure (SHSe) in indoor environments provides useful information on the extent and consequences of SHSe, implementing and evaluating tobacco control programmes and behavioural interventions, and estimating overall burden of disease caused by SHSe. The most widely used markers have been vapour-phase nicotine and respirable particulate matter (PM). Numerous other environmental analytes of SHS have been measured in the air including carbon monoxide, 3-ethenylpyridine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, nitrogen oxides, aldehydes and volatile organic compounds, as well as nicotine in dust and on surfaces. The measurement of nicotine in the air has the advantage of reflecting the presence of tobacco smoke. While PM measurements are not as specific, they can be taken continuously, allowing for assessment of exposure and its variation over time. In general, when nicotine and PM are measured in the same setting using a common sampling period, an increase in nicotine concentration of 1 mug/m(3) corresponds to an average increase of 10 mug/m3 of PM. This topic assessment presents a comprehensive summary of SHSe monitoring approaches using environmental markers and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of these methods and approaches. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Apelberg,B.J., Hepp,L.M., Avila-Tang,E., Gundel,L., Hammond,S.K., Hovell,M.F., Hyland,A., Klepeis,N.E., Madsen,C.C., Navas-Acien,A., Repace,J., Samet,J.M., Breysse,P.N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120904 PMCID PMC3639351 Editors
Culture-based and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the bacterial community from Chungkookjang, a traditional Korean fermented soybean food	2012	Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon 220-710, Republic of Korea.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of Food Science Periodical, Abbrev. J.Food Sci. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 77 Issue 10 Start Page M572 Other Pages 8 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: (c) 2012; JID: 0014052; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (Isoflavones); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 0 (Soybean Proteins); 0 (chungkookjang); 2012/09/05 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1750-3841; 0022-1147 Accession Number PMID: 22950549 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02901.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22950549 Abstract The bacterial community of Chungkookjang and raw rice-straw collected from various areas in South Korea was investigated using both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Pure cultures were isolated from Chungkookjang and raw rice-straw on tryptic soy agar plates with 72 to 121 colonies and identified by 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, respectively. The traditional culture-based method and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA confirmed that Pantoea agglomerans and B. subtilis were identified as predominant in the raw rice-straw and Chungkookjang, respectively, from Iljuk district of Gyeonggi province, P. ananatis and B. licheniformis were identified as predominant in the raw rice-straw and Chungkookjang from Wonju district of Gangwon province, and Microbacterium sp. and B. licheniformis were identified as predominant in the raw rice-straw and Chungkookjang from Sunchang district of Jeolla province. Other strains, such as Bacillus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, and uncultured bacteria were also present in raw rice-straw and Chungkookjang. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A comprehensive analysis of these microorganisms would provide a more detailed understanding of the biologically active components of Chungkookjang and help improve its quality. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis can be successfully applied to a fermented food to detect unculturable or more species than the culture-dependent method. This technique is an effective and convenient culture-independent method for studying the bacterial community in Chungkookjang. In this study, the bacterial community of Chungkookjang collected from various areas in South Korea was investigated using both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Institute of Food Technologists(R) Data Source Authors Hong,S.W., Choi,J.Y., Chung,K.S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120905 PMCID Editors
A LC-MS/MS method for the determination of BADGE-related and BFDGE-related compounds in canned fish food samples based on the formation of [M+NH(4)](+) aducts	2012	Laboratorio de Salud Publica de Lugo, Conselleria de Sanidad, Xunta de Galicia, Rua Montevideo 9, 27001 Lugo, Spain. jose.manuel.miguez.mayo@sergas.es	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Chemistry Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem. Pub Date Free Form 1-Dec Volume 135 Issue 3 Start Page 1310 Other Pages 1315 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 7702639; 0 (Benzhydryl Compounds); 0 (Epoxy Compounds); 0 (bisphenol F diglycidyl ether); F3XRM1NX4H (2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane); 2011/11/03 [received]; 2012/04/17 [revised]; 2012/05/25 [accepted]; 2012/06/07 [aheado Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0308-8146; 0308-8146 Accession Number PMID: 22953859 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.099 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22953859 Abstract A new and simple liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method for the determination of different bisphenol A (BPA) derivatives such as bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) and their reaction products with water and hydrochloric acid in different fish food products was developed. The extraction procedure and the chromatographic conditions were optimised for complex food matrices such as fish products. Food samples were homogenised and extracted with a 1:1 solution of acetonitrile-hexane, the solvent was eliminated in a N(2) stream and the extract was reconstituted with 0.5mL of a 0.01M solution of ammonium formate. The sample solution obtained was directly measured by LC-MS/MS without any further purification under the developed conditions. The use of a mobile phase composed by ammonium formate-methanol in a binary gradient mode produced [M+NH(4)](+) aducts for the different BADGEs and BFDGEs. These aduct's fragmentations were employed for the LC-MS/MS quantification of BPA derivatives in canned fish samples. The results of the validation were appropriate: the method was linear for BADGE and its hydrolysed derivatives up to 1000mugkg(-1), for the remaining compounds linearity achieved up to 100mugkg(-1). Quantification limits were in the range 2-10mugkg(-1). RSD (intra and inter-day) was 6-12% and the recovery was comprised between 89% and 109%. Under the optimised conditions, the chromatographic separation was performed in 8min per sample. The method was applied to the determination of BADGE, BFDGE and their reaction products in different samples of canned fish from Spanish origin. Migration results obtained were in compliance with the EU regulations. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Miguez,J., Herrero,C., Quintas,I., Rodriguez,C., Gigosos,P.G., Mariz,O.C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120607 PMCID Editors
The combined effect of sleep deprivation and Western diet on spatial learning and memory: role of BDNF and oxidative stress	2013	Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan 22110. khalzoubi@just.edu.jo	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN Periodical, Abbrev. J.Mol.Neurosci. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 50 Issue 1 Start Page 124 Other Pages 133 Notes JID: 9002991; 0 (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor); 2012/06/30 [received]; 2012/08/26 [accepted]; 2012/09/07 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1559-1166; 0895-8696 Accession Number PMID: 22956188 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s12031-012-9881-7 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22956188 Abstract Either sleep deprivation or Western diet can impair learning and memory via induction of oxidative stress, which results in neuronal damage and interference with the neurotransmission. In this study, we examined the combined effect of sleep deprivation and Western diet on hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory. In addition, possible molecular targets for sleep deprivation and Western diet-induced cognitive impairments were investigated. Sleep deprivation was induced in rats using the modified multiple platform model simultaneous with the administration of Western diet for 6 weeks. Thereafter, spatial learning and memory were tested using radial arm water maze. At the molecular level, BDNF protein and antioxidant markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH/GSSG, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were assessed. The results of this study revealed that sleep deprivation, Western diet, or a combination of both impair short- and long-term memory (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Alzoubi,K.H., Khabour,O.F., Salah,H.A., Abu Rashid,B.E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120907 PMCID Editors
Enhanced bromate formation during chlorination of bromide-containing waters in the presence of CuO: catalytic disproportionation of hypobromous acid	2012	Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental science & technology Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Sci.Technol. Pub Date Free Form 16-Oct Volume 46 Issue 20 Start Page 11054 Other Pages 11061 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0213155; 0 (Bromates); 0 (Bromides); 0 (Drinking Water); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 712K4CDC10 (Hypochlorous Acid); 789U1901C5 (Copper); V1XJQ704R4 (cupric oxide); 2012/09/26 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1520-5851; 0013-936X Accession Number PMID: 22963047 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1021/es3021793 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22963047 Abstract Bromate (BrO(3)(-)) in drinking water is traditionally seen as an ozonation byproduct from the oxidation of bromide (Br(-)), and its formation during chlorination is usually not significant. This study shows enhanced bromate formation during chlorination of bromide-containing waters in the presence of cupric oxide (CuO). CuO was effective to catalyze hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or hypobromous acid (HOBr) decay (e.g., at least 10(4) times enhancement for HOBr at pH 8.6 by 0.2 g L(-1) CuO). Significant halate concentrations were formed from a CuO-catalyzed hypohalite disproportionation pathway. For example, the chlorate concentration was 2.7 +/- 0.2 muM (225.5 +/- 16.7 mug L(-1)) after 90 min for HOCl (C(o) = 37 muM, 2.6 mg L(-1) Cl(2)) in the presence of 0.2 g L(-1) CuO at pH 7.6, and the bromate concentration was 6.6 +/- 0.5 muM (844.8 +/- 64 mug L(-1)) after 180 min for HOBr (C(o) = 35 muM) in the presence of 0.2 g L(-1) CuO at pH 8.6. The maximum halate formation was at pHs 7.6 and 8.6 for HOCl or HOBr, respectively, which are close to their corresponding pK(a) values. In a HOCl-Br(-)-CuO system, BrO(3)(-) formation increases with increasing CuO doses and initial HOCl and Br(-) concentrations. A molar conversion (Br(-) to BrO(3)(-)) of up to (90 +/- 1)% could be achieved in the HOCl-Br(-)-CuO system because of recycling of Br(-) to HOBr by HOCl, whereas the maximum BrO(3)(-) yield in HOBr-CuO is only 26%. Bromate formation is initiated by the formation of a complex between CuO and HOBr/OBr(-), which then reacts with HOBr to generate bromite. Bromite is further oxidized to BrO(3)(-) by a second CuO-catalyzed process. These novel findings may have implications for bromate formation during chlorination of bromide-containing drinking waters in copper pipes. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Liu,C., von Gunten,U., Croue,J.P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120926 PMCID Editors
Determination of bisphenol-type endocrine disrupting compounds in food-contact recycled-paper materials by focused ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry	2012	Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, C/Madre de Dios 51, E-26006 Logrono (La Rioja), Spain.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Talanta Periodical, Abbrev. Talanta Pub Date Free Form 15-Sep Volume 99 Issue Start Page 167 Other Pages 174 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 2984816R; 0 (Benzhydryl Compounds); 0 (Endocrine Disruptors); 2012/01/11 [received]; 2012/05/15 [revised]; 2012/05/18 [accepted]; 2012/05/24 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3573; 0039-9140 Accession Number PMID: 22967537 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.035 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22967537 Abstract Focused ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) and reverse-phase ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to a quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOF-MS) was applied to the determination of bisphenol-type endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in food-contact recycled-paper materials. Recycled paper is a potential source of EDCs. Bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF) and their derivatives bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) are used for the production of epoxy resins employed in the formulation of printing inks. The FUSLE of bisphenol-type EDCs from packaging is reported for the first time. First, different extraction solvents were studied and methanol was selected. Then, the main FUSLE factors affecting the extraction efficiency (solvent volume, extraction time and ultrasonic irradiation power) were studied by means of a central composite design. The FUSLE conditions selected for further experiments were 20 ml of methanol at ultrasonic amplitude of 100% for 5s. Finally, the number of extraction cycles necessary for complete extraction was established in two. The analysis of the FUSLE extracts was carried out by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS with electrospray ionization and the determination of the four analytes took place in only 4 min. The FUSLE and UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS method was validated and applied to the analysis of different food-contact recycled-paper-based materials and packaging. The proposed method provided recoveries from 72% to 97%, repeatability and intermediate precision under 9% and 14%, respectively, and detection limits of 0.33, 0.16, 0.65 and 0.40 mug/g for BPA, BPF, BADGE and BFDGE, respectively. The analysis of paper and cardboard samples confirmed the presence of EDCs in these packaging. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Perez-Palacios,D., Fernandez-Recio,M.A., Moreta,C., Tena,M.T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120524 PMCID Editors
Study on the status of cigarette smoking in youths from three cities of China	2012	Tobacco Control Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China. xiaolinst@yhaoo.com.cn	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi Periodical, Abbrev. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 33 Issue 7 Start Page 676 Other Pages 680 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8208604; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 0254-6450; 0254-6450 Accession Number PMID: 22968015 Language chi SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22968015 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To understand the smoking status and related factors in middle school students from Hangzhou, Taiyuan and Guiyang cites. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was adopted with 11 171 students randomly selected through a stratified cluster sampling method. A self-administrated questionnaire survey was employed, which including the information of respondents' background characteristics, cigarette smoking, exposure to tobacco advertisement, recognition on indirect tobacco advertisement, exposure to second-hand smoke, related knowledge, attitude and perceptions towards tobacco use etc. Data was weighted by the amount of male and female students in junior high, senior high and vocational middle schools in the above said three cities and was analyzed by complex sampling analysis methods of SPSS 15.0. Confidence Intervals of each indicator were used to evaluate for difference between groups. Logistic regression was used to explore the potential factors associated with smoking in youths. RESULTS: The overall attempted smoking rate of the three cities was 26.2% (95%CI: 23.6 - 29.1), with male as 39.9% and female 12.5% respectively. The current smoking rate was 12.5% (95%CI: 11.1 - 14.2) with boys as 21.9% and girls as 3.2%. The smoking rate were different among three kinds of schools, with vocational school was the highest (25.8%), followed by senior high (7.9%) and junior high (6.3%). The rate of smoking was different among cities, lower with better economic situation. The average age of debut was 11.9 years old. Nearly half of the students who smoked had no intention to quit. Factors that associated with smoking would include: having or wishing to have tobacco promotion products, having friends or families who smoke, their friends' attitude towards smoking behavior, and misconceptions about smoking such as underestimate the harm of smoking and the difficulty of quitting, realizing that smoking was an important way for social contact, and to be seen as being matured etc. CONCLUSION: Boys are much more likely than girls to smoke cigarette. Smoking prevalence is much higher in low-income cities. Additianally, it should be concerned that girls has higher smoking rate than female adults. It is urgent for tobacco control among adolescents, especially in low-income area in China. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Xiao,L., Jiang,Y., Li,Q., Feng,G.Z., Nan,Y. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Temporal trends in the relative prevalence of dysphagia etiologies from 1999-2009	2012	Division of Gastroenterology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full World journal of gastroenterology Periodical, Abbrev. World J.Gastroenterol. Pub Date Free Form 28-Aug Volume 18 Issue 32 Start Page 4335 Other Pages 4341 Notes LR: 20151022; JID: 100883448; 0 (Proton Pump Inhibitors); OID: NLM: PMC3436048; OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/06/06 [received]; 2012/07/30 [revised]; 2012/08/03 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 2219-2840; 1007-9327 Accession Number PMID: 22969196 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.3748/wjg.v18.i32.4335 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22969196 Abstract AIM: To examine the relative prevalence and temporal variation of dysphagia etiologies in patients undergoing upper endoscopy (EGD) over the past decade. METHODS: EGDs with the indication of dysphagia at an urban, university medical center in 1999, 2004 and 2009 were retrospectively identified from the electronic medical record. The entire patient chart, including EGD, pathology, manometry, radiographic and clinician reports, was reviewed for demographic and clinical data and to determine the etiology of dysphagia. The number of EGDs in which an esophageal biopsy was performed was also noted. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) as a cause of dysphagia independent of peptic stricture was defined by symptoms with erosive esophagitis or symptom response to proton pump inhibition (PPI). Cases of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) were defined by an appropriate clinical history and histological criteria of >/= 15 eosinophils per high powered field. PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia was not routinely reported prior to 2008. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance to analyze for trends between 1999, 2004 and 2009 and a post-hoc Tukey analysis was performed following a significant main effect. RESULTS: A total of 1371 cases (mean age 54 years, 43% male) met pre-specified inclusion criteria with 191, 504 and 675 cases in 1999, 2004 and 2009, respectively. Patients were older in 2004 compared to 2009 (mean +/- SD, 54.0 +/- 15.7 years vs 52.3 +/- 16.8 years, P = 0.02) and there were more males in 1999 compared to 2004 (57.5% vs 40.8%, P = 0.005). Overall, GERD (27.6%) and EoE (7.7%) were the most common identifiable causes of dysphagia. An unspecified diagnosis accounted for 21% of overall cases. There were no significant differences in the relative prevalence of achalasia or other motility disorders, peptic stricture, Schatzki's ring, esophageal cancer or unspecified diagnoses over the 10-year time period. There was, however, a decrease in the relative prevalence of GERD (39.3% vs 24.1%, P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kidambi,T., Toto,E., Ho,N., Taft,T., Hirano,I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC3436048 Editors
Racial differences in the relationship between tobacco dependence and nicotine and carcinogen exposure	2013	Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 108 Issue 3 Start Page 607 Other Pages 617 Notes LR: 20160330; CI: (c) 2012 The Authors, Addiction (c) 2012; GR: CA78603/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: DA02277/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: DA12393/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA002277/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R25 CA113710/CA Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1360-0443; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 22971134 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04077.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22971134 Abstract AIMS: To investigate the relationships between tobacco dependence, biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure and biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure per cigarette in back and white smokers. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 204 healthy black (n = 69) and white (n = 135) smokers were enrolled into two clinical studies. MEASUREMENT: Nicotine equivalents (nicotine and its metabolites), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3)pyridyl-1-butanol (NNAL) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were measured in urine. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and time to first cigarette (TFC) measured tobacco dependence. FINDINGS: Average TFC and FTND for blacks and whites were not significantly different. Urine NNAL and nicotine equivalents increased with increasing FTND in whites but did not increase in blacks (race x FTND interaction, both P 15 minutes; high dependence, TFC =15 minutes), FTND and TFC were not correlated significantly with urine nicotine equivalents and carcinogen exposure in blacks. We found moderate correlations between FTND and TFC and nicotine equivalents and carcinogen exposure among whites of low dependence and non-significant correlations among whites of high dependence. CONCLUSION: In the United States, tobacco dependence measures were related linearly to nicotine intake and carcinogen exposure in white but not in black smokers. The relationship between dependence measures and tobacco biomarkers in black smokers regardless of level of dependence resembled highly dependent white smokers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for the Study of Addiction Data Source Authors St Helen,G., Dempsey,D., Wilson,M., Jacob,P.,3rd, Benowitz,N.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121101 PMCID PMC3553231 Editors

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