WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Web-based smoking cessation intervention that transitions from inpatient to outpatient: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial	2012	Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama 35249-7337, USA. kharring@uab.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Trials Periodical, Abbrev. Trials Pub Date Free Form 1-Aug Volume 13 Issue Start Page 123 Other Pages 6215-13-123 Notes LR: 20150224; ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01277250; GR: 1U01DA031515/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: CA159533/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: DA031515/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: HL105218/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; GR: HL105229/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1745-6215; 1745-6215 Accession Number PMID: 22852802 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1186/1745-6215-13-123 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22852802 Abstract BACKGROUND: E-health tools are a new mechanism to expand patient care, allowing supplemental resources to usual care, including enhanced patient-provider communication. These applications to smoking cessation have yet to be tested in a hospitalized patient sample. This project aims to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a tailored web-based and e-message smoking cessation program for current smokers that, upon hospital discharge, transitions the patient to continue a quit attempt when home (Decide2Quit). DESIGN: A randomized two-arm follow-up design will test the effectiveness of an evidence- and theoretically-based smoking cessation program designed for post-hospitalization. METHODS: A total of 1,488 patients aged 19 or older, who smoked cigarettes in the previous 30 days, are being recruited from 27 patient care areas of a large urban university hospital. Study-eligible hospitalized patients receiving usual tobacco cessation usual care are offered study referral. Trained hospital staff assist the 744 patients who are being randomized to the intervention arm with registration and orientation to the intervention website. This e-mail and web-based program offers tailored messages as well as education, self-assessment and planning aids, and social support to promote tobacco use cessation. Condition-blind study staff assess participants for tobacco use history and behaviors, tobacco use cost-related information, co-morbidities and psychosocial factors at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome is self-reported 30-day tobacco abstinence at 6 months follow-up. Secondary outcomes include 7-day point prevalence quit rates at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up, 30-day point prevalence quit rates at 3 and 12 months, biologically confirmed tobacco abstinence at 6-month follow-up, and multiple point-prevalence quit rates based on self-reported tobacco abstinence rates at each follow-up time period. Healthcare utilization and quality of life are assessed at baseline, and 6- and 12-month follow-up to measure program cost-effectiveness from the hospital, healthcare payer, patient, and societal perspectives. DISCUSSION: Given the impact of tobacco use on medical resources, establishing feasible, cost-effective methods for reducing tobacco use is imperative. Given the minimal hospital staff burden and the automated transition to a post-hospitalization tailored intervention, this program could be an easily disseminated approach. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Intervention Trial NCT01277250. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Harrington,K.F., McDougal,J.A., Pisu,M., Zhang,B., Sadasivam,R.S., Houston,T.K., Bailey,W.C., CHART Collaborative Group Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120801 PMCID PMC3533743 Editors
Shear strength of composite bonded to Er:YAG laser-prepared enamel: an in vitro comparative study	2013	Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, frankyung@rogers.com.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Lasers in medical science Periodical, Abbrev. Lasers Med.Sci. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 28 Issue 3 Start Page 879 Other Pages 889 Notes LR: 20141120; JID: 8611515; 0 (Composite Resins); 2011/10/22 [received]; 2012/07/16 [accepted]; 2012/08/02 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1435-604X; 0268-8921 Accession Number PMID: 22855382 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1007/s10103-012-1169-1 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22855382 Abstract The primary objective of this study is to investigate the adhesion properties between four current generations of bonding systems and enamel surface conditioned by Er:YAG laser, using an energy density comparable to the ablation threshold of enamel. By including an energy density comparable to published adhesion studies, the secondary objective is to compare the adhesion effects of these selected laser conditioning parameters on enamel with other similar published studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Buccal sides of randomly selected human molars (N=117) were prepared and divided into nine experimental groups depending on the generations of bonding system represented by the corresponding number (G4, G5, G6, G7) and the additional laser conditioning on the enamel surface represented by laser etch (LE) and laser etch with a higher pulse energy, followed by acid etch (AE), if required. The bonding resin systems and their specific requirements were applied after the enamel surfaces were laser conditioned following a specific set of laser parameters. Composite posts of 1.6 mm in diameter and approximately 6 mm in length were then restored on each of the sample surfaces. After 48 h, the composite assemblies were tested to failure under compression using a knife edge loading head at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min until the composite cylinders were separated from the surface. The data collected were then analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and SAS software program (9.1, TS1M3). RESULTS: No significant difference was found among these groups: AE+G4/LEAE+G4, G6/LE+G6, and G7/LE+G7. Significant differences were found in the remaining groups: AE+G5/LEAE+G5, AE+G5/LEAE-H+G5, and LEAE+G5/LEAE-H+G5. The bond strength results were compared among similar published data and possible influences from different laser parameters, bonding systems, and their combined impact on the enamel surface and its adhesion properties were analyzed. CONCLUSION: Under our specific settings, additional laser conditioning after phosphoric acid etch is beneficial to one generation of bonding resin (G5). There is no significant change or detrimental effect to the other three groups (G4, G6, and G7) of bonding resins with respect to their final bond strength. The published reports of lower bond strength after additional laser conditioning may be related to thermal damage or unfavorable alteration to the enamel surface by excessive laser energy and the chemistry of bonding systems studied. These factors will affect the overall wettability and the subsequent adhesion properties of the enamel surface. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Yung,F.Y., Gutknecht,N., Franzen,R., Fischer,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120802 PMCID Editors
Multimodality evaluation of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms who have failed empiric proton pump inhibitor therapy	2013	El Camino GI Medical Associates, Mountain View, California, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus / I.S.D.E Periodical, Abbrev. Dis.Esophagus Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 26 Issue 5 Start Page 443 Other Pages 450 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: (c) 2012 Copyright the Authors. Journal compilation (c) 2012; JID: 8809160; 0 (Proton Pump Inhibitors); OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/08/02 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1442-2050; 1120-8694 Accession Number PMID: 22862422 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2012.01381.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22862422 Abstract Patients with symptoms suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), such as chest pain, heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia, are typically treated initially with a course of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). The evaluation of patients who have either not responded at all or partially and inadequately responded to such therapy requires a more detailed history and may involve an endoscopy and esophageal biopsies, followed by esophageal manometry, ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring, and gastric emptying scanning. To assess the merits of a multimodality 'structural' and 'functional' assessment of the esophagus in patients who have inadequately controlled GERD symptoms despite using empiric PPI, a retrospective cohort study of patients without any response or with poor symptomatic control to empiric PPI (>2 months duration) who were referred to an Esophageal Studies Unit was conducted. Patients were studied using symptom questionnaires, endoscopy (+ or - for erosive disease, or Barrett's metaplasia) and multilevel esophageal biopsies (eosinophilia, metaplasia), esophageal motility (aperistalsis, dysmotility), 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring (+ if % total time pH 5%), and gastric emptying scanning (+ if >10% retention at 4 hours and >70% at 2 hours). Over 3 years, 275 patients (147 men and 128 women) aged 16-89 years underwent complete multimodality testing. Forty percent (n= 109) had nonerosive reflux disease (esophagogastroduodenoscopy [EGD]-, biopsy-, pH+); 19.3% (n= 53) had erosive esophagitis (EGD+); 5.5% (n= 15) Barrett's esophagus (EGD+, metaplasia+); 5.5% (n= 15) eosinophilic esophagitis (biopsy+); 2.5% (n= 7) had achalasia and 5.8% (n= 16) other dysmotility (motility+, pH-); 16% (n= 44) had functional heartburn (EGD-, pH-), and 5.8% (n= 16) had gastroparesis (gastric scan+). Cumulative symptom scores for chest pain, heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia were similar among the groups (mean range 1.1-1.35 on a 0-3 scale). Multimodality evaluation changed the diagnosis of GERD in 34.5% of cases and led to or guided alternative therapies in 42%. Overlap diagnoses were frequent: 10/15 (67%) of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, 12/16 (75%) of patients with gastroparesis, and 11/23 (48%) of patients with achalasia or dysmotility had concomitant pathologic acid reflux by pH studies. Patients with persistent GERD symptoms despite empiric PPI therapy benefit from multimodality evaluation that may change the diagnosis and guide therapy in more than one third of such cases. Because symptoms are not specific and overlap diagnoses are frequent and multifaceted, objective evidence-driven therapies should be considered in such patients. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus Data Source Authors Galindo,G., Vassalle,J., Marcus,S.N., Triadafilopoulos,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120802 PMCID Editors
Legionella on board trains: effectiveness of environmental surveillance and decontamination	2012	Institute of Hygiene, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Lgo F, Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 7-Aug Volume 12 Issue Start Page 618 Other Pages 2458-12-618 Notes LR: 20150224; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC3519711; 2012/01/20 [received]; 2012/07/30 [accepted]; 2012/08/07 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 22870945 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-12-618 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22870945 Abstract BACKGROUND: Legionella pneumophila is increasingly recognised as a significant cause of sporadic and epidemic community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia. Many studies describe the frequency and severity of Legionella spp. contamination in spa pools, natural pools, hotels and ships, but there is no study analysing the environmental monitoring of Legionella on board trains. The aims of the present study were to conduct periodic and precise environmental surveillance of Legionella spp. in water systems and water tanks that supply the toilet systems on trains, to assess the degree of contamination of such structures and to determine the effectiveness of decontamination. METHODS: A comparative pre-post ecological study was conducted from September 2006 to January 2011. A total of 1,245 water samples were collected from plumbing and toilet water tanks on passenger trains. The prevalence proportion of all positive samples was calculated. The unpaired t-test was performed to evaluate statistically significant differences between the mean load values before and after the decontamination procedures; statistical significance was set at p = 0.05. RESULTS: In the pre-decontamination period, 58% of the water samples were positive for Legionella. Only Legionella pneumophila was identified: 55.84% were serogroup 1, 19.03% were serogroups 2-14 and 25.13% contained both serogroups. The mean bacterial load value was 2.14 x 10(3) CFU/L. During the post-decontamination period, 42.75% of water samples were positive for Legionella spp.; 98.76% were positive for Legionella pneumophila: 74.06% contained serogroup 1, 16.32% contained serogroups 2-14 and 9.62% contained both. The mean bacterial load in the post-decontamination period was 1.72 x 10(3) CFU/L. According to the t-test, there was a statistically significant decrease in total bacterial load until approximately one and a half year after beginning the decontamination programme (p = 0.0097). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that systematic environmental surveillance could be a useful approach for assessing the risk of exposure to Legionella bacteria, which still represents a public health threat. According to the study results, an environmental surveillance programme, followed by decontamination procedures where necessary, would decrease the total bacterial count, protecting the health of travellers and workers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Quaranta,G., Vincenti,S., Ferriero,A.M., Boninti,F., Sezzatini,R., Turnaturi,C., Gliubizzi,M.D., Munafo,E., Ceccarelli,G., Causarano,C., Accorsi,M., Del Nord,P., Ricciardi,W., Laurenti,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120807 PMCID PMC3519711 Editors
Current tobacco use among middle and high school students--United States, 2011	2012		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 10-Aug Volume 61 Issue 31 Start Page 581 Other Pages 585 Notes JID: 7802429; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-861X; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 22874835 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI mm6131a1 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22874835 Abstract Tobacco use continues to be the leading preventable cause of death and disease in the United States, with nearly 443,000 deaths occurring annually because of cigarette smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. Moreover, nearly 90% of adult smokers begin smoking by age 18 years. To assess current tobacco use among youths, CDC analyzed data from the 2011 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS). This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that, in 2011, the prevalence of current tobacco use among middle school and high school students was 7.1% and 23.2%, respectively, and the prevalence of current cigarette use was 4.3%, and 15.8%, respectively. During 2000-2011, among middle school students, a linear downward trend was observed in the prevalence of current tobacco use (14.9% to 7.1%), current combustible tobacco use (14.0% to 6.3%), and current cigarette use (10.7% to 4.3%). For high school students, a linear downward trend also was observed in these measures (current tobacco use [34.4% to 23.2%], current combustible tobacco use [33.1% to 21.0%], and current cigarette use [27.9% to 15.8%]). Interventions that are proven to prevent and reduce tobacco use among youths include media campaigns, limiting advertisements and other promotions, increasing the price of tobacco products, and reducing the availability of tobacco products for purchase by youths. These interventions should continue to be implemented as part of national comprehensive tobacco control programs and should be coordinated with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations restricting the sale, distribution, and marketing of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products to youths. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Visual attention to health warnings on plain tobacco packaging in adolescent smokers and non-smokers	2013	School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. olivia.maynard@bristol.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 108 Issue 2 Start Page 413 Other Pages 419 Notes CI: (c) 2012 The Authors, Addiction (c) 2012; JID: 9304118; 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); 2012/04/11 [received]; 2012/05/16 [revised]; 2012/07/20 [accepted]; 2012/10/18 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1360-0443; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 22882736 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Multicenter Study; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04028.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22882736 Abstract AIMS: Previous research with adults indicates that plain packaging increases visual attention to health warnings in adult non-smokers and weekly smokers, but not daily smokers. The present research extends this study to adolescents aged 14-19 years. DESIGN: Mixed-model experimental design, with smoking status as a between-subjects factor and pack type (branded or plain pack) and eye gaze location (health warning or branding) as within-subjects factors. SETTING: Three secondary schools in Bristol, UK. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of adolescents comprising never-smokers (n = 26), experimenters (n = 34), weekly smokers (n = 13) and daily smokers (n = 14). MEASUREMENTS: Number of eye movements to health warnings and branding on plain and branded packs. FINDINGS: Analysis of variance, irrespective of smoking status revealed more eye movements to health warnings than branding on plain packs, but an equal number of eye movements to both regions on branded packs (P = 0.033). This was observed among experimenters (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for the Study of Addiction Data Source Authors Maynard,O.M., Munafo,M.R., Leonards,U. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121018 PMCID Editors
Vortex-assisted extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment by high performance liquid chromatography	2012	Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of separation science Periodical, Abbrev. J.Sep.Sci. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 35 Issue 20 Start Page 2796 Other Pages 2804 Notes CI: (c) 2012; JID: 101088554; 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 2012/03/04 [received]; 2012/06/12 [revised]; 2012/06/13 [accepted]; 2012/08/15 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1615-9314; 1615-9306 Accession Number PMID: 22893532 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1002/jssc.201200234 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22893532 Abstract A simple, rapid, and efficient method, vortex-assisted extraction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been developed for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment samples prior to analysis by high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection. Acetonitrile was used as collecting solvent for the extraction of PAHs from sediment by vortex-assisted extraction. In DLLME, PAHs were rapidly transferred from acetonitrile to dichloromethane. Under the optimum conditions, the method yields a linear calibration curve in the concentration range from 10 to 2100 ng g(-1) for fluorene, anthracene, chrysene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene, and 20 to 2100 ng g(-1) for other target analytes. Coefficients of determinations ranged from 0.9986 to 0.9994. The limits of detection, based on signal-to-noise ratio of three, ranged from 2.3 to 6.8 ng g(-1) . Reproducibility and recoveries was assessed by extracting a series of six independent sediment samples, which were spiked with different concentration levels. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied in analyses of real nature sediment samples. The proposed method extended and improved the application of DLLME to solid samples, which greatly shorten the extraction time and simplified the extraction process. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Data Source Authors Leng,G., Lui,G., Chen,Y., Yin,H., Dan,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120815 PMCID Editors
The role of tobacco promoting and restraining factors in smoking intentions among Ghanaian youth	2012	Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Private Mail Bag, University Post Office, Cape Coast, Ghana. dokudavid@gmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 15-Aug Volume 12 Issue Start Page 662 Other Pages 2458-12-662 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC3490846; 2012/04/30 [received]; 2012/08/09 [accepted]; 2012/08/15 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 22894679 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-12-662 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22894679 Abstract BACKGROUND: In Western countries, the relationship between smoking intentions and smoking behaviour is well established. However, youth smoking intentions and associated factors in developing countries are largely unexplored and the former may occur for a variety of reasons. We investigated youth smoking intentions in Ghana with regard to several tobacco promoting and restraining factors, including environmental, familial, attitudinal and knowledge measures. METHODS: A school-based survey of a representative sample of 12-20-year-olds was conducted in 2008 in Ghana (N = 1338, response rate 89.7%). RESULTS: In a bivariate model, both among ever and never smokers, allowing smoking on school compound, exposure to tobacco advertisement and parental smoking were associated with future intention to smoke. Compared to those who agreed that smoking is harmful to health, smoking is difficult to quit and that tobacco should not be sold to minors, those who disagreed or were not sure were more likely to have an intention to smoke. In the multivariate analyses, these associations persisted, except that the attitude measures concerning the difficulty of quitting smoking once started and tobacco sales ban were no longer significantly associated with smoking intentions. CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the importance of school smoking policy, parental smoking behaviour and knowledge of the harmful effects of tobacco use in determining Ghanaian youths' future smoking intentions. Because current high percentages of smoking intentions may turn into high smoking rates in the future, the introduction of effective tobacco control measures at all levels of society to prevent youth smoking in Ghana may be essential. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Doku,D., Raisamo,S., Wiium,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120815 PMCID PMC3490846 Editors
Nicotine vaccines for smoking cessation	2012	Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University ofOxford, Oxford, UK. jamie.hartmann-boyce@phc.ox.ac.uk.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 15-Aug Volume (8):CD007072. doi Issue 8 Start Page CD007072 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; 0 (NicVAX); 0 (Vaccines); 0 (nicotine Qbeta vaccine); epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 22895958 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD007072.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22895958 Abstract BACKGROUND: By reducing the amount of nicotine that reaches the brain when a person smokes a cigarette, nicotine vaccines may help people to stop smoking or to prevent recent quitters from relapsing. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this review are to assess the efficacy of nicotine vaccines for smoking cessation and for relapse prevention, and to assess the frequency and type of adverse events associated with the use of nicotine vaccines. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Review Group specialised register for trials, using the term 'vaccine' in the title or abstract, or in a keyword (date of most recent search April 2012). To identify any other material including reviews and papers potentially relevant to the background or discussion sections, we also searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO, combining terms for nicotine vaccines with terms for smoking and tobacco use, without design limits or limits for human subjects. We searched the Annual Meeting abstracts of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco up to 2012, using the search string 'vaccin'. We searched Google Scholar for 'nicotine vaccine'. We also searched company websites and Google for information related to specific vaccines. We searched clinicaltrials.gov in March 2012 for 'nicotine vaccine' and for the trade names of known vaccine candidates. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials of nicotine vaccines, at Phase II and Phase III trial stage and beyond, in adult smokers or recent ex-smokers. We included studies of nicotine vaccines used as part of smoking cessation or relapse prevention interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data on the type of participants, the dose and duration of treatment, the outcome measures, the randomization procedure, concealment of allocation, blinding of participants and personnel, reporting of outcomes, and completeness of follow-up.Our primary outcome measure was a minimum of six months abstinence from smoking. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence, and preferred cessation rates at 12 months and biochemically validated rates where available. We have used the risk ratio (RR) to summarize individual trial outcomes. We have not pooled the current group of included studies as they cover different vaccines and variable regimens. MAIN RESULTS: There are no nicotine vaccines currently licensed for public use, but there are a number in development. We found four trials which met our inclusion criteria, three comparing NicVAX to placebo and one comparing NIC002 (formerly NicQbeta) to placebo. All were smoking cessation trials conducted by pharmaceutical companies as part of the drug development process, and all trials were judged to be at high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain. Overall, 2642 smokers participated in the included studies in this review. None of the four included studies detected a statistically significant difference in long-term cessation between participants receiving vaccine and those receiving placebo. The RR for 12 month cessation in active and placebo groups was 1.35 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.82 to 2.22) in the trial of NIC002 and 1.74 (95% CI 0.73 to 4.18) in one NicVAX trial. Two Phase III NicVAX trials, for which full results were not available, reported similar quit rates of approximately 11% in both groups. In the two studies with full results available, post hoc analyses detected higher cessation rates in participants with higher levels of nicotine antibodies, but these findings are not readily generalisable. The two studies with full results showed nicotine vaccines to be well tolerated, with the majority of adverse events classified as mild or moderate. In the study of NIC002, participants receiving the vaccine were more likely to report mild to moderate adverse events, most commonly flu-like symptoms, whereas in the study of NicVAX there was no significant difference between the two arms. Information on adverse events wa Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hartmann-Boyce,J., Cahill,K., Hatsukami,D., Cornuz,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120815 PMCID Editors
Microbiological components in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke	2012	Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Lennart.Larsson@med.lu.se.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco induced diseases Periodical, Abbrev. Tob Induc Dis. Pub Date Free Form 16-Aug Volume 10 Issue 1 Start Page 13 Other Pages Notes LR: 20130402; JID: 101201591; OID: NLM: PMC3444954; 2012/06/08 [received]; 2012/08/08 [accepted]; 2012/08/16 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1617-9625; 1617-9625 Accession Number PMID: 22898193 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 1617-9625-10-13 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22898193 Abstract BACKGROUND: Research has shown that tobacco smoke contains substances of microbiological origin such as ergosterol (a fungal membrane lipid) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria). The aim of the present study was to compare the amounts of ergosterol and LPS in the tobacco and mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke of some popular US cigarettes. METHODS: We measured LPS 3-hydroxy fatty acids and fungal biomass biomarker ergosterol in the tobacco and smoke from cigarettes of 11 popular brands purchased in the US. University of Kentucky reference cigarettes were also included for comparison. RESULTS: The cigarette tobacco of the different brands contained 6.88-16.17 (mean 10.64) pmol LPS and 8.27-21.00 (mean 14.05) ng ergosterol/mg. There was a direct correlation between the amounts of ergosterol and LPS in cigarette tobacco and in MS smoke collected using continuous suction; the MS smoke contained 3.65-8.23% (ergosterol) and 10.02-20.13% (LPS) of the amounts in the tobacco. Corresponding percentages were 0.30-0.82% (ergosterol) and 0.42-1.10% (LPS) for SS smoke collected without any ongoing suction, and 2.18% and 2.56% for MS smoke collected from eight two-second puffs. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco smoke is a bioaerosol likely to contain a wide range of potentially harmful bacterial and fungal components. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Larsson,L., Pehrson,C., Dechen,T., Crane-Godreau,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120816 PMCID PMC3444954 Editors

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