WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Graphene oxide bonded fused-silica fiber for solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water	2012	Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of separation science Periodical, Abbrev. J.Sep.Sci. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 35 Issue 1 Start Page 93 Other Pages 100 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 101088554; 0 (Oxides); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 7631-86-9 (Silicon Dioxide); 7782-42-5 (Graphite); 2011/07/14 [received]; 2011/09/02 [revised]; 2011/09/26 [accepted]; 2011/11/28 [a Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1615-9314; 1615-9306 Accession Number PMID: 22125228 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1002/jssc.201100612 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22125228 Abstract A novel chemically bonded graphene oxide/fused-silica fiber was prepared and applied in solid-phase microextraction of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples coupled with gas chromatography. It exhibited high extraction efficiency and excellent stability. Effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, ionic strength, stirring rate and desorption conditions were investigated and optimized in our work. Detection limits to the six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were less than 0.08 mug/L, and their calibration curves were all linear (R(2)>/=0.9954) in the range from 0.05 to 200 mug/L. Single fiber repeatability and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility were less than 6.13 and 15.87%, respectively. This novel fiber was then utilized to analyze two real water samples from the Yellow River and local waterworks, and the recoveries of samples spiked at 1 and 10 mug/L ranged from 84.48 to 118.24%. Compared with other coating materials, this graphene oxide-coated fiber showed many advantages: wide linear range, low detection limit, and good stability in acid, alkali, organic solutions and at high temperature. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Data Source Authors Xu,L., Feng,J., Li,J., Liu,X., Jiang,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111128 PMCID Editors
Microbial diversity of a community for ensiling rice straw at low temperature and fermentation dynamics	2011	College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China. ayanghy@yahoo.com.cn	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Wei sheng wu xue bao = Acta microbiologica Sinica Periodical, Abbrev. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 51 Issue 9 Start Page 1248 Other Pages 1255 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 21610860R; 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 0001-6209; 0001-6209 Accession Number PMID: 22126081 Language chi SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22126081 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To accelerate the conversion of rice straw into feeds in the low-temperature region, a microbial community was constructed by continuous enrichment cultivation. Microbial diversity and dynamics during the fermentation at 10 degrees C was analyzed. METHODS: The community was selected at 5 degrees C under static condition. To analyze the inoculating effects, the community and commercial inoculant ( CI: composed of Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, L. salivarilus, Pediococcus acidilactici) were respectively inoculated into the rice straw for 30 d fermentation at 10 degrees C. Fermented products were detected by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Composition microorganisms of the community were analyzed using cloning library. Microbial dynamics during the fermentation was detected by denatured gradient gel eletrophoresis (DGGE). Quantitative PCR was used for tracking the composition microorganisms of the community during the fermentation. RESULTS: The results from 16S rDNA cloning library showed that the community was mainly composed of Lactobacillus spp. and Leuconostoc spp. At 6d fermentation, the pH and the lactic acid bacterial colony forming units (LAB CFUs) in the fermented rice straw with the community amounted to 4.3 and 2.9 x 10(9) CFU/g fresh matter (FM), respectively. The pH and LAB CFUs with the CI were respectively 5.3 and 2.9 x 10(9) CFU/g FM. At 30 d fermentation, the lactic acid concentrations with the community and the CI were respectively 8.1 g/kg FM and 2.0 g/kg FM. From DGGE patterns, both L. sakei and Leuconostoc inhae of the community were detected at 6d fermentation and existed during the fermentation. For the treatment with the CI, the uncultured bacterium was detected at 6d fermentation besides the composition microorganisms of the CI. At 16d and 30d fermentation, only L. plantarum and E. faecium were detected. Quantitative PCR showed DNA mass of L. sakei amounted to 41.0% at 6d fermentation in the treatment with the community. At 16d, DNA mass of L. sakei was 65%. The highest value (5.5%) of DNA mass of Le inhae appeared at 6d of fermentation. CONCLUSION: The community could effectively colonize into the rice straw fermentation system and accelerate the fermentation process at low temperature. The dominating microorganism of the community was L. sakei at 10 degrees C. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Yang,H., Yuan,X., Liu,X., Wang,X., Cui,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Determination of synthetic polycyclic musks in aqueous samples by ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry	2012	Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li 320, Taiwan.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Periodical, Abbrev. Anal.Bioanal Chem. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 402 Issue 4 Start Page 1723 Other Pages 1730 Notes LR: 20160512; JID: 101134327; 0 (Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 095I377U8F (musk); 2011/08/07 [received]; 2011/11/11 [accepted]; 2011/11/08 [revised]; 2011/12/04 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1618-2650; 1618-2642 Accession Number PMID: 22139524 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s00216-011-5573-3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22139524 Abstract A simple and solvent-minimized procedure for the determination of six commonly found synthetic polycyclic musks in aqueous samples using ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of analytes from water samples were systematically investigated. The best extraction conditions involved the rapid injection of a mixture of 1.0 mL of isopropyl alcohol (as a dispersant) and 10 muL of carbon tetrachloride (as an extractant) into 10 mL of water containing 0.5 g of sodium chloride in a conical-bottom glass tube. After ultrasonication for 1.0 min and centrifugation at 5,000 rpm (10 min), the sedimented phase 1.0 muL was directly injected into the GC-MS system. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were less than 0.6 ng/L. The precision for these analytes, as indicated by relative standard deviations (RSDs), was less than 11% for both intra- and interday analysis. Accuracy, expressed as the mean extraction recovery, was between 71 and 104%. Their total concentrations were determined in the range from 8.3 to 63.9 ng/L in various environmental samples by using a standard addition method. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Yang,C.Y., Ding,W.H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111204 PMCID Editors
Patterns of water-pipe and cigarette smoking initiation in schoolchildren: Irbid longitudinal smoking study	2012	Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3820 DeSoto Avenue, Browning Hall 114, Memphis, TN 38152, USA. fmzayek@memphis.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 14 Issue 4 Start Page 448 Other Pages 454 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 059QF0KO0R (Water); OID: NLM: PMC3313787; 2011/12/02 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 22140149 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntr234 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22140149 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Tobacco use remains a major public health problem worldwide. Water-pipe smoking is spreading rapidly and threatening to undermine the successes achieved in tobacco control. METHODS: A school-based longitudinal study in the city of Irbid, Jordan, was performed from 2008 to 2010. All seventh-grade students in 19 randomly selected schools, out of a total of 60 schools in the city, were enrolled at baseline and surveyed annually. RESULTS: Of the 1781 students enrolled at baseline 1,701 (95.5%) were still in the study at the end of the second year of follow-up (869 boys, median age at baseline 13 years). Ever and current water-pipe smoking were higher than those of cigarette smoking at baseline (ever smoking: 25.9% vs. 17.6% and current smoking: 13.3% vs. 5.3% for water-pipe and cigarette smoking, respectively; p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mzayek,F., Khader,Y., Eissenberg,T., Al Ali,R., Ward,K.D., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111202 PMCID PMC3313787 Editors
Highly porous silica-polyaniline nanocomposite as a novel solid-phase microextraction fiber coating	2012	Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. mbgholivand@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of separation science Periodical, Abbrev. J.Sep.Sci. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 35 Issue 1 Start Page 101 Other Pages 106 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 101088554; 0 (Aniline Compounds); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 0 (polyaniline); 7631-86-9 (Silicon Dioxide); 2011/08/03 [received]; 2011/09/14 [revised]; 2011/09/28 [accepted]; 2011/12 Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1615-9314; 1615-9306 Accession Number PMID: 22144100 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1002/jssc.201100694 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22144100 Abstract A highly porous fiber-coated SBA-15/polyaniline material was prepared for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The SBA-15/polyaniline nanocomposite was synthesized via chemical polymerization. The prepared SBA-15/polyaniline particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The prepared nanomaterial was immobilized onto a stainless steel wire for fabrication of the SPME fiber. The fiber was evaluated for the extraction of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from aqueous sample solutions in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In optimum conditions (extraction temperature 60 degrees C, extraction time 40 min, ionic strength 20%, stirring rate: 500 rpm, desorption temperature 260 degrees C, desorption time 2 min), the repeatability for one fiber (n=3), expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD%), was between 5.3 and 8.6% for the test compounds. For deionized water, spiked with selected PAHs, the detection limits for the studied compounds were between 2 and 20 pg/mL. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Data Source Authors Gholivand,M.B., Abolghasemi,M.M., Fattahpour,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111205 PMCID Editors
The relationship between osteoporosis and periodontitis in women aged 45-70 years	2012	Department of Periodontology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. epepela@dent.uoa.gr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Oral diseases Periodical, Abbrev. Oral Dis. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 18 Issue 4 Start Page 353 Other Pages 359 Notes CI: (c) 2011; JID: 9508565; 2011/12/12 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 1601-0825; 1354-523X Accession Number PMID: 22151499 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Multicenter Study; D DOI 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01881.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22151499 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible relationship between the osteoporotic condition and the severity of periodontitis in women aged 45-70 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety women with generalized chronic periodontitis, aged 45-70 years, were studied. Areal bone mineral density (BMDa) was assessed using standardized dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (normal: T-score >/= -1, osteopenic: -2.5 = T-score Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher John Wiley & Sons A/S Data Source Authors Pepelassi,E., Nicopoulou-Karayianni,K., Archontopoulou,A.D., Mitsea,A., Kavadella,A., Tsiklakis,K., Vrotsos,I., Devlin,H., Horner,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111212 PMCID Editors
Potent antiviral flavone glycosides from Ficus benjamina leaves	2012	Department of Virology and Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Fitoterapia Periodical, Abbrev. Fitoterapia Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 83 Issue 2 Start Page 362 Other Pages 367 Notes LR: 20131121; CI: Copyright (c) 2011; JID: 16930290R; 0 (Antiviral Agents); 0 (Flavones); 0 (Glycosides); 0 (Plant Extracts); 525-82-6 (flavone); X4HES1O11F (Acyclovir); 2011/10/28 [received]; 2011/11/22 [revised]; 2011/11/25 [accepted]; 2011/12/03 [ahead Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-6971; 0367-326X Accession Number PMID: 22155188 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.11.014 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22155188 Abstract Crude ethanol extracts from Ficus benjamina leaves strongly inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1/2) as well as Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) cell infection in vitro. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract demonstrated that the most efficient inhibition of HSV-1 and HSV-2 was obtained with the flavonoid fraction. The present study was aimed to further isolate, purify and identify substances with potent antiviral activity from the flavonoid fraction of F. benjamina extracts. Flavonoids were collected from the leaf ethanol extracts through repeated purification procedure and HPLC analysis. The antiviral activity of each substance was then evaluated in cell culture. Three known flavone glycosides, (1) quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, (2) kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and (3) kaempferol 3-O-robinobioside, showing highest antiviral efficiency were selected and their structure was determined by spectroscopic analyses including NMR and mass spectrometry (MS). These three flavones were highly effective against HSV-1 reaching a selectivity index (SI) of 266, 100 and 666 for compound 1, 2 and 3, respectively, while the SI of their aglycons, quercetin and kaempferol amounted only in 7.1 and 3.2, respectively. Kaempferol 3-O-robinobioside showed similar SI to that of acyclovir (ACV), the standard anti-HSV drug. Although highly effective against HSV-1 and HSV-2, these flavone glycosides did not show any significant activity against VZV. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Yarmolinsky,L., Huleihel,M., Zaccai,M., Ben-Shabat,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111203 PMCID Editors
Implementation of the framework convention on tobacco control in Africa: current status of legislation	2011	Health and Environmental Rights Organisation (HERO-Uganda), Kampala, Uganda. jt327@law.georgetown.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of environmental research and public health Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Environ.Res.Public.Health. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 8 Issue 11 Start Page 4312 Other Pages 4331 Notes LR: 20150129; JID: 101238455; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC3228573; OTO: NOTNLM; 2011/09/14 [received]; 2011/10/17 [revised]; 2011/10/20 [accepted]; 2011/11/17 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication Switzerland ISSN/ISBN 1660-4601; 1660-4601 Accession Number PMID: 22163209 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.3390/ijerph8114312 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22163209 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe, as of July 2011, the status of tobacco control legislation in Africa in three key areas of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)-(1) Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke, (2) Packaging and labelling of tobacco products, and (3) Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. METHODS: Review and analysis of tobacco control legislation in Africa, media reports, journal articles, tobacco industry documents and data published in the 2011 WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. RESULTS: Modest progress in FCTC implementation in Africa with many countries having legislation or policies on the protection from exposure to tobacco smoke, however, only a handful of countries meet the standards of the FCTC Article 8 and its Guidelines particularly with regards to designated smoking areas. Little progress on packaging and labelling of tobacco products, with few countries having legislation meeting the minimum standards of the FCTC Article 11 and its Guidelines. Mauritius is the only African country with graphic or pictorial health warnings in place and has the largest warning labels in Africa. Slightly better progress in banning tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship has been shown by African countries, although the majority of legislation falls short of the standards of the FCTC Article 13 and its Guidelines. Despite their efforts, African countries' FCTC implementation at national level has not matched the strong regional commitment demonstrated during the FCTC treaty negotiations. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for Africa to step up efforts to adopt and implement effective tobacco control legislation that is fully compliant with the FCTC. In order to achieve this, countries should prioritise resources for capacity building for drafting strong FCTC compliant legislation, research to inform policy and boost political will, and countering the tobacco industry which is a major obstacle to FCTC implementation in Africa. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tumwine,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111117 PMCID PMC3228573 Editors
The impact of structural packaging design on young adult smokers' perceptions of tobacco products	2013	VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, The Cancer Council Victoria, 1 Rathdowne Street, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia. ron.borland@cancervic.org.au	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 22 Issue 2 Start Page 97 Other Pages 102 Notes JID: 9209612; 2011/12/13 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 22166265 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050078 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22166265 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To examine the extent that novel cigarette pack shapes and openings have on smokers' perceptions of those packs and the cigarettes contained within. METHOD: Using a web-based survey, 160 young adult ever-smokers (18-29 years) were shown computer images of plain packaged cigarette packs in five different shapes. This was followed by packs illustrating five different methods of opening. Brand (prestige or budget) and size of the health warnings (30% or 70% warning size) were between-subject conditions. Respondents ranked packs on attractiveness, perceived quality of the cigarettes contained within and extent that the pack distracted from health warnings. RESULTS: Ratings of attractiveness and perceived quality were significantly associated in both substudies, but tendency to distract from warnings was more independent. Significant differences were found between the pack shapes on attractiveness, perceived quality and distraction from warnings. Standard, 2x10 and 4x5 packs were ranked less attractive than Bevelled and Rounded packs. 2x10 and 4x5 packs were also perceived as lower quality than Bevelled and Rounded packs. The Standard pack was less distracting to health warnings than all other shapes except the 2x10 pack. Pack openings were perceived as different on quality of cigarettes contained and extent of distraction to warnings. The Standard Flip-top was rated significantly lower in distracting from warnings than all other openings. CONCLUSIONS: Pack shape and pack opening affect ever-smokers' perceptions of the packs and the cigarettes they contain. This means that they have the potential to create appeal and differentiate products and thus should be regulated. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Borland,R., Savvas,S., Sharkie,F., Moore,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111213 PMCID Editors
Who is using snus? - Time trends, socioeconomic and geographic characteristics of snus users in the ageing Swedish population	2011	Centre for Population Studies/Ageing and Living Conditions Programme, Umea University, Umea SE-901 87, Sweden. margareta.norberg@epiph.umu.se	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 14-Dec Volume 11 Issue Start Page 929 Other Pages 2458-11-929 Notes LR: 20150129; JID: 100968562; Oculocerebral hypopigmentation syndrome type Preus; OID: NLM: PMC3267833; 2011/09/01 [received]; 2011/12/14 [accepted]; 2011/12/14 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 22169061 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-11-929 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22169061 Abstract BACKGROUND: The prevalence of smoking in Sweden has decreased in recent decades, and is now among the lowest in the world. During the same period, the use of Swedish moist oral snuff, a smokeless tobacco called snus, has increased. Few studies have evaluated time trends of the socioeconomic and geographic characteristics of snus users in Sweden. This paper contributes to filling that gap. METHODS: This study utilized the Linnaeus Database, which links national registers with comprehensive individual data on socioeconomic status (SES) to health data from a large ongoing health survey, the Vasterbotten Intervention Programme (VIP). The VIP targets the entire middle-aged population of Vasterbotten county at ages 40, 50 and 60 years with yearly cross-sectional surveys including self-reported data on tobacco habits. Time trends of snus use among 92,563 VIP-participants across different areas of residence and smoking groups were investigated graphically. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the associations between SES and geographical variables and current use versus non-use of snus. RESULTS: Overall, in parallel to decreasing smoking, the increasing trend of snus use in this middle-aged population continues, particularly in 40-year-olds. In both genders, the highest prevalence of snus use was observed among previous smokers. The prevalence of snus use also increased over time among smokers, and was consistently higher compared to those who had never smoked. Among males - both those who had never smoked and previous smokers - low education (OR 1.21, 95%CI 1.06-1.40 and OR 1.28, 95%CI 1.14-1.43), living alone (OR 1.16, 95%CI 1.07-1.27 and OR 1.13, 95%ci 1.04-1.23), low income and living in rural areas was associated with using snus, while this was not seen among male current smokers. Among women, living alone was associated with using snus irrespective of smoking habits. Among female smokers, the OR for snus use increased with higher education. CONCLUSIONS: A disadvantaged social profile and also higher prevalence in rural areas is observed among male snus users who had never smoked or were previous smokers. Among male smokers there was no association between SES and use of snus. The prevalence of snus use among women is increasing, but is still considerably lower than that of men. The association between snus and SES characteristics is less pronounced among women, although snus is clearly linked to living alone. These patterns should be taken into consideration in tobacco control policies. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Norberg,M., Malmberg,G., Ng,N., Brostrom,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111214 PMCID PMC3267833 Editors

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