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Investigating the Effects of Exposure to Waterpipe Smoke on Pregnancy Outcomes Using an Animal Model	2016		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine Tob Res Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Volume 18 Issue 5 Start Page 585 Other Pages 9 Notes ID: 26681774 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract INTRODUCTION: In recent years, waterpipe tobacco smoking has been increasing in popularity all over the world. In this study, we explored effects of waterpipe smoking on pregnancy outcomes in rats. METHODS: Animals were exposed to waterpipe tobacco smoking using a whole body exposure system 2 hours per day during pregnancy. A control group was exposed to fresh air only. RESULTS: The results showed significant association between exposure to waterpipe smoke during pregnancy and low birth weight (P Descriptors Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv275 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Khabour,Omar F., Alzoubi,Karem H., Al-Sheyab, Nihaya, Shihadeh,Alan, Eissenberg,Thomas Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Investigating the self-reported behavior of drivers and their attitudes to traffic violations	2013	Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5, Iroon Polytechniou str, 15773, Zografou Campus, Greece. sophiav@central.ntua.gr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of Safety Research Periodical, Abbrev. J.Safety Res. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 46 Issue Start Page 1 Other Pages 11 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 1264241; OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/07/05 [received]; 2013/03/01 [revised]; 2013/03/07 [accepted]; 2013/03/19 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1879-1247; 0022-4375 Accession Number PMID: 23932680 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.jsr.2013.03.001 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23932680 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Driving behavior theoretical models consider attitudes as an important determinant of driver behavior. Moreover, the association between the self-reported tendency to commit violations and accident involvement is widely recognized. This research investigates drivers' self-reported behavior and attitudes to risky behaviors related to the traffic violations of speeding, drink-driving, and cell phone use using cluster analysis. METHOD: A sample of 601 Greek drivers participating at the SARTRE 4 pan-European survey is utilized. The analysis identified three clusters of drivers. Drivers in Cluster 1 commit traffic violations more often; drivers in Cluster 2 favor traffic violation countermeasures while having moderate views toward compliance with traffic rules; and drivers in Cluster 3 strongly support traffic violation countermeasures and also have strong views toward compliance with traffic rules. Risky behaviors and related attitudes that differentiate the three distinct groups of drivers (clusters) were determined. RESULTS: The findings indicate that differences in attitudes and behaviors may be attributed to factors such as age, gender, and area of residence. The research findings also provided some insight about the current level of drivers' attitudes to traffic violations, especially those that negatively affect traffic safety. The pattern of their views on violations may form the basis of risk behavior-related interventions tailored to the identified groups, aiming at informing, educating, and raising the awareness of the public. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Agencies focused on safety interventions could exploit this information in designing and implementing education campaigns, enforcement programs and in defining relevant priorities. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Vardaki,S., Yannis,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130319 PMCID Editors
Investigation of antifungal susceptibilities and some virulence factors of Candida strains isolated from blood cultures and genotyping by RAPD-PCR	2011	Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Aydin, Turkey. gultekinberna@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Mikrobiyoloji bulteni Periodical, Abbrev. Mikrobiyol.Bul. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 45 Issue 2 Start Page 306 Other Pages 317 Notes JID: 7503830; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Virulence Factors); EC 3.1.- (Esterases); EC 3.1.- (Phospholipases); ppublish Place of Publication Turkey ISSN/ISBN 0374-9096; 0374-9096 Accession Number PMID: 21644074 Language tur SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21644074 Abstract Candidemia is a serious clinical picture with a rather high mortality. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is crucial in this picture especially in immunocompromised cases. The aims of this retrospective study were to investigate the antifungal susceptibility patterns and to detect the presence of phospholipase, esterase and biofilm production which are excepted as virulence factors of Candida spp. strains and to evaluate the clonal relationships between isolates. A total of 46 Candida spp. Strains isolated from blood cultures of patients of whom eight were newborn and 38 were adults, between the period of February 2005 to July 2010, were included in the study. Of the isolates 17 were identified as C.albicans, 18 were C.parapsilosis, five were C.glabrata, four were C.tropicalis, one was C.guilliermondii and one was C.krusei. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed by using "Sensititre Yeast One (Trek Diagnostic Systems, USA)" commercial kit. Esterase activity was detected in Tween-80 medium; phospholipase activity in yolk egg agar and biofilm formation was investigated by microplate assay. Strain genotyping was performed by RAPD-PCR (random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction) by using OPE-03, OPE-18, AP50-1, Cnd-3 and Cnd-4 primers. All strains were found to be susceptible to amphotericin B, voriconazole, posaconazole, and caspofungin. C.krusei strain was defined as resistant (intrinsically) to fluconazole. All strains of C.albicans, C.parapsilosis, C.glabrata, and C.tropicalis were found to be susceptible to fluconazole. Three of five C.glabrata strains were resistant to itraconazole, while the other strains were found to be susceptible. All of the C.albicans strains had phospholipase and esterase activity, however none were biofilm-producing isolates. In contrast all of the C.parapsilosis strains were negative for phospholipase and esterase activity, however all were positive for biofilm formation. Phospholipase activity has not been detected in non-albicans strains; esterase activity were found positive in all of the C.tropicalis strains, while biofilm formation was detected in three C.tropicalis, one C.glabrata and one C.krusei isolates. The results of genotyping demonstrated that C.albicans strains displayed 5-8 different patterns and C. Parapsilosis strains 2-3 patterns with the use of five primers. Among C.parapsilosis strains, 14 were found identical (with the use of all the primers forming a single pattern (pattern A). In conclusion, the Candida spp. Isolated from blood samples were highly susceptible to the tested antifungals, and C.albicans strains had high phospholipase and esterase activity, while C.parapsilosis strains had high rate of positivity for biofilm formation. The predominant pattern amongst C.parapsilosis strains was thought to be related to exogenous dissemination. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Gultekin,B., Eyigor,M., Tiryaki,Y., Kirdar,S., Aydin,N. Original/Translated Title Kan Kulturlerinden Izole Edilen Candida Suslarinda Antifungal Duyarliligin ve Bazi Virulans Faktorlerinin Arastirilmasi ve RAPD-PCR ile Genotiplendirilmesi URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Investigation of exclusive narghile smokers: deficiency and incapacity measured by spirometry and 6-minute walk test	2014	Service of Physiology and Functional Exploration Laboratory of Physiology Research Unit Secondary Prevention After Myocardial Infarction, N: 04/UR/08-18 helmi.bensaad@rns.tn.; Laboratory of Physiology.; Laboratory of Physiology.; Service of Physiology and	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Respiratory care Periodical, Abbrev. Respir.Care Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 59 Issue 11 Start Page 1696 Other Pages 1709 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 7510357; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/07/08 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1943-3654; 0020-1324 Accession Number PMID: 25006270 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.4187/respcare.03058 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25006270 Abstract BACKGROUND: Studies on the submaximal aerobic capacity of exclusive narghile smokers (ENS) seem necessary in view of effective prevention of cardiorespiratory diseases. The goal of the study was to assess, by 6-min walk test (6MWT) data, the submaximal aerobic capacity of ENS, to identify factors influencing their 6-min walk distance (6MWD), and to compare their data with those of a healthy non-smoker (HNS) group. METHODS: Seventy 20-60-y-old male ENS were included. Narghile use (narghile-years) and anthropometric, clinical, spirometric, and 6MWT data were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors influencing 6MWD. Data of a subgroup of 40-60-y-old ENS (n = 25) were compared with those of an age-matched HNS group (n = 53). RESULTS: The median (first to third quartile) for age and narghile use were 32 (26-43) and 17 (8-32) narghile-years, respectively. The profile of ENS performing the 6MWT was as follows: at the end of the 6MWT, 34% and 9% had a low heart rate ( 5/10, visual analog scale), respectively; 3% had an oxyhemoglobin saturation decrease of > 5 points during the test; and 20% had an abnormal 6MWD (less than the lower limit of the normal range). The factors that significantly influenced the 6MWD, explaining 38% of its variability, are included in the following equation: 6MWD (m) = 742.63 - 5.20 x body mass index (kg/m(2)) + 25.23 x FEV1 (L) - 0.44 x narghile use (narghile-years). Compared with HNS, the subgroup of ENS had a significantly lower 6MWD (98 +/- 7 vs 87 +/- 9% predicted, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Narghile use may play a role in reducing submaximal aerobic capacity. The present study suggests that a program of pulmonary rehabilitation is an excellent axis to follow. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher by Daedalus Enterprises Data Source Authors Ben Saad,H., Babba,M., Boukamcha,R., Ghannouchi,I., Latiri,I., Mezghenni,S., Zedini,C., Rouatbi,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140708 PMCID Editors
Investigation of indoor thermal environment, air quality, and energy consumption in new detached houses of wood-frame construction in a small city in Japan	1990	Yoshino, Hiroshi, Tohoku Univ, Japan	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environment international Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Int. Pub Date Free Form 1990/ Volume 16 Issue 1 Start Page 37 Other Pages 52 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0160-4120 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The authors investigated indoor thermal environment, airtightness, indoor air quality, and energy consumption in thirteen new houses of wood-frame construction in a local city in Japan in the winter of 1985. All houses had thermally-insulated walls, ceilings, and floors, except for one house which had a concrete floor without insulation under the floor. Eight houses had concrete floors on the first level of the structure. Seven houses out of eight had hot-water pipes embedded in the concrete for floor heating and thermal insulation under the floor on the grade. Three houses out of seven also had fan coil units in the bedrooms on the second floor. The six other houses without floor heating had oil or gas local space heaters. The authors found differences in temperature profiles between the houses with floor heating and those with space heaters. The effective leakage area per floor area obtained by the fan pressurization method was distributed from 3.8 to 16 cm2/m2. The concentration measurements of CO2 and NO2 in the living rooms showed that the two houses with unvented oil space heaters were more polluted than the other houses. The total annual amount of energy consumption was distributed from 46 to 100 GJ. Descriptors carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, air quality, article, energy consumption, housing, human, temperature Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Yoshino,H., Matsumoto,H., Makita,K., Hasegawa,F., Utsumi,Y., Akabayashi,S. -I Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Investigation of mainstream smoke aerosol of the argileh water pipe	2003	Shihadeh, A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food and Chemical Toxicology Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form 2003/01 Volume 41 Issue 1 Start Page 143 Other Pages 152 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0278-6915 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract A first-generation smoking machine and protocol have been developed in order to study the mainstream smoke aerosol and elucidate thermal-fluid processes of the argileh water pipe. Results using a common mo'assel tobacco mixture show that, contrary to popular perceptions, the mainstream smoke contains significant amounts of nicotine, "tar" and heavy metals. With a standard smoking protocol of 100 puffs of 3 s duration spaced at 30-s intervals, the following results were obtained in a single smoking session: 2.25 mg nicotine, 242 mg nicotine-free dry particulate matter (NFDPM), and relative to the smoke of a single cigarette, high levels of arsenic, chromium and lead. It was found that increasing puff frequency increased the NFDPM but had little effect on nicotine delivery, while removing the water from the bowl increased by several-fold the nicotine, but had little effect on NFDPM. It was also found that the charcoal disk heat source contributed less than 2% of total particulate matter (TPM), and that characteristic temperatures of the tobacco varied from 450Â°C nearest the heat source to 50Â°C furthest away, indicating that the NFDPM is likely a result of devolatilization rather than chemical reaction, and will thus differ significantly in composition from that of cigarette smoke. Â© 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Descriptors arsenic, charcoal, chromium, cigarette smoke, heavy metal, lead, nicotine, tar, tobacco smoke, water, aerosol, article, chemical composition, controlled study, heat, human, liquid, machine, particulate matter, smoking, temperature, thermal analysis, tobacco, tube, volatilization Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Shihadeh,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Investigation of sludge re-circulating clarifiers design and optimization through numerical simulation	2004	Davari, S., Niroo Research Institute, Shahrak Ghods, Tehran 14686, Iran	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Generic Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci. Technol. Pub Date Free Form 2004/ Volume 48 Issue 12-Nov Start Page 293 Other Pages 298 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0273-1223 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract In steam thermal power plants (TPP) with open re-circulating wet cooling towers, elimination of water hardness and suspended solids (SS) is performed in clarifiers. Most of these clarifiers are of high efficiency sludge re-circulating type (SRC) with capacity between 500-1,500 m3/hr. Improper design and/or mal-operation of clarifiers in TPPs results in working conditions below design capacity or production of soft water with improper quality (hardness and S.S.). This causes accumulation of deposits in heat exchangers, condenser tubes, cooling and service water pipes and boiler tubes as well as increasing the ionic load of water at the demineralizing system inlet. It also increases the amount of chemical consumptions and produces more liquid and solid waste. In this regard, a software program for optimal design and simulation of SRCs has been developed. Then design parameters of existing SRCs in four TPPs in Iran were used as inputs to developed software program and resulting technical specifications were compared with existing ones. In some cases improper design was the main cause of poor outlet water quality. In order to achieve proper efficiency, further investigations were made to obtain control parameters as well as design parameters for both mal-designed and/or mal-operated SRCs. Descriptors water, analytical parameters, chemical composition, computer program, conference paper, controlled study, cooling tower, devices, electric power plant, heat exchange, Iran, mathematical analysis, process control, process design, process monitoring, process optimization, simulation, sludge clarification, suspended particulate matter, water hardness, water quality Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Davari,S., Lichayee,M. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Investigations of pipe-borne water pollution in Benin city, Nigeria	1980	Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. Benin	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water, air, and soil pollution Periodical, Abbrev. Water Air Soil Pollut. Pub Date Free Form 1980/ Volume 13 Issue 4 Start Page 425 Other Pages 437 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0049-6979 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Two important environmental parameters could be identified as being the main causes of pipe-borne water contamination in the City of Benin. These are combined effects of rainfall and excessive construction work and, secondly, the lack or inadequacy of plumbing codes. To study the combined effects of rainfall and excessive construction on the contamination of water, samples were tested for total coliform using the multiple-tube fermentation test. Sites were chosen to allow for the comparison of the coliform counts in areas of comparatively insignificant construction to areas of excessive public construction. Results show that in the areas of heavy public construction, the curves for both the rainfall and the coliform counts in the consumer lines were skewed in the same manner. The peak rainfall was in September (437.1 mm), which corresponds to peak coliform number in the consumer lines for both Zone A (62 coliforms/100 ml) and Zone B (60 coliforms/100 ml) for the same month. When compared to the area of insignificant public construction as shown in Zone C, rainfall had little or no effect on the coliform counts either at the pumping station or in the consumer line. The maximum number of coliforms recorded for the consumer line was 5/100 ml during the month of June. Results suggest that the high counts of coliforms in the Benin City water supply could be attributed primarily to the effects of construction which resulted in pipe breakage. During heavy rainfall and flooding, water under flood pressure enters the pipes through cracks, improperly tightened joints and damaged pipes. The improper enforcement of plumbing codes or lack of such codes was also identified as another cause of the water contamination as shown in Zone D. A study of the effects of water pipes passing through septic tank drain fields also shows that such effluents served as another source of major contamination. The highest recorded number for coliforms for the pipe-borne water just before entering the septic tank drain field was 12/100 ml, and after it passed through the field the number had gone up to 60/100 ml. Artificial contamination of the septic tank effluents to try to detect leaks in the water pipes passing through the absorption field was investigated. The bacterial contaminant could be recovered in the pipe-borne water and the quantity was skewed in the same manner as total rainfall between periods of sampling. Descriptors coliform bacterium, geographic distribution, Nigeria, septic tank, sewer, water quality Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors J-Nkanga,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Involuntary smoking in the restaurant workplace. A review of employee exposure and health effects	1993	University of California, Berkeley/University of California.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Jama Periodical, Abbrev. JAMA Pub Date Free Form 28-Jul Volume 270 Issue 4 Start Page 490 Other Pages 493 Notes LR: 20140917; JID: 7501160; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); CIN: JAMA. 1994 Feb 23;271(8):584-5. PMID: 8301782; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0098-7484; 0098-7484 Accession Number PMID: 8320789 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8320789 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative exposure to environmental tobacco smoke for bar and restaurant employees compared with office employees and with nonsmokers exposed in the home (part 1) and to determine whether this exposure is contributing to an elevated lung cancer risk in these employees (part 2). DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE and bibliographies from identified publications. STUDY SELECTION: In part 1, published studies of indoor air quality were included if they reported a mean concentration of carbon monoxide, nicotine, or particulate matter from measurements taken in one or more bars, restaurants, offices, or residences with at least one smoker. In part 2, published epidemiologic studies that reported a risk estimate for lung cancer incidence or mortality in food-service workers were included if they controlled, directly or indirectly, for active smoking. DATA EXTRACTION: In part 1, a weighted average of the mean concentration of carbon monoxide, nicotine, and respirable suspended particulates reported in studies was calculated for bars, restaurants, offices, and residences. In part 2, the relative lung cancer risk for food-service workers compared with that for the general population was examined in the six identified studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Levels of environmental tobacco smoke in restaurants were approximately 1.6 to 2.0 times higher than in office workplaces of other businesses and 1.5 times higher than in residences with at least one smoker. Levels in bars were 3.9 to 6.1 times higher than in offices and 4.4 to 4.5 times higher than in residences. The epidemiologic evidence suggested that there may be a 50% increase in lung cancer risk among food-service workers that is in part attributable to tobacco smoke exposure in the workplace. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental tobacco smoke is a significant occupational health hazard for food-service workers. To protect these workers, smoking in bars and restaurants should be prohibited. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/statistics & numerical data, Housing, Humans, Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology, Occupational Diseases/epidemiology, Occupational Exposure/adverse effects/statistics & numerical data, Restaurants, Risk Factors, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects/statistics & numerical data, Workplace Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Siegel,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Involvement of luminal nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of the gastroesophageal reflux disease spectrum	2014	Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 29 Issue 5 Start Page 898 Other Pages 905 Notes CI: (c) 2014; JID: 8607909; 0 (Estrogens); 31C4KY9ESH (Nitric Oxide); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/01/29 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1440-1746; 0815-9319 Accession Number PMID: 24863184 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1111/jgh.12548 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24863184 Abstract Over the last 3 decades, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has dramatically increased in Western countries; a similar increase may be observed in Asian countries in the near future. Esophageal adenocarcinoma arises from a sequential gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) spectrum from reflux erosive esophagitis, to Barrett's esophagus, and finally to esophageal adenocarcinoma. At present, gastric acid and bile are assumed to be primarily involved in the etiology of the GERD spectrum. We reported in 2002 that, at the gastroesophageal junction in humans, abundant amounts of nitric oxide (NO) are generated luminally through the entero-salivary re-circulation of dietary nitrate. Since then, we have carried out a series of experiments to demonstrate that NO diffuses into the adjacent epithelium at cytotoxic levels. This diffusion results in disruption of the epithelial barrier function, exacerbation of inflammation, acceleration of columnar transformation in the esophagus (Barrett's esophagus) via the induction of caudal-type homeobox 2, and the shifting of carcinogenic N-nitroso compound formation from the luminal to epithelial compartment. These results suggest that, in addition to conventionally recognized causative factors, luminal NO could also be involved in the pathogenesis of the GERD spectrum. In addition, we recently showed that there is a prominent gender-related difference in NO-related cytotoxicity in the esophagus and that estrogen attenuated the esophageal tissue damage via the estrogen receptor in female rats. The role of estrogen in attenuating the esophageal tissue damage in NO-related esophageal damage could explain the well-recognized male predominance in the GERD spectrum in humans. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd Data Source Authors Iijima,K., Shimosegawa,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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