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Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
Resin adhesion on the young permanent ground enamel (Report 3)	1991	Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nagasaki University School of Dentistry.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Shoni shikagaku zasshi.The Japanese journal of pedodontics Periodical, Abbrev. Shoni Shikagaku Zasshi Pub Date Free Form Volume 29 Issue 1 Start Page 32 Other Pages 43 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 0136612; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); ppublish Place of Publication JAPAN ISSN/ISBN 0583-1199; 0583-1199 Accession Number PMID: 1784864 Language jpn SubFile Comparative Study; English Abstract; Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 1784864 Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of thermal cycling on the adhesion of the resin on the young permanent ground enamel which was etched with different etching times. Labial surfaces of 50 extracted and frozen bovine mandibular young permanent incisors were used. The etchant used in this study was 40% phospholic acid gel and the etching times were 0, 10, 20, 30 and 60 seconds. All of the specimens were washed with an air water spray after etching. The bonding agent and composite resin used in this study were Photo Bond and Photo Clearfil A (Kuraray Co.). After thermal cycling tests of 10,000 temperature cycles between 60 degrees C and 4 degrees C water baths, shear bond strengths on the ground enamel were measured. After the shear bond strength tests, all the test surfaces of the enamel and resin specimens were observed using the SEM. The results of this study were compared with the previous results which were not thermal-cycled. The following conclusions were obtained. 1) The etching time which showed the highest bond strength was 30 seconds (45.21 +/- 8.49 Mpa). 2) When the enamel was etched with all of the etching times, the bond strength were significantly higher than that of the enamel without etching. 3) In the etched groups, the bond strength with 20 seconds of etching time was significantly lower than those with 10, 30 and 60 seconds of etching times. 4) In the 10, 30 and 60 seconds etching times, the bond strengths with thermal-cycled groups were significantly higher than those without thermal-cycled groups. 5) On the enamel specimens after the shear bond strength tests, the frequency of the clear prism structures observed on the enamel was higher in the groups which showed higher bond strengths. However, the differences were not significant. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Animals, Cattle, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel, Hot Temperature, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Phosphoric Acids, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hosoya,Y., Nakamura,N., Kashima,C., Ando,K., Ikeda,Y., Takakaze,A., Matsui,T., Goto,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Shear strength of ceramic brackets bonded to etched or unetched enamel	1995	Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78284-7888, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Pediatr.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Spring Volume 19 Issue 3 Start Page 181 Other Pages 183 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9100079; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dental Cements); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 1053-4628; 1053-4628 Accession Number PMID: 8611486 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8611486 Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths and enamel surface morphology after debonding a polycrystalline ceramic bracket (Transcend 2000) bonded with a light-cured resin cement (Transbond) without enamel etching or by etching for 15 seconds with 10% or 37% phosphoric acid and 10% maleic acid. Forty extracted noncarious human premolars were used. The buccal enamel surfaces were used and the teeth randomly divided in to four groups of 10 teeth each: Group 1: No enamel etching; Group 2: Enamel etching for 15 seconds with 10% phosphoric acid; Group 3: Enamel etching for 15 seconds with 37% phosphoric acid; and Group 4: Enamel etching for 15 seconds with 10% maleic acid. The brackets were bonded to the etched enamel surfaces according to manufacturers' instructions except the etching time variations. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours and then thermocycled for 300 cycles between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C. The specimens were mounted in dental stone and placed in the Instron at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min using a knife-edged blade. Immediately after debonding, the enamel surface and bracket-enamel interface were evaluated visually and with a stereomicroscope. Representative samples were then examined with the SEM. ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests were performed. The results (in MPa) were: Group 1:11.83 (+3.9); Group 2: 28.80 (+12.6); Group 3: 26.25 (+5.3); Group 4: 18.06 (+6.9). Groups 2 and 3 were statistically significantly different (p<0.0001) from Groups 1 and 4. Groups 2 vs. 3 or 1 vs. 4 were not statistically different. Debonding occurred mainly at the bracket-resin interface in all groups, except Group 2 which displayed two samples with enamel cohesive failures and two fracturing the bracket. The SEM evaluation revealed that after debonding, the group etched with the 37% phosphoric acid gel had the roughest enamel surface and was the only group to present enamel fractures. Bracket bonding with unetched enamel and enamel etched with 10% phosphoric acid gel should be clinically investigated using the products tested. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Analysis of Variance, Ceramics, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding, Dental Cements/chemistry, Dental Enamel/ultrastructure, Dental Stress Analysis, Humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Orthodontic Brackets, Stress, Mechanical, Surface Properties, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Garcia-Godoy,F., Martin,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of a fluoridated etching gel on enamel morphology and shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets	1991	Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Orthod.Dentofacial Orthop. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 100 Issue 2 Start Page 163 Other Pages 170 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8610224; 0 (Gels); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 8ZYQ1474W7 (Sodium Fluoride); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0889-5406; 0889-5406 Accession Number PMID: 1867167 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; D; IM DOI S0889-5406(05)81523-9 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 1867167 Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the enamel morphology and shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets bonded to enamel etched with a fluoridated or a nonfluoridated phosphoric acid gel. Ten extracted third molars were used for the enamel morphology evaluation. The buccal surfaces were divided in two sections separated by an occlusogingival groove. One side was etched for 60 seconds with a 38% phosphoric acid gel, and the other side was etched with a 60% phosphoric acid gel containing 0.5% sodium fluoride. The specimens were then examined with a scanning electron microscope. For the shear bond strength tests, 30 extracted third molars were used. The buccal enamel surfaces of the mesial cusp were used, and the teeth were randomly divided into two groups of 15 teeth each--group 1, 38% phosphoric acid gel for 60 seconds; group 2, 60% phosphoric acid gel with 0.5% sodium fluoride for 60 seconds. Orthodontic lingual buttons were bonded to the etched surfaces with a composite resin. The results showed that the overall morphologic etching effect was similar in both groups. The mean shear bond strength for group 1 was 11.8 MPa +/- 4.2, and for group 2 it was 16.5 MPa +/- 5.1. This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/drug effects/ultrastructure, Gels, Humans, Materials Testing, Orthodontic Appliances, Phosphoric Acids/pharmacology, Sodium Fluoride/administration & dosage, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Garcia-Godoy,F., Hubbard,G. W., Storey,A. T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of a fluoridated etchant on the shear bond strength of a composite resin to enamel	1992	Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of paediatric dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Paediatr.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 2 Issue 1 Start Page 25 Other Pages 30 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 9107511; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Fluorides, Topical); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0960-7439; 0960-7439 Accession Number PMID: 1525128 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 1525128 Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a fluoridated etching gel on the shear bond strength of a composite resin to enamel. A total of 75 extracted human permanent molars were used. A flat enamel surface was obtained with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and cleaned with a rubber cup and a water slurry of fine flour of pumice. The teeth were randomly distributed into 5 groups of 15 teeth each and etched as follows: group 1: 37% non-fluoridated phosphoric acid gel (Coe) for 60 seconds (control); group 2: 60% phosphoric acid gel with 0.5% NaF (Orthoprep) for 5 seconds; group 3: Orthoprep for 15 seconds; group 4: Orthoprep for 30 seconds; group 5: Orthoprep for 60 seconds. After etching, rinsing and drying, an unfilled resin (Coe Bond) was thinly applied with a brush and cured for 30 seconds. A nylon ring was placed over the area and filled with a light-cured composite resin (Occlusin). The teeth were thermocyled (100x), mounted in plastic cups and plaster, and sheared with a knife-edged blade in an Instron machine running at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The results in MPa were as follows: group 1: 14.49 +/- 4.43; group 2: 10.81 +/- 3.70; group 3: 13.51 +/- 3.21; group 4: 14.79 +/- 3.76; group 5: 15.47 +/- 4.07. An analysis of variance showed that the results in groups 1, 4 and 5 were not significantly different but that the bond strengths in groups 2 and 3 were significantly lower. Fracture within the enamel occurred in 8 specimens in group 1, 5 in group 2, 6 in group 3, 8 in group 4, and 13 in group 5. In the fluoridated etchant groups the number of specimens showing enamel fracture increased as the application time of the etchant increased. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel, Fluorides, Topical, Humans, Phosphoric Acids, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Garcia-Godoy,F., Dodge,W. W., Donohue,M., O'Quinn,J. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Turkish Adolescent Perceptions about the Effects of Water Pipe Smoking on their Health	2015	Department of Pediatric Nursing, Division of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey E-mail : ndede@sakarya.edu.tr.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP Periodical, Abbrev. Asian Pac.J.Cancer.Prev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 16 Issue 18 Start Page 8645 Other Pages 8652 Notes JID: 101130625; ppublish Place of Publication Thailand ISSN/ISBN 1513-7368; 1513-7368 Accession Number PMID: 26745131 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26745131 Abstract BACKGROUND: Consumption of tobacco in the form of a water pipe has recently increased, especially among young people. This study aimed to develop a scale which would be used in order to detect perceptions about the effects of water pipe smoking on health and to test its validity and reliability. Our scale named "a scale of perception about the effects of water pipe smoking on health" was developed in order to detect factors effecting the perception of adolescents about the effects of water pipe smoking on health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 150 voluntary students in scale development and 750 voluntary students in the study group. Data were collected via a questionnaire prepared by researchers themselves and 5-pont Likert scale for "a scale of perception about the effects of water pipe smoking on health" which was prepared through the literature. Data evaluation was carried out on a computer with SPSS. RESULTS: The findings of the study showed that "a scale of perception about the effects of water pipe smoking on health" was valid and reliable. Total score average of the adolescents participated in the study was 58.5+/-1.25. The mean score of the ones who did not smoke water pipe (60.1+/-11.7) was higher than the mean score of the ones who smoked water pipe (51.6+/-13.8), the difference being statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: It is established that "a scale of perception about the effects of water pipe smoking on health" was a reliable and valid measurement tool. It is also found out that individuals who smoked a water pipe had a lower level of perception of water pipe smoking effects on health than their counterparts who did not smoke a water pipe. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cakmak,V., Cinar,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Is waterpipe smoking becoming increasingly widespread among the youth?	2014	Department of Pediatric Nursing, Division of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, SakaryaUniversity, Sakarya, Turkey E-mail : ndede@sakarya.edu.tr.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP Periodical, Abbrev. Asian Pac.J.Cancer.Prev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 15 Issue 18 Start Page 8005 Other Pages 8006 Notes JID: 101130625; ppublish Place of Publication Thailand ISSN/ISBN 1513-7368; 1513-7368 Accession Number PMID: 25292104 Language eng SubFile Letter; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25292104 Abstract Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cinar,N., Cakmak,V. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Quitline cessation counseling for young adult smokers: a randomized clinical trial	2013	Department of Pediatrics and Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention (CTRI), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), Madison, WI 53711, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 15 Issue 5 Start Page 932 Other Pages 941 Notes LR: 20151110; GR: 5K05CA139871/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: 5K23DA017801/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: 5P50DA019706/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: 9P50CA143188/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K05 CA139871/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 23080378 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/nts227 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23080378 Abstract INTRODUCTION: One in 5 young adults in the United States currently smoke, and young adults are less likely than other smokers to make aided quit attempts. Telephone quitlines may be a useful tool for treating this population. This study tested a quitline-based smoking cessation intervention versus mailed self-help materials in smokers 18-24 years old. METHODS: This was a 2-group randomized clinical trial. The quitline-based counseling intervention (CI) included up to 4 proactive telephone counseling sessions; participants in the self-help (SH) group received only mailed cessation materials. Participants included 410 young adults who had smoked at least 1 cigarette in the past 30 days and who called the Wisconsin Tobacco Quit Line (WTQL) for help with quitting. Primary study outcomes included whether or not a quit date was set, whether or not a serious quit attempt was undertaken, and self-reported 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 1-, 3-, and 6-month postenrollment. RESULTS: The CI and SH groups did not differ in the intent-to-treat abstinence analyses at any of the follow-ups. However, the CI group was significantly more likely to set a quit date at 1-month postenrollment. Follow-up response rates were low (67.8% at 1 month; 53.4% at 3 months; and 48.3% at 6 months) reflecting lower motivation to participate in this kind of research. CONCLUSIONS: Relative to self-help, quitline counseling motivated young adults to set a quit date but abstinence rates were not improved. Research is needed on how to motivate young adult smokers to seek cessation treatment including quitline services. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sims,T.H., McAfee,T., Fraser,D.L., Baker,T.B., Fiore,M.C., Smith,S.S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121018 PMCID PMC3621584 Editors
Tracking Hookah Bars in New York: Utilizing Yelp as a Powerful Public Health Tool	2015	Department of Pediatrics New York University School of Medicine New York, NY United States.; Department of PediatricsNew York University School of MedicineNew York, NYUnited States; Brooklyn CollegeBrooklyn, NYUnited States.; Department of PediatricsNew Y	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full JMIR public health and surveillance Periodical, Abbrev. JMIR Public.Health.Surveill. Pub Date Free Form 20-Nov Volume 1 Issue 2 Start Page e19 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160529; JID: 101669345; OID: NLM: PMC4869217; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015 [ecollection]; 2015/06/09 [received]; 2015/08/09 [revised]; 2015/09/22 [accepted]; 2015/11/20 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 2369-2960; 2369-2960 Accession Number PMID: 27227137 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.2196/publichealth.4809 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27227137 Abstract BACKGROUND: While cigarette use has seen a steady decline in recent years, hookah (water pipe) use has rapidly increased in popularity. While anecdotal reports have noted a rise in hookah bars, methodological difficulties have prevented researchers from drawing definitive conclusions about the number of hookah bars in any given location. There is no publicly available database that has been shown to reliably provide this information. It is now possible to analyze Internet trends as a measure of population behavior and health-related phenomena. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate whether Yelp can be used to accurately identify the number of hookah bars in New York State, assess the distribution and characteristics of hookah bars, and monitor temporal trends in their presence. METHODS: Data were obtained from Yelp that captures a variety of parameters for every business listed in their database as of October 28, 2014, that was tagged as a "hookah bar" and operating in New York State. Two algebraic models were created: one estimated the date of opening of a hookah bar based on the first Yelp review received and the other estimated whether the bar was open or closed based on the date of the most recent Yelp review. These findings were then compared with empirical data obtained by Internet searches. RESULTS: From 2014 onward, the date of the first Yelp review predicts the opening date of new hookah bars to within 1 month. Yelp data allow the estimate of such venues and demonstrate that new bars are not randomly distributed, but instead are clustered near colleges and in specific racial/ethnic neighborhoods. New York has seen substantially more new hookah bars in 2012-2014 compared with the number that existed prior to 2009. CONCLUSIONS: Yelp is a powerful public health tool that allows for the investigation of various trends and characteristics of hookah bars. New York is experiencing tremendous growth in hookah bars, a worrying phenomenon that necessitates further investigation. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cawkwell,P.B., Lee,L., Weitzman,M., Sherman,S.E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151120 PMCID PMC4869217 Editors
Influence of parental smoking on respiratory symptoms during the first decade of life: the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study	1999	Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form 1-Jun Volume 149 Issue 11 Start Page 1030 Other Pages 1037 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: HL14136/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 HL56177/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7910653; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0002-9262; 0002-9262 Accession Number PMID: 10355379 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10355379 Abstract Compelling evidence suggests a causal relation between exposure to parental cigarette smoking and respiratory symptoms during childhood. Still, the roles of prenatal versus postnatal parental smoking need clarification. In this study, the authors assessed the effects of passive smoking on respiratory symptoms in a cohort of over 1,000 children born during 1980-1984. The children were enrolled in the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study in Tucson, Arizona, and were followed from birth to age 11 years. The population was generally middle class and consisted of two main ethnic groups, non-Hispanic Whites (75%) and Hispanics (20%), reflecting Tucson's population. Information on parental smoking and on wheeze and cough in their children was elicited from parents by using questionnaires at five different surveys. Data were analyzed both cross-sectionally and by using the generalized estimation equation approach, a longitudinal mixed-effects model. The best-fitting model indicated that maternal prenatal but not postnatal smoking was associated with current wheeze (odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.4-3.8) independently of a family history of asthma, socioeconomic factors, and birth weight. This effect was time dependent and significant only below age 3 years; although independent of gender, the association was stronger for girls (odds ratio = 3.6, 95% confidence interval 1.6-8.0). Cough was not associated with parental smoking during the first decade of life. This transitory effect of maternal prenatal smoking on wheezing could be due to changes that affect the early stages of lung development. Descriptors Adult, Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects, Arizona, Child, Child Development/drug effects, Child, Preschool, Cough/etiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mothers, Odds Ratio, Parents, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Respiration Disorders/etiology, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stein,R. T., Holberg,C. J., Sherrill,D., Wright,A. L., Morgan,W. J., Taussig,L., Martinez,F. D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Access to Safe Water and Personal Hygiene Practices in the Kulandia Refugee Camp (Jerusalem)	2015	Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Office of Health Equity and Inclusion, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, USA.; University of Michigan School of Public Health , Ann Arbor, USA.; Eastern Michigan University , Ypsi	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Infectious disease reports Periodical, Abbrev. Infect.Dis.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 23-Dec Volume 7 Issue 4 Start Page 6040 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160113; JID: 101537203; OID: NLM: PMC4693332; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/12/22 [ecollection]; 2015/05/27 [received]; 2015/07/21 [revised]; 2015/08/31 [accepted]; 2015/12/23 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication Italy ISSN/ISBN 2036-7430; 2036-7430 Accession Number PMID: 26753084 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.4081/idr.2015.6040 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26753084 Abstract Diarrheal illness, frequently associated with fecal-oral transmission, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is commonly preventable through the implementation of safe water practices. This experiment concerns how to best implement safe water practices in a quasi-permanent refugee camp setting with limited ability for structural changes. Specifically, we explore how health promotion activities that help identify target groups for hygiene interventions can play a role in disease prevention. An anonymous survey was conducted at the United Nations Relief and Works Agency Health Clinic in the Kulandia refugee camp to assess the safe water and personal hygiene practices. Demographic and social characteristics, accessible water and personal hygiene characteristics, and gastrointestinal (GI) burden for individuals and their households were assessed. A total of 96 individuals were enrolled; 62 females and 34 males. Approximately 58% of the sample had soap available and washed hands before and after eating and when preparing food. Piped water was the main source of drinking water (62%), while 31% of our sample utilized tanker-trucks. 93% of participants had access to toilet facilities, with 86% of these facilities being private households. 55% practice extra water hygiene measures on their household drinking water source. 51.3% considered vendor cleanliness when they were buying food. 51% had received formal health education. 68.8% had been taught by their parents, but only 55.2% were teaching their children and 15.6% had consistent access to a health professional for hygiene inquiries. Individual variables and hygiene practices associated with lower rates of diarrheal illnesses included having water piped into the home, proper hand washing, adequate soap availability, proper consideration of vendor cleanliness, higher income, levels of education, health hygiene education, and having access to healthcare professions to discuss hygiene related matters. This is the first study to assess the water and personal hygiene practices at the Kulandia refugee ramp. This study demonstrates that hygiene education and better practices are closely associated with the rate at which individuals and households suffer from diarrheal illnesses within the Kulandia refugee camp. There are significant hygiene deficits in the camp, which likely result from a lack of formal hygiene education and a lack of awareness concerning the connection between diarrheal illness and hygiene. With respect to practices, our results elucidate several areas where basic, communal programming - including lessons on appropriate hand washing and food preparation - will likely improve hygiene practices and decrease overall GI burden. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Issa,M., McHenry,M., Issa,A.A., Blackwood,R.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151223 PMCID PMC4693332 Editors

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