WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Waterpipe tobacco products: nicotine labelling versus nicotine delivery	2012	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980205, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. arvansickel@vcu.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form May Volume 21 Issue 3 Start Page 377 Other Pages 379 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: R01 CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: T32DA007027-34/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 21636612 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2010.042416 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21636612 Abstract BACKGROUND: Waterpipe tobacco package labelling typically indicates "0.0% tar" and "0.05% or 0.5% nicotine". OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which nicotine labeling is related to nicotine delivery. METHODS: 110 waterpipe smokers engaged in a 45-minute waterpipe smoking session. Puff topography and plasma nicotine were measured. Three waterpipe tobacco brands were used: Nakhla (0.5% nicotine), Starbuzz (0.05% nicotine), and Al Fakher (0.05% nicotine). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Topography did not differ across brands. Peak plasma nicotine varied significantly across brands. Al Fakher had the highest nicotine delivery (11.4 ng/ml) followed by Nakhla (9.8 ng/ml) and Starbuzz (5.8 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine labelling on waterpipe tobacco products does not reflect delivery; smoking a brand with a "0.05% nicotine" label led to greater plasma nicotine levels than smoking a brand with a "0.5% nicotine" label. Waterpipe tobacco products should be labelled in a manner that does not mislead consumers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Vansickel,A.R., Shihadeh,A., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110602 PMCID PMC3739484 Editors
Predictors of waterpipe smoking among secondary school adolescents in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia	2012	Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, El Malek El Saleh, Cairo, Egypt. amin55@myway.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International Journal of Behavioral Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Behav.Med. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 19 Issue 3 Start Page 324 Other Pages 335 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9421097; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1532-7558; 1070-5503 Accession Number PMID: 21643931 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1007/s12529-011-9169-2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21643931 Abstract BACKGROUND: There has been a global upsurge of waterpipe (WP) smoking over the past several years. This can be attributed at least partly to various factors like lack of knowledge regarding its health effects, social acceptability, and intensive preventive programs focusing selectively on cigarettes smoking. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and psychosocial determinants of WP smoking among secondary school adolescents in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia, and also to assess their attitudes toward WPs smoking and knowledge regarding the related health effects. METHODS: Cross-sectional study included 1,652 students of both genders selected by multistage proportionate sampling method. Data collection was carried out using a self-administered anonymous Arabic version of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, modified with items dedicated to WP smoking. Items to assess participants' knowledge about the health-related hazards and attitude towards WP were added. Patient Health Questionnaire was used to screen for the presence of anxiety and depressive disorders. RESULTS: Of the included adolescents, 358 (21.7%) were current smokers; cigarettes (46.1%), both cigarettes and WP (16.5%), and only WP (37.4%). Current WP users accounted for 193; 96.4% were males and 62.7% were >/=18 years of age. Outing, boredom, meeting friends, and family gatherings were the most frequently stated motives. WP users demonstrated a higher incidence of depressive and generalized anxiety disorders. Common assumptions regarding WP smoking included: WP smoking is less harmful than cigarettes and with no addictive property as stated by 47.8% and 65.9% of adolescents, respectively, harmful substances are purified through water filtration as believed by 59.2%, and it is more socially acceptable than cigarettes as agreed by 54.1%. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that male gender and increasing age of adolescents, WP smoking among close family and friends, and socializing motives were significant predictors for the current WP smoking state. CONCLUSION: Social acceptability, poor knowledge of WP health-related hazards, and socio-demographics are favoring the current increasing trend of WP use among adolescents in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Amin,T.T., Amr,M.A., Zaza,B.O., Kaliyadan,F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Investigation of antifungal susceptibilities and some virulence factors of Candida strains isolated from blood cultures and genotyping by RAPD-PCR	2011	Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Aydin, Turkey. gultekinberna@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Mikrobiyoloji bulteni Periodical, Abbrev. Mikrobiyol.Bul. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 45 Issue 2 Start Page 306 Other Pages 317 Notes JID: 7503830; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Virulence Factors); EC 3.1.- (Esterases); EC 3.1.- (Phospholipases); ppublish Place of Publication Turkey ISSN/ISBN 0374-9096; 0374-9096 Accession Number PMID: 21644074 Language tur SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21644074 Abstract Candidemia is a serious clinical picture with a rather high mortality. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is crucial in this picture especially in immunocompromised cases. The aims of this retrospective study were to investigate the antifungal susceptibility patterns and to detect the presence of phospholipase, esterase and biofilm production which are excepted as virulence factors of Candida spp. strains and to evaluate the clonal relationships between isolates. A total of 46 Candida spp. Strains isolated from blood cultures of patients of whom eight were newborn and 38 were adults, between the period of February 2005 to July 2010, were included in the study. Of the isolates 17 were identified as C.albicans, 18 were C.parapsilosis, five were C.glabrata, four were C.tropicalis, one was C.guilliermondii and one was C.krusei. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed by using "Sensititre Yeast One (Trek Diagnostic Systems, USA)" commercial kit. Esterase activity was detected in Tween-80 medium; phospholipase activity in yolk egg agar and biofilm formation was investigated by microplate assay. Strain genotyping was performed by RAPD-PCR (random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction) by using OPE-03, OPE-18, AP50-1, Cnd-3 and Cnd-4 primers. All strains were found to be susceptible to amphotericin B, voriconazole, posaconazole, and caspofungin. C.krusei strain was defined as resistant (intrinsically) to fluconazole. All strains of C.albicans, C.parapsilosis, C.glabrata, and C.tropicalis were found to be susceptible to fluconazole. Three of five C.glabrata strains were resistant to itraconazole, while the other strains were found to be susceptible. All of the C.albicans strains had phospholipase and esterase activity, however none were biofilm-producing isolates. In contrast all of the C.parapsilosis strains were negative for phospholipase and esterase activity, however all were positive for biofilm formation. Phospholipase activity has not been detected in non-albicans strains; esterase activity were found positive in all of the C.tropicalis strains, while biofilm formation was detected in three C.tropicalis, one C.glabrata and one C.krusei isolates. The results of genotyping demonstrated that C.albicans strains displayed 5-8 different patterns and C. Parapsilosis strains 2-3 patterns with the use of five primers. Among C.parapsilosis strains, 14 were found identical (with the use of all the primers forming a single pattern (pattern A). In conclusion, the Candida spp. Isolated from blood samples were highly susceptible to the tested antifungals, and C.albicans strains had high phospholipase and esterase activity, while C.parapsilosis strains had high rate of positivity for biofilm formation. The predominant pattern amongst C.parapsilosis strains was thought to be related to exogenous dissemination. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Gultekin,B., Eyigor,M., Tiryaki,Y., Kirdar,S., Aydin,N. Original/Translated Title Kan Kulturlerinden Izole Edilen Candida Suslarinda Antifungal Duyarliligin ve Bazi Virulans Faktorlerinin Arastirilmasi ve RAPD-PCR ile Genotiplendirilmesi URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Nicotine dependence and readiness to quit smoking in the Spanish population	2011	Unidad de Control del Tabaquismo, Programa de Prevencion y Control del Cancer, Institut Catala d'Oncologia - ICO. Av. Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199-203. 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona). mfu@iconcologia.net	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Adicciones Periodical, Abbrev. Adicciones Pub Date Free Form Volume 23 Issue 2 Start Page 103 Other Pages 109 Notes JID: 9605506; ppublish Place of Publication Spain ISSN/ISBN 0214-4840; 0214-4840 Accession Number PMID: 21647541 Language spa SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 153 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21647541 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the nicotine dependence and readiness to quit smoking in the smoker population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study on a representative sample of the Spanish population of >=18 years old. We gathered information by means of telephone interviews conducted between June and July of 2006. We studied the nicotine dependence with the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the readiness to quit according to the stages of change from the Transtheoretical Model in a sample of cigarette smokers. RESULTS: 22.5% of participants (95% CI: 20.9-24.2%) smokers cigarettes. They smoked an average of 14.4 cigarettes per day (standard deviation 9.15) and the mean FTND score was 2.8, with no differences by the stages of change. 64.3% (95% CI: 60.3-68.2%) of smokers were in the precontemplation stage, 25.4% (95% CI: 21.8-28.9%) in contemplation, and 10.4% (95% CI: 7.9-12.9%) in preparation, with no differences by sex. The most nicotine dependent smokers (FTND>=6) had mainly primary studies, started to smoke at earlier ages, and smoked more cigarettes per day. CONCLUSIONS: Most Spanish smokers have low nicotine dependence and are in precontemplation stage. Smoking cessation programmes should be addressed to reduce dependence, help smokers to progress through the stages of change, and, consequently, reduce the prevalence of smokers in the population. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking Cessation/psychology, Spain, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/psychology/therapy, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Fu,M., Martinez-Sanchez,J. M., Lopez,M. J., Nebot,M., Raich,A., Fernandez,E., ETS Eurosurvey Working Group Original/Translated Title Dependencia a la nicotina y preparacion para dejar de fumar en la poblacion espanola URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Identifying addictive behaviors among adolescents: a school-based survey	2011	Centre de tabacologie, hopital europeen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Archives de Pediatrie : Organe Officiel de la Societe Francaise de Pediatrie Periodical, Abbrev. Arch.Pediatr. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 18 Issue 7 Start Page 737 Other Pages 744 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2011; JID: 9421356; 2010/09/30 [received]; 2011/02/04 [revised]; 2011/04/19 [accepted]; 2011/06/08 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 1769-664X; 0929-693X Accession Number PMID: 21652184 Language fre SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.arcped.2011.04.019 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21652184 Abstract French epidemiological data show that adolescents today experiment with tobacco at an earlier age than in the 1990s. Half of them combine tobacco consumption with other psychoactive products such as alcohol or cannabis. Tobacco consumption usually begins in adolescence and early smoking initiation is related to stronger nicotine dependence and problems quitting in adulthood. Occasional tobacco consumption rapidly leads to nicotine dependence. The national smoking cessation questionnaire is a tool to assess addictive behaviors among adolescents. It includes validated scales such as the loss of autonomy over tobacco and psychological evaluation. The aim of this school-based study was to assess addictive behaviors among adolescents (specifically loss of autonomy over tobacco) and psychological profile. Data were collected from a cross-sectional study conducted in a high school in the Paris metropolitan area (Nogent-sur-Marne) in 2007 by the smoking cessation team of the Albert-Chenevier Hospital. Three hundred adolescents filled in a questionnaire concerning tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis consumption as well as their psychological profile. Loss of autonomy over tobacco use was evaluated with the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC). Anxiety and depressive disorders were identified using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD). Self-administered questionnaires were anonymously completed in the classroom by 151 girls and 149 boys aged 15-16 years (mean, 15.4 years): 34% of the adolescents smoked and most of them smoked at least one cigarette a day; 38% had used cannabis at least once in their life and one-third of them smoked more than 10 cannabis joints per month. Adolescents who frequently smoked cannabis had started smoking tobacco earlier than the other smokers (mean, 11.7 years versus 13.2 years). Adolescents often used different tobacco products. Manufactured cigarettes were the most frequently used, followed by shisha (waterpipe) and hand-rolled cigarettes. Among those who only smoked shisha, 76% had declared being non-smokers. Alcohol was the first psychoactive drug experimented by these adolescents; 73% had used alcohol at least once in their life and 10% used alcohol several times a week. According to the HONC, 94% of the smokers had lost control of their tobacco consumption. Concerning anxiety and depressive disorders, anxiety and depression scores were higher among smokers than non-smokers. Less than 6% of never-smokers had a depression score greater than 8 compared to 26% of adolescents smoking cannabis more than 10 times a month. The rapidity of the loss of autonomy among young smokers emphasizes the need for early interventions for tobacco prevention and cessation among adolescents. Tobacco use was often associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms, suggesting a need for professional support. The national smoking cessation questionnaire may be helpful in pediatric wards and consultations. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Masson SAS Data Source Authors Cheron-Launay,M., Baha,M., Mautrait,C., Lagrue,G., Le Faou,A.L. Original/Translated Title Reperer les comportements addictifs chez les adolescents : enquete en milieu lyceen URL Date of Electronic 20110608 PMCID Editors
Prevalence and Determinants of Waterpipe Tobacco Use among Adolescents in Oman	2008	Department of Non-Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman;	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Sultan Qaboos University medical journal Periodical, Abbrev. Sultan Qaboos Univ.Med.J. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 8 Issue 1 Start Page 37 Other Pages 43 Notes LR: 20130529; JID: 101519915; OID: NLM: PMC3087736; OTO: NOTNLM; 2007/07/24 [received]; 2007/12/15 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Oman ISSN/ISBN 2075-051X; 2075-051X Accession Number PMID: 21654955 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21654955 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and determinants of waterpipe use among school-going adolescents in Oman. METHODS: A cross-sectional, school-based study was conducted in 2003 involving 9 regions of Oman, as part of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Participants were requested to complete an anonymous questionnaire containing demographic characteristics, current and previous use of waterpipe tobacco, attitudes towards cigarette smoking, parents' and friends' cigarette smoking habits. Proportions were used to calculate prevalence rates and logistic regression analysis to obtain odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: 1,962 students participated of whom 1,005 (51.2%) were males. Eighty-eight percent were between 13 and 16 years of age. Five hundred and twenty-two (26.6%) reported ever smoking waterpipe tobacco while 189 (9.6%) were current users. Among males, 155 (15.5%) were current users while among females only 24 (2.6%) smoked currently. Study participants were more likely to use waterpipe if they had a parent or friend who smoked cigarettes. Adolescents were, however, less likely to use waterpipe tobacco if they believed that cigarette smoking was harmful to health. Students who were receiving 500 Baisas (US$ 1.3) or more per day pocket money were more likely to use waterpipe tobacco compared to those receiving less (OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.3 to 4.6). In multivariate analysis, the OR for males being a smoker of waterpipe tobacco compared to females was 4.46 (95% CI, 2.38 to 8.35); while the OR for most or all friends smoking cigarettes compared to non-smoking was OR 5.65 (95% CI 2.87 to 11.13). Study participants who perceived smoking as harmful to health were less likely to use waterpipe tobacco compared to those who did not believe smoking was harmful (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.92) and those receiving 500 Baisas or more (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.2). CONCLUSION: Waterpipe smoking among Omani adolescents is an emerging public health concern. Efforts to prevent adolescent smoking should be designed with knowledge of associated factors of such behaviour and should include all forms of tobacco. Descriptors Adolescents, Oman, Tobacco, Waterpipe Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Al-Lawati,J. A., Muula,A. S., Hilmi,S. A., Rudatsikira,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC3087736 Editors
Pulmonary function tests and respiratory symptoms among smokers in the city of Mashhad (north east of Iran)	2011	Department of Physiology and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. boskabadymh@mums.ac.ir	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revista portuguesa de pneumologia Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Port.Pneumol. Pub Date Free Form Sep-Oct Volume 17 Issue 5 Start Page 199 Other Pages 204 Notes LR: 20150408; CI: Copyright (c) 2010; JID: 9813736; 2010/12/05 [received]; 2011/03/01 [revised]; 2011/03/01 [accepted]; 2011/06/14 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Portugal ISSN/ISBN 2172-6825; 0873-2159 Accession Number PMID: 21664796 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.rppneu.2011.05.001 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21664796 Abstract The prevalence of smoking was studied using a questionnaire. Pulmonary function tests and respiratory symptoms were evaluated in 176 smokers. The total studied population with family and co-workers were 13289. The number of smokers among studied population was 11.7%. The rate of smoking among male subjects was 17.2% and in female 2.5%. All values of PFTs in smokers were significantly lower (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia. Published by Elsevier Espana Data Source Authors Boskabady,M.H., Mahmoodinia,M., Boskabady,M., Heydari,G.R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110614 PMCID Editors
Addition of DNase improves the in vitro activity of antifungal drugs against Candida albicans biofilms	2012	IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Mycoses Periodical, Abbrev. Mycoses Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 55 Issue 1 Start Page 80 Other Pages 85 Notes LR: 20150204; CI: (c) 2011; GR: 5R21DE017294/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21 AI080930/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21 AI080930-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21 DE017294/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21 DE017294-02/DE/NIDCR Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1439-0507; 0933-7407 Accession Number PMID: 21668524 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02047.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21668524 Abstract Cells within Candida albicans biofilms display decreased susceptibility to most clinically used antifungal agents. We recently demonstrated that extracellular DNA (eDNA) plays an important role in biofilm integrity, as a component of the biofilm matrix. This study aimed at gaining insights into the contributions of eDNA to C. albicans biofilms antifungal susceptibility by the investigation of the impact of the combined use of deoxyribonuclease I (DNase) and antifungals to treat biofilms. Candida albicans biofilms were formed using a simple and reproducible 96-well plate-based method. The activity of the combined use of 0.13 mg l(-1) DNase and antifungals was estimated using the 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) reduction assay and total viable counts. Herein, we report the improved efficacy of amphotericin B when in combination with DNase against C. albicans biofilms, as assessed using XTT readings and viable counts. Furthermore, although DNase increased the efficacy of caspofungin in the reduction of mitochondrial activity, no changes were observed in terms of culturable cells. Deoxyribonuclease I did not affect biofilm cells susceptibility to fluconazole. This work suggests that agents that target processes affecting the biofilm structural integrity may have potential use as adjuvants of a catheter-lock therapy. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Blackwell Verlag GmbH Data Source Authors Martins,M., Henriques,M., Lopez-Ribot,J.L., Oliveira,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110612 PMCID PMC3175262 Editors
Evaluation of exposure biomarkers in offshore workers exposed to low benzene and toluene concentrations	2012	Institut universitaire romand de Sante au Travail, Lausanne, Switzerland. Nancy.Hopf@hospvd.ch	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International archives of occupational and environmental health Periodical, Abbrev. Int.Arch.Occup.Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 85 Issue 3 Start Page 261 Other Pages 271 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 7512134; 0 (Air Pollutants, Occupational); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Petroleum); 0 (Solvents); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); 3KD92ZL2KH (muconic acid); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); X045WJ989B ( Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1432-1246; 0340-0131 Accession Number PMID: 21671104 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s00420-011-0664-1 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21671104 Abstract PURPOSE: Characterize ethylbenzene and xylene air concentrations, and explore the biological exposure markers (urinary t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA) and unmetabolized toluene) among petroleum workers offshore. Offshore workers have increased health risks due to simultaneous exposures to several hydrocarbons present in crude oil. We discuss the pooled benzene exposure results from our previous and current studies and possible co-exposure interactions. METHODS: BTEX air concentrations were measured during three consecutive 12-h work shifts among 10 tank workers, 15 process operators, and 18 controls. Biological samples were collected pre-shift on the first day of study and post-shift on the third day of the study. RESULTS: The geometric mean exposure over the three work shifts were 0.02 ppm benzene, 0.05 ppm toluene, 0.03 ppm ethylbenzene, and 0.06 ppm xylene. Benzene in air was significantly correlated with unmetabolized benzene in blood (r = 0.69, p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hopf,N.B., Kirkeleit,J., Bratveit,M., Succop,P., Talaska,G., Moen,B.E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110614 PMCID Editors
A novel assay of biofilm antifungal activity reveals that amphotericin B and caspofungin lyse Candida albicans cells in biofilms	2011	Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Yeast (Chichester, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Yeast Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 28 Issue 8 Start Page 561 Other Pages 568 Notes LR: 20131121; CI: Copyright (c) 2011; GR: 1R01AI075033/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8607637; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Fungal Proteins); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); EC 2.7.4.3 (Adenylate Kinase); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); 2011/ Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1097-0061; 0749-503X Accession Number PMID: 21674619 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1002/yea.1860 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21674619 Abstract The ability of Candida albicans to form drug-resistant biofilms is an important factor in its contribution to human disease. Assays to identify and characterize molecules with activity against fungal biofilms are crucial for the development of drugs with improved anti-biofilm activity. Here we report the application of an adenylate kinase (AK)-based cytotoxicity assay of fungal cell lysis to the characterization of agents active against C. albicans biofilms. We have developed three protocols for the AK assay. The first measures AK activity in the supernatants of biofilms treated with antifungal drugs and can be performed in parallel with a standard 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-caboxanilide-based biofilm susceptibility assay; a second, more sensitive protocol measures the AK activity present within the biofilm matrix; and a third procedure allows the direct visualization of lytic activity toward biofilms formed on catheter material. Amphotericin B and caspofungin, the two most effective anti-biofilm drugs currently used to treat fungal infections, both directly lyse planktonic C. albicans cells in vitro, leading to the release of AK into the culture medium. These studies serve to validate the AK-based lysis assay as a useful addition to the methods for the characterization of antifungal agents active toward biofilms and provide insights into the mode of action of amphotericin B and caspofungin against C. albicans biofilms. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Data Source Authors DiDone,L., Oga,D., Krysan,D.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110615 PMCID Editors

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